Index

Note: Page numbers followed by f and t refer to figures and tables, respectively

A Abnormalcy bias, 687, 688 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer Acidic LAZE plumes, 91 (AVHRR), 644, 649t, 652 Acoustic flow monitors, 200 Advisory Committee for Popocatépetl Volcano, 237 Action research approach, 510, 718 Aegean Bronze Age ‘Minoan’ culture, 449 Active hydrothermal features as tourist attractions, 85 Aeronautical Information Services, Air Traffic Control, challenges of hazard communication, 92–95 and Air Traffic Flow Management, 55 challenging factors related to hazards in, 94t Aesthetics, 665, 672–673 definitions of hazard, risk and vulnerability, 87 Affective processing system, 553 hazard and crisis communication, 98 Agriculture, 42–43 alerting the public, 98–99 and critical infrastructure, 166 hazard management, 99 volcanic ash impacts on, 25–26t authorities reluctant to announce evacuations, Airborne ash hazards, international coordination in 100–101 managing, 529 people reluctant to respond to warnings, 99–100 challenges and visions of future, 535–544 hazards and risks in hydrothermal areas, communi- impacts of volcano eruption onto air traffic (case cated to public, 96–98 study), 533–535 hydrothermal tourist sites, challenges of, 88 Volcanic Ash Advisory Centres (VAACs) and vol- direct use of hot springs as tourist attraction, 88–90 cano observatories potential hazards, 90–92 related to volcanic ash clouds in Northern Pacific hydrothermal versus geothermal, 88 region, 531–533 main stakeholders and responsibilities, 99 Airborne Infrared Remote Sounder (AIRS), 644, 645f, visitor safety, 86–87 649t Yellowstone, 103 Air Navigation Service Providers (ANSPs), 530, 543, 545 Active Volcanic Hazard Zone (AVHZ), 137 Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC), 533, 534 Active volcano, living with, 677 Air traffic, impacts of volcano eruption onto (case study), agency and knowledge as a basis for positive outcome 533–535 expectancy, 684 Air Traffic Management Systems, 55, 58 be frightened effectively, 684 Air Traffic Service Communication (ATSC), 543 developing preparedness through collaborative pro- Air travel, 52, 740 jects, 684–685 Akita, Japan, 90 do not rely on authorities, 683–684 Alaska, 24, 126, 530, 532, 739 Kyojo as a contributor to empowerment and trust, 686 Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO), 24, 38, 532, 739 Kyojo encompassing community participation and Alert levels, 195, 310 collective efficacy, 685–686 Alessi, Giuseppe, 435 level 3 warning, challenge of living under, 686–687 Allègre, C., 356, 358f methodological and theoretical considerations, Ambae Island, Vanuatu, 465 680–681 Ambrym (Vanuatu), 74 Sakurajima volcano’s activities, 681–682 American Geographical and Statistical Society, 670 Taisho Eruption, 682–683 American military bases, 191 Active volcanoes of Colombia, 338f Analytical (or Type 2) decision making, 554 Advanced Land Imager (ALI) sensor, 649t, 651 Analytical processing systems, 553 Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Anchorage, 54, 324, 540 Radiometer (ASTER) sensor, 649t, 651, 652, Anchorage Area Control Center (ACC), 531 653f Anchorage Flight Information Region (FIR), 531

© The Author(s) 2018 757 C. Fearnly (eds.), Observing the Volcano World, Advances in Volcanology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44097-2 758 Index

Anchorage Meteorological Watch Offices (MWO), 531 Ballistic projectiles, 122 Anthropac 4.9 software, 325 Barangay Pasbul, 196 Aotearoa New Zealand, 464, 468, 474 Bárðarbunga Volcano, 653–655 Aquino, Corazon, 194 Basalt, 44, 150–152, 184, 359, 607 Arithmetical means, 576 Basaltic lava, 150, 374 Armero, 5, 193, 227, 340, 341, 344, 624 Bayesian approach. See Subjectivists Art, 665–674 Bayesian Belief Networks (BBN), 10, 446 Ash, 29, 30–34, 39, 41, 44, 53, 60, 152, 165, 239, 272, Bayesian Event Tree (BET) analysis, 10, 558 279, 280, 534, 535, 540, 541, 543, 585, 588, Bayesian statistics, 10, 292 595, 609, 622, 631, 682 BEAM/SNAP (software), 647t Ash clouds, 8, 54, 57–58, 59, 60, 174, 185, 533, 534, Beehives, 212 541f, 543, 598 Be frightened effectively, 684 Ash fall, 14, 24, 37, 55, 272, 283, 284, 472, 588, 591, Benavente earthquake (1909), 430 594–595, 635f, 686 Berthier, Paul M., 435 Ashfall mapping, public involvement in, 38 Besançon, J., 358f Ash forecasting products, 34–38 Bishop Tuff, 172 Aso volcano, eruption of, 421 Black or White Smokers, 88 Asphyxiation, 166 Blame gaming, 397 Association of Nasa Çxhãçxha Councils, 343 and blame avoidance, 405 ASTER Urgent Request Protocol (URP), 651 Blanche Bay, 212 ASTER Volcano Archive, 647t Boeing B747, 53 The asymmetry principle, 507 Botolan, 198, 200 Auckland Volcanic Field (AVF), 608 Briefing and video, 193–195 Auckland Volcanic Science Advisory Group (AVSAG), British Airways Flight 9, 8 557 Brussels-based Centre for Research on the Epidemiology Audiences, 191–192 of Disasters, 422 Authentic learning, 695 Bucao River, 201 Aviation, 8, 26, 34, 35, 51–63, 166, 529, 532, 535, 544, Buea, 378 545, 603, 609 heavy rainfall in, 386 Aviation colour code (ACC), 532, 605, 609 recovery and reconstruction, 388–389 Azores, 420, 426–432, 427f volcanic ash impacts on, 26t major eruptions on islands of, 428t Bulusan Volcano (Philippines), locally-led crisis and Azores Monitoring Centre, 74 evacuation management at, 488–490, 490f Azufrado River, Colombia, 340 Bureau of Land Management, 179 Business Interruption (BI), 596

B Bailey, Roy, 176 C Bakingili Village, 404 Caesar, Julius, 433 Ballistic ejecta, 165 Calbuco (2011), 166 Ballistic hazards, 121, 165 Caldera earthquakes, 209, 210f, 212f, 213f, 217f, 218f, assessments of, 124–127 220f, 411 case studies, 134t Caldera seismicity, 210, 217 2012 Eruptions of Upper Te Maari, Tongariro, New California-Central Nevada Seismic Belt, 172 Zealand, 134–137 California Division of Mines and Geology (CDMG), 176 2014 Eruption of Mt. Ontake, Japan, 139–141 California Earthquake Prediction Evaluation Council Sakurajima Volcano, Japan, 138–139 (CEPEC), 182 Yasur Volcano, Vanuatu, 137–138 California Office of Emergency Services (CalOES), 182, communication and risk management strategies, 127 185 on-going challenges in, 133–134 California Volcano Observatory (CalVO), 185 volcanic crisis, 132–133 Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL), 374, 375, 400, 400f, volcano quiescence, 129–132 401, 402 critical issues, 142–143 location of, 376f reflections on the four case study volcanoes, 142 Camp Aguinaldo, 194 risk management, 122–124 Campi Flegrei, 86, 208 understanding context and assessing risk, 141 Canarian Civil Protection, 294 Index 759

