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@ (Pinctada Margaritifera ) > @ > A survey on health and mortality causative agent of Pinctada margaritifera produced in Bander Lengh research station for mollusc Item Type monograph Authors Afsharnasab, Mohammad; Esmailzadeh, A.; Argangi, Gh.; Mehrabi, M.R.; Radkhah, K.; Zemani, M.; Kakoolaki, S.; Shrifpour, E.; Haribghalehtaki, Z.; Nikbakhtmobarakeh, M.; Ghaednia, B.; Ahteshamei, F.; Amiri, J.; Kamali, E.; Seidmoradi, Sh.; Karimzadeh, R.; Gozari, M.; Malakoti, M.; Rajabi, I.; Mohommadian, A. Publisher Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute Download date 02/10/2021 09:59:14 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/39765 وزارت ﺟﻬﺎد ﻛﺸﺎورزي ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ، آﻣﻮزش و ﺗﺮوﻳﺞﻛ ﺸﺎورزي ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﻋﻠﻮم ﺷﻴﻼﺗﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر ﻋﻨﻮان : : ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺘﻲ و ﻋﻠﻞ ﺗﻠﻔﺎت ﺻﺪﻓﻬﺎي ﻣﺮوارﻳﺪ ﺳﺎز ﻟﺐ ﺳﻴﺎه (Pinctada margaritifera ) ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪي در اﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﺗ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﻧﺮم ﺗﻨﺎن ﺑﻨﺪرﻟﻨﮕﻪ ﻣﺠﺮي : : ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﻓﺸﺎرﻧﺴﺐ ﺷﻤﺎره ﺛﺒﺖ 42039 وزارت ﺟﻬﺎد ﻛﺸﺎورزي ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت، آﻣﻮزش و ﺗﺮوﻳﭻ ﻛﺸﺎورزي ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﻋﻠﻮم ﺷﻴﻼﺗﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر - ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻜﺪه اﻛﻮﻟﻮژي ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﻓﺎرس و درﻳﺎي ﻋﻤﺎن ﻋﻨﻮان ﭘﺮوژه : ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺘﻲ و ﻋﻠﻞ ﺗﻠﻔﺎت ﺻﺪﻓﻬﺎي ﻣﺮوارﻳﺪ ﺳﺎز ﻟﺐ ﺳﻴﺎه ( Pinctada margaritifera) ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪي در اﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﻧﺮم ﺗﻨﺎن ﺑﻨﺪرﻟﻨﮕﻪ ﺷﻤﺎره ﻣﺼﻮب : -89150 -8912 12- 75- 12 ﻧﺎم و ﻧﺎم ﺧﺎﻧﻮادﮔﻲ ﻧﮕﺎرﻧﺪه / ﻧﮕﺎرﻧﺪﮔﺎن : ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﻓﺸﺎرﻧﺴﺐ ﻧﺎم و ﻧﺎم ﺧﺎﻧﻮادﮔﻲ ﻣﺠﺮي ﻣﺴﺌﻮل ( اﺧﺘﺼﺎص ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮ وژه ﻫﺎ و ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎي ﻣﻠﻲ و ﻣﺸﺘﺮك دارد ) : - - ﻧﺎم و ﻧﺎم ﺧﺎﻧﻮادﮔﻲ ﻣﺠﺮي / ﻣﺠﺮﻳﺎن : ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﻓﺸﺎرﻧﺴﺐ ﻧﺎم و ﻧﺎم ﺧﺎﻧﻮادﮔﻲ ﻫﻤﻜﺎران : ﻋﺒﺪاﷲ اﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ زاده، ﻏﻼﻣﺮﺿﺎ ارﮔﻨﺠﻲ ،ﻣﺤﻤﺪ رﺿﺎ ﻣﻬﺮاﺑﻲ، ﻛﻮروس رادﺧﻮاه ، ﻣﻬﺪي زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ، ﺷﺎﭘﻮر ﻛﺎﻛﻮﻟﻜﻲ، ﻋﻴﺴﻲ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﭘﻮر، ﺟﻮاد اﻣﻴﺮي، ﺑﺎﺑﻚ ﻗﺎﺋﺪﻧﻴ ﺎ، ﻋﻴﺴﻲ ﻛﻤﺎﻟﻲ، اﻳﺮج رﺟﺒﻲ، ﻓﺮﻳﺒﺮز اﺣﺘﺸﺎﻣﻲ، ﻣ ﺠﻴﺪ ﻧﻴﻚ ﺑﺨﺖ ﻣﺒﺎرﻛﻪ، ذﺑﻴﺢ اﷲ ﻏﺮﻳﺐ ﻗﻠﻌﻪ ﺗﻜﻲ ، ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺤﻤﺪﻳﺎن، ﺷﻬﺮام ﺻﻴﺪ ﻣﺮادي، راﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺮﻳﻢ زاده ،ﻣﻬﺪي ﮔﺬري ،ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻣﻠﻜﻮﺗﻲ ﻧﺎم و ﻧﺎم ﺧﺎﻧﻮادﮔﻲ ﻣﺸﺎوران : ﻣﻬﺪي ﺳﺎوه درودي ﻧﺎم و ﻧﺎم ﺧﺎﻧﻮادﮔﻲ ﻧﺎﻇﺮ : اﺑﻮاﻟﻔﻀﻞ ﺳﭙﻬﺪاري ﻣﺤﻞ اﺟﺮ ا : اﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺮﻣﺰﮔﺎن ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﺷﺮوع : /1 /10 89 ﻣﺪت اﺟﺮا : 1 ﺳﺎل و 3 ﻣﺎه ﻧﺎﺷﺮ : ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﻋﻠﻮم ﺷﻴﻼﺗﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر : ﺳﺎل1392 ﺣﻖ ﭼﺎپ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺆﻟﻒ ﻣﺤﻔﻮظ اﺳﺖ . ﻧﻘﻞ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ، ﺗﺼﺎوﻳﺮ ، ﺟﺪاول ، ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻫﺎ و ﻧﻤﻮدارﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ذﻛﺮ ﻣﺄﺧﺬ ﺑﻼﻣﺎﻧﻊ اﺳﺖ . « ﺳﻮاﺑﻖ ﻃﺮح ﻳﺎ ﭘﺮوژه و ﻣﺠﺮي » » ﭘﺮوژه : ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺘﻲ و ﻋﻠﻞ ﺗﻠﻔﺎت ﺻﺪﻓﻬﺎي ﻣﺮوارﻳﺪ ﺳﺎز ﻟﺐ ﺳﻴﺎه ( Pinctada margaritifera) ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪي در اﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﻧﺮم ﺗﻨﺎن ﺑﻨﺪرﻟﻨﮕﻪ ﻛﺪ ﻣﺼﻮب : -89150 12-75-12-8912 ﺷﻤﺎره ﺛﺒﺖ ( ﻓﺮوﺳﺖ ) : 42039 ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ : 91/9/27 ﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ اﺟﺮاﻳﻲ ﺟﻨﺎب آﻗﺎي ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﻓﺸﺎرﻧﺴﺐ داراي ﻣﺪرك ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻠﻲ دﻛﺘﺮي در رﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺖ و ﺑﻴﻤﺎرﻳﻬﺎي آﺑﺰﻳﺎن ﻣ ﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﭘﺮوژه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ داوران ﻣﻨﺘﺨﺐ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺖ و ﺑﻴﻤﺎرﻳﻬﺎي آﺑﺰﻳﺎن در ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ 17/6/91 ﻣﻮرد ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ و ﺑﺎ ﻧﻤﺮه 19 و رﺗﺒﻪ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ . در زﻣﺎن اﺟﺮاي ﭘﺮوژه، ﻣﺠﺮي در : ﺳﺘﺎد █ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻜﺪه ﻣﺮﻛﺰ اﻳﺴﺘﮕ ﺎه ﺑﺎ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻫﻴﺌﺖ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﻋﻠﻮم ﺷﻴﻼﺗﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر ﻣﺸﻐﻮل ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ . ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎم ﺧﺪا ﻋﻨﻮان « ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻨﺪرﺟﺎت » ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﭼﻜﻴﺪه ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 1 1 -1 ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 2 2 -2 ﻣﻮاد و روﺷﻬﺎ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 5 5 .... -3 ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 8 8 -4 ﺑﺤﺚ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 21 21 ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎدﻫﺎ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 25 25 ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 27 27 ﭼﻜﻴﺪه اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 28 28 ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺘﻲ و ﻋﻠﻞ .../ 111 ﭼﻜﻴﺪه ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺖ وﻋﻠﻞ ﺗﻠﻔﺎت ﺻﺪﻓﻬﺎي ﻣﺮوارﻳﺪ ﺳﺎز ﻟﺐ ﺳﻴﺎه ( Pinctada margaritifera) در اﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﻧﺮم ﺗﻨﺎن ﺑﻨﺪرﻟﻨﮕﻪ از ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﺗﻴﺮﻣﺎه ﻟﻐﺎﻳﺖ ﺷﻬﺮﻳﻮر ﻣﺎه 1389 ﺗﻌﺪاد 200 ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ از ﻫﺮﻳﻚ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﺗﺨﻢ، ﻻرو، اﺳﭙﺎت ( ﺻﺪﻓﭽﻪ ) و ﻣﻮﻟﺪﻳﻦ آﻣﺎده ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻜﺜ ﻴﺮ و ﭘﺮورش در اﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﻧﺮم ﺗﻨﺎن ﺑﻨﺪرﻟﻨﮕﻪ ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﻧﻤﻮده و آﻧﻬﺎ را ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ دﺳﺘﻪ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻧﻤﻮدﻳﻢ . ﻳﻚ دﺳﺘﻪ از ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻇﺎﻫﺮي داﺧﻠﻲ و ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ . در اﻳﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ارﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎي ﺳﻄﺤﻲ، ﻧﺎﻫﻨﺠﺎرﻳﻬﺎي روي ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻴﺮوﻧﻲ و اﻧﺪاﻣﻬﺎي داﺧ ﻠﻲ، ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪﮔﻴﻬﺎ، ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ رﻧﮓ روي ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ و اﻧﺪاﻣﻬﺎي داﺧﻠﻲ، اﻧﮕﻞ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در روي ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ و اﻧﺪاﻣﻬﺎي داﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻻم ﻣﺮﻃﻮب و اﺳﻤﻴﺮ در زﻳﺮ ﻟﻮپ و ﺑ ﺎ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮپ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔ ﺮﻓﺖ . دﺳﺘﻪ دوم از ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺗﺎزه و ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻗﺎرﭼﻲ و ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻮرد ا ﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﮔ ﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ . ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎي وﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ، ﺳﻮدوﻣﻮﻧﺎز و آﺋﺮوﻣﻮﻧﺎز ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎي ﭘﺎﺗﻮژن ﺻﺪﻓﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﺮ روي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ TSA و MA و ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي آﻧﻬﺎ ﻃﺒﻖ روﺷﻬﺎي ﻣﺮﺳﻮم و رﻧﮓ آﻣﻴﺰي ﮔﺮم اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ . ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻗﺎرﭼﻲ و ﺑﺎﻛﺸﺖ روي ﻣ ﺤﻴﻄﻬﺎي ﺳﺎﺑﺮو دﻛﺴﺘﺮو آﮔﺎر و ﻳﺎ P.Y.G و ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮپ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ . دﺳﺘﻪ ﺳﻮم ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ را در ﻣﺤﻠﻮل 1G4F ﻳﺎ DAF ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻧﻤﻮده وﺑﺮاي ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻫﺎي آﺳﻴﺐ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﻮدﻳﻢ . ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻗﺎرﭼﻬﺎي ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه در اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ آﺳﭙﺮژﻳﻠﻮس ،ﻛﻼدﺳﭙﻮرﻳﻮﻣﻬﺎو آﻟﺘﺮﻧﺎرﻳﺎ ﺑﻮده و ﻣﻬﻤ ﺘﺮﻳﻦ اﻧﮕﻠﻬﺎ ﮔﺮوﻫﻲ از ﭘﻠﻲ ﻛﺘﻬﺎ ﺟﺪا ﺳﺎزي ﺷﺪ ﻧﺪ و اﻧﮕﻞ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ درﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻧﮕﺮدﻳﺪ . ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت آﺳﻴﺐ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﻨﺪه وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ اﻧﺪاﻣﻬﺎي ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﻮد . ﻛﻠﻤﺎت ﻛﻠﻴﺪي : ﺻﺪﻓﻬﺎي ﻣﺮورارﻳﺪ ﺳﺎز، ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺖ، ﺑﻴﻤﺎري، ﺑﻨﺪرﻟﻨﮕﻪ 222 / ﮔﺰارش ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻃﺮح ﻫﺎي ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺗﻲ -1 ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺻﺪﻓﻬﺎ اﻋﻢ از ﺧﻮراﻛﻲ و ﻣﺮوارﻳﺪ ﺳﺎز در ﻛﺸﻮر ﻣﺎ و ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻳﻪ از ﻗﺪﻳﻢ اﻻﻳﺎم ﺑﺮ ﻫﻤﮕﺎن روﺷﻦ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ . ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ ﺑﻲ روﻳﻪ از اﻳﻦ ﺻﺪﻓﻬﺎ، ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ذﺧﺎﻳﺮ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺷﺪه و ﺗﻼش ﺑﺮاي دﺳﺖ ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻜﻬﺎي ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ و ﭘﺮورش آﻧﻬﺎ ﺿﺮوري اﺳﺖ . اﻳﻦ ﺻﺪﻓﻬﺎ داراي ﺟﺎذﺑﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻي اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﻮده و ﻛﺸﺖ وﭘﺮورش اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫ ﺎ در ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از ﻧﻘﺎط ﺟﻬﺎن از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺗﺎﻳﻠﻨﺪ، ﻓﻴﻠﻴﭙﻴﻦ و اﺳﺘﺮاﻟﻴﺎ داراي اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﺋﻲ اﺳﺖ . اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻏﺬاﺋﻲ آﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ داﺷﺘﻦ ﻃﻌﻢ ﻣﻄﺒﻮع و ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﻏﻨﻲ، ﻣﻮﺣﺐ ﻋﻼﻗﻪ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ . اﻳﻦ ﺻﺪﻓﻬﺎ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻓﻮاﻳﺪ دﻳﮕﺮي ازﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺼﺮف داروﺋﻲ، اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻫﺎي زﻳﻨﺘﻲ و اﺳﺘﻔﺎ ده در ﻏﺬاي دام وﻃﻴﻮر ﻧﻴﺰ دارﻧﺪ . ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎي ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ وﭘﺮورش ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد زﻧﺪه ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎرﻳﺰا ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ، ﺑﻄﻮرﻳﻜﻪ ﺗﺎﻛﻨﻮن ﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﺑﺮ ﻫﺸﺖ اﻧﮕﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎرﻳﺰا، دو وﻳﺮوس ﺑﻴﻤﺎرﻳﺰا و ﺗﻌﺪاد زﻳﺎدي ﻗﺎرچ و ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮي ﺑﻴﻤﺎرﻳﺰا در ﺻﺪﻓﻬﺎي ﭘﺮورﺷﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﺋﻲ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ . ﻫﻤ ﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ اﻧﻮاع آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ، ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ و زﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ذﺧﺎﻳﺮ ﺻﺪف ﻣﺤﺎر از ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﻬﻢ در اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﺮگ و ﻣﻴﺮ ﺻﺪﻓﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎر ﻣﻲ .رود ﻃﻲ ﺳﺎﻟﻴﺎن اﺧﻴﺮ، ﺑﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ اﻳﺠﺎد ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺴﺎت ﻧﻔﺖ و ﮔﺎز، ﺗﺮدد اﻧﻮاع ﺷﻨﺎورﻫﺎي ﺗﺠﺎري و ﺻﻴﺎدي و ﻧﻴﺰ ﺳﺮازﻳﺮ ﺷﺪن ﺣﺠﻢ زﻳﺎد ﻓﺎﺿﻼﺑﻬﺎي ﺷﻬﺮي وﺻﻨﻌ ﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ درﻳﺎ، ﺑﺎر آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ، ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺷﺪه؛ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﻛﻪ زﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﻫﺎي ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺻﺪف ﻫﺎي ﻣﺮوارﻳﺪﺳﺎز در ﻣﻌﺮض ﻧﺎﺑﻮدي ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻄﺮ اﻧﻘﺮاض ﻣﻮاﺟﻪ ﮔﺸﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ اﻳﻦ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮات ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ذﺧﺎﻳﺮ ﺻﺪﻓﻬﺎي ﺧﻮراﻛﻲ و ﻣﺮوارﻳﺪ ﺳﺎز ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه و ﺑﺪﻧﺒﺎل آن ﻛﺎ ﻫﺶ اﺷﺘﻐﺎل و درآﻣﺪ ﺻﻴﺎدان را ﺑﻬﻤﺮاه داﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ . در اﻳﺮان ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ در ﺧﺼﻮص ﺻﺪﻓﻬﺎي ﻣﺮوارﻳﺪ ﺳﺎز از ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه وﻟﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺰارش ﻣﺘﻴﻦ ﻓﺮ ( 1371 ) ﺑﺮﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ روي روﺷﻬﺎي ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ و ﭘﺮورش ﺻﺪﻓﻬﺎ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ . ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺻﺪﻓﻬﺎى ﻣﺮوارﻳﺪ ﺳﺎز ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﻓ ﺎرس ﺷﺎﻣﻞ Pinctada radiate ( ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺮوارﻳﺪ ﻧﻘﺮه اى ) ، Pteria marcoptera ( ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺮوارﻳﺪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺘﻲ و ﻋﻠﻞ .../ 333 ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ) و Pinctada margaritifera ( ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺮوارﻳﺪ ﺳﻴﺎه ، ﺑﺎ ارزش ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺮوارﻳﺪ ) ﻣﻰ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . اوﻟﻴﻦ ﮔﺰار ش ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﺻﺪﻓﻬﺎي ﻣﺮوارﻳﺪ ﺳﺎز در اﻳﺮان ﺑﻪ ﮔﺰارش دﻛﺘﺮ درودي در ﺳﺎل 1372،1373 و 1375 ﺑﺮﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ ﻛﻪ اﻳﺸﺎن ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ارﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎي ﺳﻄﺤﻲ را در ﺻﺪﻓﻬﺎي ﭘﺮورﺷﻲ اﻳﺮان ﮔﺰارش ﻧﻤﻮدﻧﺪ . ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ارﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻤﻬﺎي ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه clionid sponges و shell boring mussle ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ارﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻤﻬﺎي ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﺎرﻧﺎﻛﻠﻬﺎ و اﺳﭙﺎت ﺻﺪﻓﻬﺎي ﺧﻮراﻛﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻌﻀﺎ در ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﺻﺪﻓﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه اﺳﺖ . اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮارد در ﮔﺰارش (Alagarswami and Chellam (1976 از ﻫﻨﺪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ . در ﻣﻴﺎن ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎي اﻳﺠﺎد ﻛﻨﺪه ﺑﻴﻤﺎري در ﺻﺪﻓﻬﺎي ﻣﺮوارﻳﺪ ﺳﺎز ، ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎي ﺟﻨﺲ وﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ از ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎي ﭘﺎﺗﻮژن ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ,. Pass et al) (1987 . ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت Hine and Thorne در ﺳﺎل 1998 و 2000 ﺑﻴﺎن ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ در ﻣﻴﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻬﺎي آﺳﻴﺐ رﺳﺎن ﺑﻪ ﺻﺪﻓﻬﺎ، ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﻫﺎﭘﻠﻮﺳﭙﻮرﻳﺪﻳﻮﻣﻬﺎ (Haplosporida) ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ اﻧﮕﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري اﻧﮕﻠﻲ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ در ﺻﺪﻓﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ آن را ﺑﻴﻤﺎري Multinucleated Spherix X ﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ . ﻫﻤﭽ ﻨﻴﻦ اﻧﮕﻠﻬﺎي ﻣﮋه دار ﻧﻴﺰ ازﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ اﻧﮕﻠﻬﺎي ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﺻﺪﻓﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ (Vblayudhan,1983) . در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻬﺎي ﺗﻚ ﻳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻮ ﺟﺐ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري Perkinsis marinus ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد . در اﺑﺘﺪا ﺗﺼﻮر ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﻗﺎرﭼﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ وﻟﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ آن ﺗﻚ ﻳﺎﺧﺘ ﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ . ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ اﻧﮕﻠﻬﺎي ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه در ﺻﺪﻓﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از Gregarine, intracellular Melba etal ,2007) ciliate, Haplosporidum, perkinus, Apicomplex, Cryptosporidia, Cestods and Metazoa). ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﭘﺎﺗﻮژﻧﻬﺎ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ وﻳﺮوﺳﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ در ﺑﺮوز ﭘﺎره اﺋﻲ از ﺑﻴﻤﺎرﻳﻬﺎ در ﺻﺪ ﻓﻬﺎ دﺧﺎﻟﺖ دارﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ از آن ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ ﮔﺰارش Humphery و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران در ﺳﺎل 1998 اﺷﺎره ﻧﻤﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﺋﻲ Parvolike virus در ﺻﺪ ﻓﻬﺎي اﺳﺘﺮاﻟﻴﺎ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه اﺳﺖ . ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ Suzuki Kamakura and Kusuda در ﺳﺎل 1998 و Kitamura و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران در ﺳﺎل 2000 ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﺋﻲ Birnavirus در ﺻﺪﻓﻬﺎي ﭘﺮورﺷﻲ ژاﭘﻦ ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ . ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎل ﻛﺎر ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺑﺮ روي ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎرﻳﺰا در ﺻﺪﻓﻬﺎ روﺑﺮوز در ﺣﺎل ﮔﺴﺘﺮش اﺳﺖ ﺑﻄﻮرﻳﻜﻪ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﮔﺰارش OIE ﺗﺎ ﻛﻨﻮن دو وﻳﺮوس و ﻫﺸﺖ اﻧﮕﻞ در 444 / ﮔﺰارش ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻃﺮح ﻫﺎي ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺗﻲ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﻴﻤﺎرﻳﻬﺎي ﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﺮاي ﺻﺪﻓﻬﺎ ﮔﺰارش ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه اﺳﺖ . ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ وﻳﺮوﺳﻬﺎي ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎﻛﻨﻮن در ﺻﺪﻓﻬﺎ ﺷﻨﺎ ﺳﺎﺋﻲ ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از parvolike virus و Birnavirus ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎرﻳﻬﺎي وﻳﺮوﺳﻲ Papova like virus و Intranuclear viral inclusion ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ .(Melba etal ,2007; OIE,2008) . ﺗﺎﻛﻨﻮن ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻲ دراﻳﻦ زﻣﻴﻨﻪ در ﻛﺸﻮر ﺻﻮرت ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘﻪ و اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ اوﻟﻴﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺴ ﺘﺮده ﻫﻤﻪ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎرﻳﺰا و ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
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  • Abundance and Population Structure of the Blacklip Pearl Oyster,Pinctada Margaritifera L
    W estern Indian Ocean J. Mar. Vol.Sei. 1, No. 2, pp. 16 9 -1 7 9 , 2002 169 © 2002 WIOMSA Abundance and Population Structure of the Blacklip Pearl Oyster,Pinctada margaritifera L. 1758 (Bivalvia: Pteriidae), in Coastal Kenya Edward N. Kimani 1 and K.M. Mavuti2 1 Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, R O. Box 81651, Mombasa, Kenya; 2Department of Zoology, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya Key words: pearl oysters, Pinctada margaritifera, occurrence, abundance, population structure, sex expression,Pteria penguin, Pteria chinensis, Kenya Abstract—Pearl oysters are an important marine resource within the Indo-Pacific oceans. They are widely cultured for the production of black pearls, their flesh is eaten, and their shell, known as mother-of-pearl (MOP) is used in the ornament and button industry. The blacklip pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera L., has been harvested from East Africa for MOP for decades. A survey within nearshore habitats in Kenya showed that Pi. margaritifera is widely distributed in shallow lagoons, bays and channels. Other oyster species found during the survey were the wing oyster, Pteria penguin, occurring in deep channels in Shimoni and Mombasa, and Pt. chinensis, within lagoons and channels in Malindi, Mombasa and Shimoni. Pinctada margaritifera was most abundant in Gazi Bay within sheltered back reefs and lagoon, and on an intertidal reef flat and back reef in Shimoni. Mean abundance and sizes declined with depth. The abundance of Pi. margaritifera in Kenya was higher than reported in the Pacific Islands and similar to abundances reported in India. The overall mean (34 mm) and maximum (154 mm) sizes were lower than those reported in the Pacific Ocean, but similar to sizes in India and the Red Sea.