Canaries, 290, 293–295, 300 Colombian Geological Survey (SGC), 339, 344, 345, 347, volcanic emergencies in, 298–299, 301 349 Canterbury Earthquake, 696 Communication, 693–695 Capelinhos eruption, 430 during volcanic crisis, 291 Cape Verde, Atlantic Ocean, 362–366 2011–2012 eruption of El Hierro, Canary Islands, Carbon dioxide, 66 293–295 hazards from, 71–74 aspects of format and storage of information, 301 health effects of, 68t development of protocol, in Canaries, 298–299 release, 167 eruptions of Etna and Stromboli, Italy, 295–298 Carbon monoxide, 70, 74 financing aspects, 300–301 health effects of, 68t inexperience, 293 Career public servants, 517 legal aspects, 301 Cartography, 38, 631 organisational cultures, 291 Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World (1951–1975), uncertainty, 291–293 424 for lahar event, 261–262, 263 Catalogue of Active Volcanoes of the World (1960s), 426 external communication, 265–266 CENAPRED (National Center for Disaster Prevention), internal communication during planning process, 236, 237, 243 263–264 Cenozoic volcanic structures, 374 internal communication during response, 264–265 Centenary Project, 680, 684, 685 technical capacity, 266–267 Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters of natural hazard, 58–60 (CRED), 422 understanding role of, 752–753 Centre of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation Communication, shared meaning, 556–558 (CVGHM), 13, 109, 310, 315, 317 Communication challenges, in context of volcanic crisis Cerro Machín volcano, 338 management, 399–400 risk communication activities in, 345–348 Communication demands of volcanic ashfall events, 23 Chalfant Valley earthquake, 178f complex communication environment, 29–30 Check-back systems, 262 disaster risk reduction context, 27–29 Chilean volcanoes, 166 during recovery, 45–46 Chloride compounds, health effects of, 68t idealised flow of communication between key partic- Chã das Caldeiras, 364f, 365 ipants, 30f Cities on Volcanoes (COV), 183 ongoing communication demands, 44–45 citizens, 517, 519–520 sector-specific considerations for communication of Citizen science, 38 ashfall hazards and risks, 39 Civil Committee of the Zapatista Front of National Lib- agriculture, 42–43 eration (CCFZLN), 331, 332 clean-up, 44 Civil defence advice for ashfall, Sistema Nacional de infrastructure, 43–44 Protección Civil, Colima, México, 40f public health, 39–42 Civil Defence Emergency Management (CDEM), 608, standard protocols, 39 614 for assessment of hazards from leachable elements, Civil Defence leaders and land Managers, 518 39 Civil Defense, 195, 517, 520 for assessment of respiratory health hazards, 39 Civil Protection (CP) authority, 247 tools for ash hazard characterisation and dissemina- Civil Protection Act No. 82, 2008, 273 tion, 30–34 Civil Protection and Security Council, 273 ash forecasting products, 34–38 Civil Society Organisations (CSOs), 483 hazard maps (background and crisis), 34 Clark Air Base, 192, 194, 524 informal communication, 38 Clean-up operations, 44 media releases, 38 Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite public involvement in ashfall mapping, 38 Observations (CALIPSO) satellite, 79f volcanic ash impacts on society, 25–26t Co-eruptive, 375 Communication of science, 708 Cognitive dissonance, 504 Communication of volcano-related information in New Colima Housing, 330 Zealand, 608–609 Collaborative projects, developing preparedness through, Community-based disaster risk management (CBDRM), 8 684–685 Community-based disaster risk reduction (CBDRR), 117, Collapse, 36, 63, 109, 110, 172, 182, 346, 362, 365, 588, 483, 488, 489, 490, 491, 492–494 596, 607, 608, 626, 648, 651, 660, 682, 700 Community-based emergency educators, 485 Collective efficacy, 681, 685–686, 687 Community-based warning, 113–114 Colombia, volcanic risk communication in, 335, 339–348 and response systems, 13 760 Index

Community Emergency Response Team (CERT), 184 cultural differences among players at volcanoes, Community Engagement Theory (CET), 678, 680 516–520 Community participation, 681, 685–686, 687 scientific communication, literature of, 516 Community resilience, 398, 399, 405, 406, 748 scientists and non-scientists, trust between, 521 Comoros, Indian Ocean, 359–362 Mount St. Helens 1980, 521–522 Complex communication environment, 29–30 Pinatubo 1991, 522–524 CONACYT (Mexican National Science Council), 248 Usu 2000, 524–525 CONAFE (Consejo Nacional de Fomento Educativo), Culture, 8, 46, 115, 155, 160, 292, 307, 310, 419, 464, 329 507, 511, 516, 562, 578, 615, 746 Confirmation bias, 507 Cumbal Volcanic Complex (CVC), risk communication Conscious competence model, 503–504 activities in, 344–345 Conscious incompetence, 504 Curriculum development, 695 Construction of protective shelters, 126t Contingency planning, 214–215, 316–317 Continuous real-time telemetered ground deformation D monitoring, 230 Dalanaoan, 200 Convoluting emission plume, 226f Dam-break lahar, 254 Cooke-Aspinall method, 10 at Ruapehu, 255 Cook Inlet, Alaska, 24 Dangerous Geography, 717, 719 Coordinated Incident Management System (CIMS), 259 Debris, 44, 166, 239, 245, 280, 341, 386, 491, 596 Cordons, 137 Decade volcanoes, 421, 439 Cordόn Caulle eruption, Chile (2011), 25t, 26t Decision-making, 13–14, 549 Crater Lake, 473 future response capacity, developing, 563–565 outgassing, 375, 379 incident management and naturalistic decision mak- warning levels, 260t ing, 554–555 Crisis communication, 411, 696, 751 individual processing systems, 553–554 complexities of volcanic crisis communication, 4–5 people and organizations, 560 effective crisis communication, 411 organizational characteristics, 561 framing of, 157, 397–398 trust, 561–563 key events, 5–9 work-family relationships, 563 lessons identified from crises observed, 752 shared meaning in multi-agency response, 555 managing individual hazards during crisis, 751–752 communication, 556–558 understanding role of communications, 752–753 uncertainty, 558–560 Crisis communication and blame management in Degree of confidence (or certainty), 575 Cameroon, 395 Department/Directorate of Civil Protection (DCP), 402 1999 eruption of Mt. Cameroon, 402 Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Manage- blame gaming and blame avoidance, 405 ment (DCPEM), 273, 274, 276, 277, 279, 281, flaws in crisis communication, 403–404 282 blame gaming, 397 Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), communication challenges, 399–400 199 framing, 397–398 Department of Social Welfare and Development lava flow hazard map around Mt. Cameroon, 401f (DSWD), 199 meaning-making, 396–397 Develocorder, 213 organisational structure, for management of 1999 Mt. Dieng Volcanic Complex, Java, 71 Cameroon eruption, 404f Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), 14 paradox of frequency, 398–399 Disaster mitigation, in Indonesia, 308–310, 319 policy failure, 398–399 Disaster risk management, 337, 388, 399, 553 South West Region (SWR) of Cameroon, 401, 403 Disaster risk reduction (DRR), 11, 27–29, 481, 482, volcanic hazards, 400–402 500–501, 503, 508, 509–510 Crisis management, 101, 108, 114, 116–117, 402, 752 Bulusan Volcano (Philippines), locally-led crisis and Crisis Period (1983–1985), 210 evacuation management at, 488–490, 490f Crossed transaction, 505 considerations for policy and practice of, 492–493 Cross Polar Trans East Air Traffic Management Providers Mount Rainier (USA), disaster preparedness at, Working Group (CPWG), 542 484–488, 485f Crowd-sourcing, 447 participation, inclusion, and empowerment of local Cry-wolf reduction, 193 actors in, 490–492 Cultural differences and importance of trust between participatory approaches to, 483–484 volcanologists and partners, 515 Diseases, 40, 41, 42, 116 Index 761

Disruptive eruptions, 166 volcanic hazard films (case study), 720–722 Diversity of hazards, 396 Ego states, 504 Do Canto, Ernesto, 430, 432f Ejido, 322 Domes, 45, 110, 174f, 238, 239, 240, 244, 245, 452, 648 El Chichón, Mexico, 6t Do not rely on authorities, 678, 683–684 Eldfell eruption, Iceland (1973), 26t Durkheim, Emile, 323 Election, 111, 178, 708 Electronic distance measuring (EDM) network, 213 El Hierro, Canary Islands, 290, 293, 299 E Emerald Lakes, 137 Early Warning System (EWS), 5, 11–13, 343, 601 Emergency Coordination Center (ECC), 521 communication of volcano-related information in New Emergency management, 5, 7, 95, 254, 259, 261, 464, Zealand, 608–609 698 lessons learnt from NZ case study, 614–615 Emergency managers, 11, 38, 41, 99, 291, 485, 556, 692 New Zealand’s VAL systems, 609–610 Emergency Managers and Emergency Services, 31t standardising multiple systems into one for all vol- Emergency Operations Centre (EOC), 256, 550, 562 canoes, 610–614 Emergency response plans, 125t New Zealand’s volcanic risk setting, 605–608 Engineer Fortunato Dejoras, 191 recommendations for reviewing/developing VAL Engineers, 198, 199, 517, 518, 520 system, 615 Enlightenment, 422, 435 producing draft version of revised VAL system and ENVI (Environment for Visualizing Images), 646, 647t, seeking feedback, 617 658f releasing revised system in collaboration with Epasa Moto, 406 stakeholders, 617 Epicenters for earthquakes, 175f understanding challenges and benefits of existing Epistemology, 519 VAL system, 616–617 Erebus (Antarctica), 74 understanding context, 615–616 Erta Ale (Ethiopia), 74 volcanic crisis communication, 617–618 Eruption Detection warning System (EDS), 256 Earth Movement, 597 Eruptions, communicating information on, 419 Earthquake Commission (EQC) policy, 590 Azores, 420, 426–432 Earthquakes, 15, 44, 56, 73, 86, 103, 157, 172, 176, 183, eruption catalogues from 1825 to 1981, 424t 184, 208, 209, 216, 219–220, 225, 230, 341, global picture, 420–421 347, 379, 429, 430, 452, 587, 591, 592, 596, Mount Etna, Sicily, 420, 432–437, 433f 614, 678 scientific information, communicating, 421–426 Eastern California, 174 Eruption scenario, 587–588 Eastern Ruapehu Lahar Warning System (ERLAWS), Eruptions blog, 736 256, 259, 260, 261, 262, 266 using Twitter to source volcanic crisis information East New Britain Provincial Government, 215, 231 from official sources, 739–740 Ecomuseum, 685 from the public, 739 Economic pressure, 115, 550 EUMETSAT (European Organization for the Exploitation Economy, volcanic ash impacts on, 26t of Meteorological Satellites), 646t EDS (Eruption Detection System), 132, 256, 261 EUROCONTROL (European Organisation for the Safety Educational research, 695 of Air Navigation), 278 Educational resources in response to natural hazard risks, EuroHEAT project, 78 715 European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 29–30, 42 approach, 718–719 Evacuation, 197, 226f, 317–318 data collection and analysis, 724 Events and responses timeline (1994), 222t go-bags and post-curricula survey (case study), Exclusion or restriction zones, 126t 725–726 Ex-hacienda San Antonio, 322 post-lesson parent-teacher conferences, 726 Exhalations, 239, 245 volcanic hazard films (case study), 724–725 Expert elicitation, 8, 135, 137, 155, 292, 604 disasters and geography, 717 Exposure, 9, 25t, 36, 41, 42, 87, 132, 275, 475, 488, 574, film-making, importance of, 720f, 722–723 587 interpretation/discussion, 726 Extreme volcanic risk, communicating, 149 go bags and post-lesson survey (case study), 727 extreme eruptions, 150 parent-teacher meetings (case study), 728 linear model, 152–153 volcanic hazard films (case study), 726–727 single event communication, 158 lessons, 719–720 professionalising volcanology, 159–160 methods, 719 systemic volcanic risk, 155 school context, 717–718 managing communication, 155–157 762 Index

nature of communication, 157–158 Geographical Information Systems (GIS), 14, 17, 518, volcanic risk scenarios, 150 634, 655, 656, 659, 660 large magnitude basaltic eruptions, 150–152 Geomatica, 647t large magnitude explosive eruptions, 152 Geo Park, 685 volcanic risk webs, 152–155 Geoscientists, 517 Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland, 6t, 9, 29, 42, 58, 166, 271, 412, Geospatial technologies, role of, 641 520, 597 applications during volcanic eruptions, 646 ash and aerosol cloud, 79f, 80 Bárðarbunga Volcano and Its 2014–2015 eruption, beyond Eyjafjallajökull 2010, 284–286 653–655 civil protection and emergency management in Ice- Merapi Volcano and its 2010 eruption, 648–651 land, 273–274 Tolbachik Volcano and Its 2012–2013 eruption, crisis coordination and communication during, 276 651–653, 652f 14 April 2010 events, 277–279 Geo-spatial tools and Virtual Globe applications, 20 March 2010 events, 276–277 655–659 demand for accurate and timely information, real-time data, accessing, 646 280–284 remote sensing basics, 643–646 impact on local residents, 279–280 Geo-spatial tools and Virtual Globe applications, methods, 274–276 655–659 Geostationary Earth Orbit Tagged Image File Format (GEOTIFF), 656 F Google Earth, 656, 658f Family involvement in the employment experience, 563 Google Earth Engine, 659 Famine, 66, 67, 166 Google Earth Pro, 656, 657f, 659 Farmers and Agricultural Agencies, 32t Google Maps Engine, 659 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 531 Hierarchical Data Format (HDF), 656 Federal Emergency Management Agency–National Geostationary Earth Orbit Tagged Image File Format Disaster Preparedness Training (GEOTIFF), 656, 657f Center, 184 Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite Federal Register, 179 (GOES-R), 644, 649t FIDUCAL (Foundation for Scientific Research and Geothermal field, 88, 192, 337 University Development of Caldas), 339, 340 Geothermal water, 88, 89 Film-making, importance of, 720f, 722–723 Geothermal wonderlands, New Zealand, 91 Filson, John, 179 German Administration of New Guinea, 206 Flemish Interuniversity Council—University Develop- Geysers, 86, 165 ment Cooperation, 375 Global Air Navigation Plan, 61 Flight Information Region (FIR), 193, 531 Global communication structures and decision-making Flooding, 15, 44, 266, 341, 378, 386, 468, 633, 725 systems, 155–158 Fluctuating activity, 216–219 Global cooling, 67, 152 Flujo de lodo, 193 Global flight routes, 154f Fluoride compounds, health effects of, 68t Globalisation, 466 Focus group discussions (FGDs), 378, 379–385t, 387, Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) sen- 414 sor, 649t, 653 Focus groups, 616 Global positioning system (GPS), 228, 274, 452, 643 Fogo Volcano, Cape Verde, Atlantic Ocean, 362–366 Global Volcanism Program (GVP), 421, 448, 734 Forecasting, 8, 9, 10, 35–36, 57, 76, 174, 274, 311, 356, Global Volcano Programme dataset, 452–453 572, 574, 575–577, 617 Global warming, 573 Frutuosa, Gaspar, 430, 437 Gluckman, Sir Peter, 4 Fumaroles, 74, 165, 308, 344 GNS Science and Massey University, 466 FUTUREVOLC project, 286 Go-bags and post curricula survey, 723–724 data collection and analysis, 725–726 interpretation/discussion, 726–727 G Google Earth Pro, 656, 658f, 659 Galeras, Colombia, 6t Governance, 8, 142, 153, 156, 358, 359, 579 Galunggung volcano, 8, 53 Government, 13, 24, 29, 77, 99, 116, 153, 156, 158, 159, Gareloi Volcano, Alaska, 126 189, 197, 206, 214, 215, 231, 285, 290, 293, Gases, 65–80, 166 294, 297, 299, 311, 312, 314, 317, 325, 330, Gas transport models, 73 331, 346, 349, 361, 388, 397, 398, 399, 402, Gazelle Peninsula, 206, 207f, 209 403, 404, 405, 406, 430, 483, 490, 493, 502, Gegerbuaya, 311 511, 562, 579, 595, 598, 684 Index 763