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    1 Evolutionary Biology Achimer March 2016, Volume 43 Issue 1 Pages 131-143 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11692-015-9356-1 http://archimer.ifremer.fr http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00319/43040/ © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015 Rising the Persian Gulf Black-Lip Pearl Oyster to the Species Level: Fragmented Habitat and Chaotic Genetic Patchiness in Pinctada persica Ranjbar Mohammad Sharif 1, Zolgharnien Hossein 2, Yavari Vahid 3, Archangi Bita 2, Salari Mohammad Ali 2, Arnaud-Haond Sophie 4, Cunha Regina L. 5, * 1 Hormozgan Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Marine Biol, Bandar Abbas, Iran. 2 Khoramshahr Univ Marine Sci & Technol, Fac Marine Sci, Dept Marine Biol, Khorramshahr, Iran. 3 Khoramshahr Univ Marine Sci & Technol, Fac Marine Resources, Dept Fishery, Khorramshahr, Iran. 4 IFREMER UMR MARBEC Marine Biodivers Exploitat & C, Blvd Jean Monnet,BP 171, F-34203 Sete, France. 5 Univ Algarve, Ctr Marine Sci CCMAR, Campus Gambelas, P-8005139 Faro, Portugal. * Corresponding author : Regina L. Cunha, email address : [email protected] Abstract : Marine organisms with long pelagic larval stages are expected to exhibit low genetic differentiation due to their potential to disperse over large distances. Growing body of evidence, however, suggests that marine populations can differentiate over small spatial scales. Here we focused on black-lip pearl oysters from the Persian Gulf that are thought to belong to the Pinctada margaritifera complex given their morphological affinities. This species complex includes seven lineages that show a wide distribution ranging from the Persian Gulf (Pinctada margaritifera persica) and Indian Ocean (P. m. zanzibarensis) to the French Polynesia (P.
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  • Pearl Oysters
    CHAPTER 12 Pearl Oysters Neil A. Sims I. INTRODUCTION Two species of the pearl oyster genus Pinctada (Table I) are commercially significant to the South Pacific. The black-lip pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera (Linnaeus, 1758), ranges from Baja California to the eastern Mediterranean Sea (Jameson, 1901; George, 1978: Table II). Black-lip shell is fished throughout the region, and black pearls are cultured in French Polynesia, the Cook Islands, Fiji and Okinawa. P. maxima (Jameson, 1901), the gold-lip or silver-lip, ranges from Burma to Solomon Islands. It is cultured for white pearls in Australia and South-east Asia. Gold-lip has also been cultured at various times in Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Palau and Tonga (George, 1978; Uwate, et al, 1984). The two species are distinguishable by colour (Hynd, 1955); P. margaritifera has a black external shell surface and black non- nacreous border, where P. maxima is yellow, gold or silver. The winged, or brown-lip pearl oyster, Pteria penguin, is fished for shell in Solomon Islands (Philipson, unpubl. data). It can produce half pearls, although early culture trials in Tonga were unsuccessful (Uwate, et al., 1984). A smaller species, Pinctada maculata (Gould, 1850), is also found through the Pacific islands (Hynd, 1955) and is fished in some areas for the small, baroque natural pearls. The shell is of no value, however, and there is little potential for culture of the species. P. albina (Lamarck, 1819) is cultured in Shark Bay, Western Australia (Hancock, 1989) and P. radiata (Leach, 1814) culture is being tried on the Australian Great Barrier Reef.
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