Government Delegate, 388, 390 Hydrothermal events, 165 Graham, William, 179 Hydrothermal fluids, 219 Grande Comore Island, 359–362 Hydrothermal hazards, 86, 87t, 101, 166 Graniceros, 332 Hydrothermal tourist sites, challenges of, 88, 94t Great dry fog, 76–80 direct use of hot springs as tourist attraction, 88–90 Greet Harbour, 211, 212, 217 potential hazards, 90–92 Grimsvötn (2011), 38, 166, 285 Hygo Framework for Action (HFA), 565, 715–716 Ground deformation, 174, 210, 213, 220 HYPERION (sensor), 649t, 651 Guadeloupe, Caribbean, 355–359 Guria, 216 I IASI (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer) H (EUMETSAT), 649t Hamilton, Sir William, 666, 667, 669f Iceland, 89 Handover Request Sheet (HRS), 537 civil protection and emergency management in, Hawaiian Islands, 75 273–274 Hawai’i Volcanoes National Park, 90 Eyjafjallajökull (see Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland) Hazard insurance case law in, 597–598 definitions of, 87 Icelandic Coast Guard, Icelandic Red Cross, National and risk assessments, 125t Health Care System, rescue teams (ICE-SAR), and risk education resources, 126t 274, 282 and risk maps, 125t, 634 Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO), 57, 274, 281 Hazard assessment, 126, 346, 579, 623, 635, 641–660, Idealized program to reduce volcanic risk, 7f 747 ILWIS (Integrated Land and Water Information System), Hazard communication, 12, 95, 101, 175–183, 311, 312 647t challenges of, 92–95 Imagine (software), 647t Hazard/danger zones and safe areas, 214f Impact of precursory activity (I), 213–216 Hazard education and risk communication, 92 Implicit communication, 556 Hazard intensity measure, 36–37 Incident Command System (ICS), 13, 14, 176–178 Hazard management, 99 Incident Control Point (ICP), 254, 256, 263, 267 authorities reluctant to announce evacuations, Incident management and naturalistic decision making, 100–101 554–555 natural hazard management, 469, 475 Incompetency, blame management of, 398 people reluctant to respond to warnings, 99–100 Indigenous communities, 342, 343, 463–476 Hazard maps, 13–14, 34, 110, 124, 126, 135, 138, 199, Indigenous Cumbal Reserve, 345 337, 345 Indigenous knowledge/groups, 389, 464, 629 design and visual communication, 621–636 Individual processing systems, 553–554 pre-eruption, 196 Indonesia, 413, 648f Hazards from leachable elements, assessment of, 39 disaster mitigation in, 308–310 Hazard Watch, 175 gaps in communication, 310 Heimaland Temporary Service Centre, 279 hazard perception, 312 Herbart, JF, 323 mandate and policy, 312–313 Hernsheim, Edward, 208 problems and solutions in communicating hazards, Hill, David, 176 313 Holocene offsets, 172 building trust, 313–315 Holuhraun eruption, 158, 159 role of media, 313 Hot springs as tourist attraction, 88–90 steps of knowledge transfer and communication, 315 How we learn, understanding of, 695 contingency plan, 316–317 Huila, Colombia, 6t evacuation drills, 317–318 Humboldt, Alexander Von, 671 leadership, 318–319 Hunt, Captain Dwayne, 214 simulation (table top exercises), 317 Hurricane Michelle, Cuba, 337 socialization, 315–316 Hydrogen chloride, 70, 74 volcano activity in, 310t Hydrogen fluoride, 70, 74 Indonesia National Disaster Agency, 308 Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas, 66, 68t Informal communication, 38, 388 Hydrothermal activity, 16, 86, 88, 98, 99, 100, 165, 590 Information, availability of, 216 Hydrothermal areas, 91f Information deficit model, 505 vulnerability in, 87 Information demands, 24, 26, 29, 30, 31–33t, 43 Hydrothermal eruptions, 91 Information flow during volcanic activity, 311f 764 Index

Information products and activities, evolution of, 33t International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), 35, 61, Information transfer, 313 531, 603 Infrastructure, 43–44 Aviation Colour-Code, 57t, 611t volcanic ash impacts on, 25t International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction INGEOMINAS (National Institute of Mining and Geo- (IDNDR), 439, 603, 615 logical Research—nowadays Colombian Geo- International Volcanic Health Hazard Network (IVHHN), logical Survey—SGC), 339, 340, 341, 33, 39, 40 342–343, 344 Irrationality of people, 502 INGV (National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanol- ISAVIA (national airport and air navigation service pro- ogy) method, 10, 295, 297–298 vider of Iceland), 274, 278 InSAR (Interferometric synthetic aperture radar), 274, Island communities, risk and crisis communication for, 449 366–367 Institute of Earth Sciences (IES), Iceland, 274, 281 Italian Civil Protection and MIA-VITA (a European Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (IVS), 532 research project), 366 Instructional communication research, 693–695 Italian Geographical Society, 670 Instrumental volcano surveillance and community Italy, 208 awareness, 205–231 Iztaccíhuatl Volcanoes, 238 lessons, 228–230 precursory activity (I) (1971–1985), 208–213 characteristics of Rabaul volcanic crises, 208–209 J impact of, 213–216 Japanese Jigoku—Hellish Experience, 94–95 volcanic crises period (1971–1985), 209–213 Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), 532 precursory activity (II) (1985–1994), 216–221 Jet-turbine running temperatures, 52 fluctuating activity, 216–219 Joint Information Center (JIC), 14 outbreak of twin eruptions, 220–221 Joint Operations Center (JOC), 14 Ultimate Crisis, 219–220 Ultimate Crisis and outbreak of eruptions, responses to, 221–228 K community response, 225–226 Kabiu, 229f outcomes, 226–228 Kagoshima City, earthquake in, 679f, 683 response of government authorities, 221–225 volcanic preparedness in, 678 timeline of events and responses, 221 Kagoshima Prefecture, 684, 686 Insurance and volcanic crisis, 585 Kaikohe-Bay of Islands Volcanic Field (KBOIVF), 608 clean-up costs, 594–595 Kamchatka Peninsula, 531, 532, 533, 542 eruption scenario, 587–588 Kamchatka Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT), hours clause, 593–594 532, 651 insurance case law, 596 Kameni Islands, Santorini, Greece, 449–451 Iceland, 2010, 597–598 Karthala, Grande Comore, Comoros, Indian Ocean, New Zealand, 1995, 596–597 359–362 Philippines, 1991, 596 Katla, 272, 273f, 276 United States, 1980, 597 Kaupapa Māori techniques, 464 insurance policy wordings, 589–592 Kawasan Rawan Bencana (KRB), 109 modelling and communicating volcanic risk, 586–587 Keane, Hugh Perry, 454 range of insurance responses, 588–589 Kelso Washington, 182 stakeholders, 595–596 Kelud and Merapi, 312 Integrated Research on Disaster Risk (IRDR) program, 27 Kelut eruption, Indonesia, 58 Integrated Rural Development Foundation of the Philip- Kelut volcano, in East Java, 115 pines (IRDF), 488 2007 volcanic crisis of, 115–116 Interactive communication system, 387 Keyhole Markup Language (KML), 656 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 155, Keyhole Markup Zipped (KMZ), 656 578 Key to events, 177t International Airways Volcano Watch (IAVW), 35, 52, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘I, 68–69, 69f, 74, 75 54–55, 63, 166, 531 Kliuchevskoi Volcano, 534–535, 539, 542, 545 elements and relationships, 56f KLM flight 867, 8 International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry Knowledge transfer and communication, 315–319 of the Earth’s Interior (IAVCEI), 8, 110, 183, Kokopo Telephone Exchange, 224 193, 290, 551, 558, 565t, 685 Kolombos volcano, 452 International Association of Volcanology and the Earth’s Krafft video, 199 Interior, 55 Krakatoa, 1883, 447 Index 765

Kumba, 378 heavy rainfall in, 386 heavy rainfall in, 386 landslides in, 387 interactive communication system in, 387 recovery and reconstruction, 389 recovery and reconstruction, 389 volcanic eruptions in, 386 Kyojo, 679, 685 Lindley, David, 225 as contributor to empowerment and trust, 686 Living near active volcano, 231 encompassing community participation and collective Local hazard level systems, 180t efficacy, 685–686 Local newspaper, use of, 216 Locations of care centres for evacuees, 224f Logistical arrangements L civil defence personnel, planning, 230 La Grande Soufrière, Guadeloupe, 6t for volcano monitoring teams, 230 Lahars, 12, 13, 15, 34, 56, 190, 196, 198, 199, 200, 245, Long Valley Caldera, USA, 6t, 172, 173f, 174f, 175f, 254, 256, 341, 517, 624, 628 178f, 186, 411 Lahar warnings, 199–201 geologic map, 176 Lake Kivu, 73 local hazard level systems for, 180t Lake Monoun, 73, 375 Long Valley Monitoring Project, 176, 182 Lake Nyos Disaster (LND), 73, 375, 402, 406 Long Valley–Mono Lake area, 184 Laki (Iceland) eruption, 167 Long Valley Observatory (LVO), 183, 185 Laki (Lakigigar) eruption 1783–1784, 76–80 Color-code system (1997), 180t Laki Fissure eruption (1783–4), 150 Los Angeles Times, 176 Land managers, 517, 518, 520 Loss, definition of, 592 LANDSAT-8 (Land Remote-Sensing Satellite (System)- Loss occurrence, 589, 590, 593 8), 649t, 653 Landslides, 72, 122, 124, 308, 341, 386, 389, 521, 522 Mount Cameroon, 374–378, 378, 379 M Land use planning, 125t Macdonald, Gordon A., 216, 439 La Primavera Volcanic Complex, Mexico, 127 Magma-filled dykes, 219 L’Aquila case, 4 Magmatic gas emissions, 174 Large magnitude basaltic eruptions, 150–152 Malumboy, 200 Large magnitude explosive volcanic eruptions Mammoth Fire District, 184 (LaMEVE), 152, 154f, 422 Mammoth Lakes, 174, 175, 176, 178, 179, 182 Large magnitude volcanic eruptions, 150 City Manager for, 181 La Soufrière de Guadeloupe, Guadeloupe, Caribbean, Police Department, 184 354, 355–359, 367 Town Council, 183 Late stage precursory activity, 228, 229 Town Manager, 183, 185 Lava, 34, 70, 75, 76, 90, 103, 109, 122, 135, 138, 150, Mammoth Mountain Ski Area, 179, 184 176, 185, 238, 297, 298, 361, 364, 374, 401, Mammoth Mountain volcano, 174 403, 404, 439, 456, 457, 591, 622, 648, 653, Mammoth Scenic Loop, 178 656, 681, 682 Manam eruptions during 2004–05 in Papua New Guinea, Lava flow hazard map around Mt. Cameroon, 401f 59 Lava flows, 165, 374 Māori/Iwi in New Zealand and Ngāti Rangi, 467–471 Lawrence, Andrea Mead, 179 Maps, 13–14, 34, 110, 130–131, 132, 138, 199, 363, 426, La Yerbabuena, 322 622–623, 624, 626, 634–636, 747, 753 methodology, 325 Maraunot/BalinBaquero/Bucao river system, 198 process of human resettlement and volcanic risk, 326 Marella/Sto, 200 impressions of process of human relocation, Masaya, 74, 208 326–327 Masking, 396 meanings of process of human relocation, 327–332 Mātauranga, 464 social representation, theoretical foundations of, Mātauranga Māori, 468, 476 323–324 Matua te Mana, 464, 471, 474, 475–476 Leadership, in disaster management, 318–319 Matupit Island, 207, 208–209, 211, 212, 217, 219–220, Learned helplessness, 506 225, 228 Learning, 716 Maximum earthquake magnitude, 228 Legionella bacteria, 92 Meaning-making, 396–397 Levelling surveys, 210f, 211, 213, 217f Media, 31t, 33t, 38, 99, 116–117, 155, 230, 265, 308, LIDAR (light detection and ranging) sensing, 58 313, 521–522, 617, 622, 734 See also News Limbe, 378, 386 media; Social media and networking, in vol- communication in, 388 canic crises and communication 766 Index

Mefite D’Ansanto, Italy, 73 Mount Etna, Italy, 74, 292, 295–298, 420, 426, 432–437, Memorandum of Understanding with the Ministry of 433f Civil Defence and Emergency Management silent 2004 eruption at, 292 (MCDEM), 608 Mt Fuji, 141 Merapi, Indonesia, 6t, 108, 109 1707 eruption of, 595 Merapi 2006 eruption, 26t Mount Hood volcano in Oregon, USA, 634 Merapi Volcano and its 2010 eruption, 648–651 Mt. Ontake, Japan, 95, 129, 130, 133, 139–141, 142, 678 Merapi-type pyroclastic flows, 110 risk management and communication strategies, 134t Mercury, health effects of, 68t Mt. Pelée, Martinique, 1902, 5, 110, 111, 355, 356, 455 Mesoamerican cultures, 331 Mount Pinatubo, 8, 117, 186, 190, 199, 337, 411–412, Messina earthquake of 1908, 430 482, 523, 698, 752 Metals, health effects of, 68t Mount Rainier (USA), disaster preparedness at, 484–488, Meteorological Watch Offices, 54, 56, 57, 58, 60 485f MetService, 35, 609 Mount Rainier National Park (MRNP), 487 Mexico, 16, 236, 240, 412, 447 Mount Rainier Volcano Work Group, 485 Middle-sized earthquakes, 587 Mt. Ruapehu, 16, 132, 254, 255f, 412, 469, 475, 610 Minamidake crater, 681 Mount St. Helens, 6t, 176, 182, 420, 515, 521–522, 597 Ministry of Territorial Administration and Decentralisa- Multi-agency response, shared meaning in, 556–558 tion (MTAD), 389, 402 Multidisciplinary risk communication, 337, 349 Miscommunication, 17, 132, 175, 491, 512 Multifunctional Transport Satellites (MTSAT), 649t Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Mýrdalsjökull (Katla), 272 (MODIS), 644, 649t, 652 Moimoi Tahuarangi, 472 Mono and Inyo County Emergency Operations Plan, 184 N Mono and Inyo County Office of Emergency Services, 184 Naegleria fowleri, 92 Mono and Inyo County Unified Commands, 184 National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mono County, 176 247 Basic Emergency Plan of, 178 National Broadcasting Service, 283 Board of Supervisors, 179 National Center for Disaster Prevention (CENAPRED), Public Health, 184 236–237 Sheriffs, 185 National Civil Protection System of México, 236 Mono-Inyo volcanic chain, 172, 174 National Commissioner of Police (NCIP), 273 Mono Lake, 172, 184 National Disaster and Emergency Services (NDES), 222 Mont Pelée, Martinique, 455 National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC), 191, Montserrat, West Indies, 45, 130, 446, 627 523 volcanic crisis on, 41 National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB), 308, 312 The Monument to the Distrust of Science, 683 National Disaster Prevention and Management Pro- Mortality crisis, 77 gramme, 402 Mt. Ambae, 627, 628f National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Mount Cameroon, 373, 414 Council (NDRRMC), 191 5-year bilateral capacity building project, 375 National Earthquake Information Centres PDE catalogue, crisis communication and blame management (see 210 Crisis communication and blame management National Geographical Institute (IGN), 294, 295 in the Cameroon) National Incident Command systems, 14 discussion, 389–390 National Incident Management System (NIMS), 14 focus group discussions, 377–379 National Meteorological Agency (AEMET), 295 general setting and types of natural hazards, 374–375 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Government Delegate, 388 (NOAA), 644 historical eruptions, 374 National Park Service, 179 project motivation, 375–377 National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster results, 379 Prevention in Japan (NIED), 129, 139 crisis response structure and communication, 388 National Risk Observatory, 402 hazard and risk perception and preparedness, National System for Disaster Prevention and Response 379–388 (SNPAD), 339t, 343 recovery and reconstruction, 388–399 Natural hazard management, 469, 475 risk awareness and communication efficiency, 375 Natural hazards, 87, 131, 185, 319, 374–379, 389, 390, town planning service, 387 396, 400, 403, 463–464, 465, 466, 468–469, Mount Cameroon volcanic eruption (MCE), 401, 403, 473, 474–475, 577–578, 580, 586, 617, 634, 405, 406 672, 692, 698, 717, 721 Index 767

Naturalistic decision making processes, 554, 564 Observatoire Volcanologique du Karthala (OVK), Naturalization, 324 359–361, 362 Nea Kameni, Santorini, 450–451 Observatoire Volcanologique et Sismologique de Network of Volcanic and Seismological Observatories of Guadeloupe (OVSG-IPGP), 366 Colombia, 337 Observatoire Volcanologique et Sismologique de Nevado Del Huila Volcanic Complex (NHVC), 341, 344, Martinique, 366 349 Observing volcanic crises, 411–414 risk communication activities in, 341–344 Occasional pyroclastic flows, 174 Nevado del Ruiz Volcano (NRV), 6t, 193, 337, 338, 350, Odds, 578 482 Office of Civil Defense (OCD), 191 disaster, 512 Official warning versus community-based warning, eruption, in 1985, 4, 5 113–114 risk communication activities in, 339–341 Okada, Hiromu, 524 New Britain Island, 206, 207f One voice, speaking with, 413 New challenges, 15–18 On-site seismic data processing, 214 News media, 191, 244, 519, 520 Ontakesan Volcano Disaster Prevention Council, 141 New Zealand, 1995 Ontake Volcano, 678 communication of volcano-related information in, Optical and Radar Federated Earth Observation 608–609 (ORFEO), 647t Earthquake Commission (EQC), 608 Opticks, 647t insurance case law in, 596–597 Oral tradition, 465, 471, 474, 520 Volcano Alert Level (VAL) systems, 609–610 Organizational characteristics, 561 standardising multiple systems into one for all vol- Origin of Species (Darwin), 429 canoes, 610–614 OSSO Corporation, 342, 343 volcanoes in, 606f Outbreak of twin eruptions, 220–221 risk setting, 605–608 Outcome expectancy, 677, 679, 681, 684 Ngāraratuatara (Rotorua), New Zealand, 89 Owens Valley earthquake (1872), 172, 173f Ngāti Rangi, 465, 468, 469–471, 746 Ozone Mapping Profiler Suite (OMPS), 649t, 653 1945 eruption, 472 Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), 649t 1995/1996 series of eruptions, 472 consultation and involvement pre-2007 lahar, 472–473 P current communication, 473 Pacaya volcano eruption, Guatemala (2010), 44 experiences, 471 Pacific Organized Track System (PACOTS), 533 Tangiwai disaster of 1953, 472 Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre (PTWC), 603 Ngati Rangi Marae, 465 Paerangi, 469 Ngati Rangi Tribe, 464 Páez River, Colombia, 341, 344f Nicaragua, 208 Palangiangia, 229f Non-damage Business Interruption (NDBI) policies, 598 Paoha Island, 172 Non-governmental organisations (NGOs), 191, 342, 483, Papua New Guinea, 9, 53, 59, 206 488, 489, 751 Paradox of Frequency, 396, 398–399 Non-profit organizations (NPOs), 483 Parallel processing systems, 553 Non-scientists, 505, 516, 518 Participatory 3D mapping (P3DM), 488, 489, 634 Normal-Advisory-Watch-Warning, 185 Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) approach, 483 Normalcy bias, 686–688 Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) North American Plate, 174 methods, 317, 466 Northeast (NE) earthquakes, 217 Participatory techniques, 553 Notice of Potential Volcanic Hazards, 176, 179 Parícutin, Mexico, 1943, 447 NOTices to Air Men (NOTAMs), 54, 57 Past eruptions Notice-Watch-Warning system, 182 instrumental records of, 448–449 Noxious gases, 165 and preparations for future events, 445 Nudge theory, 508 Past eruptive activity, catalogued records of, 448 Numerical modeling, 34 Paton’s Community Engagement Theory (CET), 678, Nyiragongo (Democratic Republic of Congo), 74 680, 683, 684 Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient, 704 People and organizations, 560 O organizational characteristics, 561 Oakland Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC), 533 trust, 561–563 Objectification, 324 work-family relationships, 563 768 Index

Perceptions of crisis communication instrument (PCC), Preparedness, 13, 43, 77, 139, 294, 308, 313, 314, 317, 700, 701t, 705, 705f, 706 343, 362, 403, 405, 475, 483, 484, 485, 564, Permanent danger zone, 197, 488 629, 678–681, 683–686, 717–718, 725, 726, Personal communications, 197–198 729, 734, 748 PEVOLCA (Plan de Emergencias Volcanicas de Canar- Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), 82 ias), 294, 295, 299 Principal Surveyor, 213 Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology Principles of Geology (Lyell), 429, 435 (PHIVOLCS), 191, 489, 523, 524, 532 Private Business, 29, 33t Philippines, insurance case law in, 596 Probabilistic cost benefit analysis, 558 Physical (volcano-related) events, 221 Probabilistic volcanic hazard map data visualisations, 632f Physical scientists, 519 Probability, 10–11, 14, 52, 87, 124, 126–127, 154, 174, Pinatubo, Philippines, 6t, 13, 522–524, 594f, 698 573, 574–575, 577–578 Pinatubo, the USGS-Philippine Institute of Volcanology Probability tree, 196–197 and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) team, 10, 13 Procedures, 8, 13, 14, 16, 17, 58, 63, 70, 90, 97, 133, 139, Pinatubo Lahar Hazards Taskforce (PLHT), 199 260, 264, 266, 286, 290, 538, 541, 543, 564 Pinatubo lahars, 199 Protected site status, 86 Pinatubo Volcano Observatory (PVO), 194 Protection of property, 230 Plastic in volcano, 503–506 Protocols, 8, 39, 290, 312, 361, 553 Plinian eruption, 587 Provincial and Regional Disaster Management Agencies Plugging effect, 507 (BPBD), 308, 312 PNPRU (National Emergency Preparation and Response Provincial Disaster Committee (PDC), 214 Plan), 362 Provincial Disaster Plan (PDP), 214 Pointe-à-Pitre, 336 Public health, 39–42, 166 Points of Agreement, 509 crystalline silica, 41 Points of Conflict, 509 particulate matter, 42 Policy, 27, 153, 160, 402, 517 volcanic ash impacts on, 25t Policy failure, 398–399, 405, 406 Public Health Agencies, 32t Politicians, 517, 518, 520 Public Information Unit (PIU) Ponte, Gaetano, 437 establishment of, 215 Pools of boiling mud and water, 165 initiatives of, 216 Popocatépetl Scientific Committee (PSC), 237, 246–247, Puhipuhi-Whangarei Volcanic Field (PWVF), 608 249 Punongbayan, Raymundo, 193 Popocatépetl Volcano, Mexico, 126, 235 Putative volcano, 421 evolution of the activity influencing public perception Puyallup River Valley, 484–485 of hazards, 240–243 Puyehue-cordón Caulle (2011), 166 future challenges, 248–250 Pyroclastic Density Currents (PDCs), 12, 108, 165, 166, geologic setting and eruptive history, 237–239 586, 587–588, 591, 593 mitigation strategies since 1994, 243–246 building trust in hazard and risk communication, 116 ongoing unrest, eruptive activity, and volcanic crisis, communicating PDC hazard zones, 108–110 239–240 improving crisis management capabilities for risk scientific strategies and scientific challenges, 246–248 reduction of, 116–117 Port Moresby, 216, 222, 224 people reluctant to evacuate, 114–116 Portuguese intellectual history, 430 warning people, 110 Positive outcome expectancy, agency and knowledge as a difficulties in providing timely warnings, 110–111 basis for, 684 modern versus traditional warning tools, 111–113 Post-eruption lahar messages, 198 official warning versus community-based warning, Potentially-active volcano, 231 113–114 Power failure, 108 Pyroclastic flows, 15, 66, 108, 109, 110, 114, 152, 174, Precursors, 452–453 194, 196–197, 201, 226–227, 239–240, 244, Precursory activity (I) (1971–1985), 208–213 245, 311, 314, 341, 344, 346, 505, 517, 520, Precursory activity (II) (1985–1994), 216–221 524, 626, 648, 682 Pre-eruption hazard map, 196 flow hazard, mitigating, 107 Pre-eruption messages, 192–193 Pre-eruption risk communication, 284 Preliminary Map of Potential Volcanic Hazard Complex Q Cumbal, 344 Queen Elizabeth Park (QEP), 207f, 221 Preliminary Potential Volcanic Risk Maps, 337 Quezon City, 196 Index 769

R Risk ladder, 522, 523f Rabaul Caldera, 206, 207, 209f Risk management, 29, 92, 94, 99, 100, 101, 126t Rabaul Gourier, 216 at Galeras volcano, 499 Rabaul Town, 221, 223 plastic in volcano, 503–506 aerial view of, 229f rebuilding the trust, 508–512 Rabaul Volcano, Papua New Guinea, 6t, 206, 208, 221 risk perception around galeras, 501–503 1994 eruption of, 412 working with different ways of knowing, 506–508 frequency of eruptions at, 208 and mitigation systems, 124 larger Rabaul earthquakes, 218t Risk maps, 337, 342f Rabaul Volcanological Observatory (RVO), 206 Rittmann, Alfred, 436f, 437 RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging), 643 Role-play, 691, 695 RadarSAT-2 (CSA), 649t, 650f data analysis, 700–702 Ralum, 223, 224 data collection, 699–700 Rau-hā-moa, 469 educational research, 695 Realistic Disaster Scenarios (RDSs), 587 implications for teaching of volcanic crisis commu- Real-time data, accessing, 646 nication and future work, 710 Real-time warning systems, 125t instructional communication research, 693–695 Recovery plans, 45 risk and crisis communication best practices, 695–697 Recupero, Giuseppe, 435, 436f science communication, best practices of, 706–707 Red Crater, 607 students’ communication confidence, improvement of, Redoubt volcano, 8, 53 702–705, 707–708 Red Union of Small Farmers, 322 study participants, 699 Red-VTLAS, 244 volcanic crisis communication Re-enchanting volcanoes, 665 improvement of student perceptions of, 705–706 aesthetics, fall and rise again of, 672–673 student perceptions of best practice in, 708–710 gentleman’s report, 667–670 volcanic hazard simulation, 697 scientist’s synthesis, 670–672 design and development of, 697–698 Regional Disaster Coordinating Council (RDCC 3), 199 happenings during, 698–699 Remote sensing, 17, 58, 124, 154, 422, 446, 448, volcanic risk communication training, importance of, 643–646, 649, 651, 653, 655–656, 659–660, 692–693 747 Rongo, 471 REMOTE-VIEW (software), 647t Rotorua, New Zealand, 89 Renaissance, 421, 422, 426, 434 Royal Society’s Krakatoa Committee, 447 Rescue services, 125t RSAM (Real-time Seismic Amplitude Measurement), Resilience, 17, 30, 44, 45, 78, 117, 286, 398, 405, 406, 241–242 464–466, 474, 476, 586, 717 Ruapehu Alpine Lifts (RAL), 596, 597 Respiratory diseases, 42, 66, 67, 74, 166 Ruapehu Crater Lake dam-break lahar, in New Zealand, Respiratory health hazards, protocol for assessment of, 39 253 Resurgent dome deformation, 183 anticipated lahar, 255–256 Retrospective analysis of volcanic crises, 449 background, 254–255 challenges for future, 457–458 communication, 261–262 Kameni Islands, Santorini, Greece, 449–451 Crater Lake warning levels, 260t eruption progress, 451–452 lahar event, 262–263 precursors, 452–453 method for communication research, 263 Soufrière, St. Vincent, 453 planning a response to, 256–261 eruptive history and impacts, 453–457 results and discussion, 263 Rhyolite, 172, 174, 607 external communication, 265–266 Risk and crisis communication best practices, 692, 694, internal communication, 263–265 695–697 See also Risk communication technical capacity, 266–267 Risk and vulnerability, 87 Ruapehu volcano, 36f, 39, 132f, 465, 466–467, 474, 629 Risk communication, 8, 43, 70, 92, 114, 116, 131, 133, Rūaumoko, 471 139, 156, 157, 336–338, 354, 355, 366, 367, 491, 500, 502–506, 512, 553, 692, 696, 710 in Cerro Machín Volcano, 345–348 S in Nevado Del Huila Volcano, 341–344 Sabit, Julio, 198 in Nevado Del Ruiz Volcano (NRV), 339–341 SABO dams, 11, 108, 111 recommendations, 348–350 Saint-Pierre, 110 in Volcanic Complex Cumbal, 344–345 Sakurajima Museum, 685, 687 during volcanic emergencies in Colombia, 339–348 Sakurajima Taisho Eruption Monument, 683 770 Index

Sakurajima Volcanos (SV), Japan, 133, 138–139, 142, pyroclastic flows of Sinabung volcano, 314f 678, 681, 748 SINAPROC (National Civil Protection System of Méx- overview, 681 ico), 236, 237, 240, 250 risk management and communication strategies, 134t Single event communication, 158–160 Taisho eruption, 682 Skin burns, 166 damage brought about by, 682 Small islands states Salazar, António, 429 challenges of volcanic crises on, 353 San Andreas, 174 Fogo Volcano, Cape Verde, Atlantic Ocean, 362–366 San Guillermo parish church, Bacolor (Philippines), 594f Karthala, Grande Comore, Comoros, Indian Ocean, San Marcelino, 200 359–362 Santorini, Greece, 449–451 La Soufrière de Guadeloupe, Guadeloupe, Caribbean, Sao Miguel Island, 74 355–359 Sarychev-Peak Volcano, eruption of, 543 risk and crisis communication for island communities, Satellite imaging, 278, 364, 532, 533, 656, 735, 747 366–367 Savo Island, 465 Smithsonian Institution Global Volcanism Program, School, 138, 328, 329, 331, 342, 357, 377, 387, 389, 399, Washington D.C., 590 485, 486, 489, 490, 717 Social and religious organizations, 483 Science communication, best practices of, 706–707 Socialization, 315–316, 413 Scientific Alert Level (SAL), 609, 611t Social media and networking, in volcanic crises and Scientific Committee for the Assessment and Surveillance communication, 733 of Volcanic Phenomena (CSEV), 299 discussion and recommendations to volcano observa- Scientific communication during volcanic crises, 572 tories, 741–742 Scientific information, communicating, 421–426 eruptions blog: using Twitter to source volcanic crisis Scientism, 507 information, 736 Scientist-in-Charge (SIC), 183 from official sources, 739–740 Scientists and non-scientists, trust between, 521 from public, 739 Mount St. Helens 1980, 521–522 Weekly Volcanic Activity Report, 734–736 Pinatubo 1991, 522–524 Social representation, theoretical foundations of, 323–324 Usu 2000, 524–525 Societal impacts, 24–26t Seaquake, 590 Software de Procesamiento de Imágenes (SOPI), 647t Secretary of National Defense Fidel Ramos, 194 Solomon Islands, 465 Seismic crises (1980–1985), 211t Somerville, Mary, 670 Seismic data acquisition, 213, 230 Soufrière, St. Vincent, 453–457 Seismicity, 10, 71, 72, 103, 135, 140, 174, 184, 208–212, Soufrière Guadeloupe, 192 216–217, 219, 239, 241, 243f, 245f, 249, 355, Soufrière Hills, Montserrat, 6t, 593 362, 452, 456 eruption of, 593 Seismic monitoring equipment, 224 Soufrière Hills volcano, 8, 45, 626 Seismic swarms, 209, 219 Southern Emergency Management Plan, 262 Self-reported communication competence instrument Spanish National Research Centre (CSIC), 294 (SPCC), 700, 703, 703f, 704f, 706 Spasmodic bursts, 176 Sendai Framework for Action (SFA), 27 Speccatori, Joe, 216 Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, 156, 692 Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager Seventh Programme for Research, Technological Devel- (SEVIRI), 649t opment and Demonstration, 286 SPIRITS (software), 647t Shannon-Weaver model of communication, 692 St.Vincent Shared meaning, 553, 555 1718 eruption of, 454 in multi-agency response (communication), 556–558 1812 eruption of, 455 uncertainty, 558–560 eruptive sequences at, 457f Short wave infrared (SWIR), 651 Stakeholder engagement, 126t, 508 Showa Crater, 681 Stakeholders, 4–5, 14, 29, 34–35, 45, 99, 130, 236, 310, Sicily, 292, 296f, 420–421 317, 362, 502 Sierra Nevada, 172, 173f, 183 Standardisation, 603–605, 616 Significant Meteorological Information (SIGMET), 533, State of California Governer’sOffice of Emergency Ser- 609 vices (CalOES), 176 SIGnificant METeorological information about aviation Statistics, communication of, 578–579 weather hazards (SIGMETs), 54, 57, 58 Statistics and probabilities in the quantification of Silicosis, 41 uncertainty Simulation (table top exercises), 317 concepts, definitions and misconceptions, 573 Sinabung, Indonesia, 6t, 311 disciplines and schools of thought, 574–575 Index 771

forecast, reliability of, 575–577 Tohoku tsunami, 225 measures of uncertainty, 574 Tolbachik Volcano and its 2012–2013 eruption, 651–653, Stealth magma supply events, 184 652f Stratosphere, 167 Tomas River, 201 Stromboli, Italy, 122, 130, 295–298, 296f Tongariro National Park, 135, 464 Strombolian-style activity, 374 Tongariro National Park Management Plan 2006–2016, Students’ communication confidence, improvement in, 466 702–705, 707–708 Tongariro River, 255 Subjectivists, 575 Tongariro Volcanic Centre (TVC), New Zealand, 131f, Sublime, 667, 669, 670, 671 133, 466, 467, 607, 629, 630f Suburban hydrothermal activity, Rotorua, New Zealand, Torahiko Terada, 684 591f Tourist, 74, 84–101, 131, 133 Sulfate aerosol, 66–67, 68t, 74, 76, 78, 80 Town meetings and meetings, with special interest Sulfur dioxide, 68t, 70, 74, 75, 76 groups, 216 Sulphur Creek, 208 Town planning service, 387 Super-eruption, 153 Toxic gas emissions, 90, 94, 97, 400 Super-ordinate mental model, 563 Traditional knowledge, 117, 464, 466, 471, 474–475, 520 Supervolcanoes, 159, 160, 607 Transactional Analysis (TA), 504, 505 Support to Aviation Control Service (SACS), 647t Troposphere, 167 Swift trust, concept of, 562 Trust, 561–563 Syn-eruptive degassing, 355 Tsunami, 165, 219, 228, 298, 308, 386, 588, 591, 592, Systemic volcanic risk, 155 603, 683, 719 managing communication, 155–157 Turagunan, 229f nature of communication, 157–158 Twitter, 739–740 Two-color geodimeter data, 182 Typhoon Yunya, 13, 596 T Typhoon Diding, 596 Table top exercises (TTX), 310, 317 Typology for volcanoes, 458 Taisho Eruption, 678, 680, 681, 682, 684, 685, 686 damage brought about by, 682 population response of, 682 U delayed and divided responses, 682–683 Ultimate Crisis, 219–220, 225 panic followed by false rumours, 683 Ultimate Crisis and outbreak of eruptions, responses to, Talwat, 207, 223, 226, 226f 221–228 Tambora Volcano, Indonesia, 67, 446–447 Uncertainty Tāne Māhuta, 468 assessing and communicating, 9–11 Tangiwai disaster of 1953, 472 quantifying and communicating, 572–573 Taranaki Volcano, 608 communication of statistics, 578–579 Taupo Volcanic Centre (TVC), 607 concepts, definitions and misconceptions, 573 Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ), 467, 605, 607, 608 disciplines and schools of thought, 574–575 Tavana, 207 forecast, reliability of, 575–577 Tavurvur emission plume, engulfingRabaul Town, 223f measures of uncertainty, 574 Tazieff, H., 356, 358f statistics and probabilities, role of, 573 Telemetering electric tiltmeters, 220, 230 using probabilities to communicate uncertainty, Telemetry links, 224 577–578 Telephone communications, 224 volcano forecast, communication of, 579 Telephone exchanges, 230 shared meaning, 558–560 Te Maari, 464 Unconscious competence, 504 Te Maari Crater, 607 Uncontrolled urbanisation, 386 eruption at, 607f Unified Command System (UCS), 178, 184 Te One Tapu, 471 Uniform ground-based and aviation warning system, 181t TerraSAR (Astrium), 649t UNISDR (United Nations International Strategy for Thermal infrared (TIR) data, 651 Disaster Reduction) Sendai Framework for Threat, assessing, 9 Action (SFA), 27 Tide gauges, 213, 217, 220, 230 UNDHA (United Nations Department of Humanitarian Tiemperos, 332 Affairs) mission, 227 Tiko, 404 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Timely warnings, providing, 110–111 Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage sites, Time workers, 332 464 772 Index

United States, insurance case law in, 597 volcano monitoring, 55–57 U.S. Forest Service (USFS), 179, 521 warning system enhancements, 61–63 United States Geological Survey (USGS), 5, 13, 175, 213, Volcanic Ash Graphic (VAGs), 533, 534f 237, 485, 487, 521–522, 523, 532, 646t Volcanic ash risk mitigation, enhancement of, 61–62t, 63 hazard warning systems (HWS), evolution of, 180t Volcanic Ash Transport and Dispersion (VATD), 35 Volcano Disaster Assistance Programme (VDAP) Volcanic Cloud Monitoring, 647t team, 10 Volcanic Complex Cumbal, 338 Volcano Hazards Program, 103 risk communication activities in, 344–345 volcano observatories, 15 Volcanic crises, 290, 695, 727, 747–748, 752 -wide systems, for hazard statements, 180t 1971–1985, 209–213 U.S. National Volcano Early Warning System (NVEWS), Merapi, Indonesia, 112f 9 at Rabaul, 208 University of Alaska, 532 retrospective analysis of, 449 Unusual hybrid earthquakes, 219 social media and networking, 733–743 Upper Te Maari, Tongariro Volcanic Complex, New and unrest, 228 Zealand, 133, 134–137 Volcanic crisis communication, 617–618 risk management and communication strategies, 134t implications for teaching of, 710 Urgent Request Protocol (URP), 651 improvement of student perceptions of, 705–706 Usu 2000, 524–525 student perceptions of best practice in, 708–710 Utility Managers, 32t Volcanic Disasters Assistance Program, 156 Volcanic environments, 93, 99, 101, 492–493, 673 Volcanic eruptions, 4, 24, 58, 63, 122, 185, 207, 286, V 308, 406, 532, 586, 589, 590, 592, 594, 596, Vanuatu Meteorology and Geo-Hazards Department 646–648, 727, 734, 751 (VMGD), 138 Volcanic gases, 65, 166 VEI (Volcanic Explosivity Index) 6 eruption, 192, 196, developing risk mitigation strategies for CO2 flows 201, 293, 586, 587 and accumulations, 71–74 Very long period (VLP) earthquakes, 643 great dry fog, 76–80 Vigías, network of, 519 health effects of volcanic gases, 68t Villarica (Chile), 74 insidious hazards, 66–71 Virtual Globes, 656, 659 monitoring and communicating vog hazards, 74–76 Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS), 649t perspectives for future, 80 Visitor safety in hydrothermal environments, 86 Volcanic Global Risk Identification and Analysis Project Visual communication, 624 (VOGRIPA), 422 complex content, communicating, 624–627 Volcanic hazard films (case study), 720–722 considering audience perspectives, 627–630 data collection and analysis, 724–725 Visual design, 630 interpretation/discussion, 726–727 exploring and testing different designs, 631–634 Volcanic hazard maps into the future, 634–636 visualising hazard in different formats, 634 Volcanic hazards, adapting warnings for, 165–167, Vog hazards, 74–76, 76f 189–202 Volcanic activity, 389, 590, 591 audiences, 191–192 Volcanic aerosols, 185 lahar warnings, 199–201 Volcanic Alert Bulletins (VABs), 614 briefings and video, 199 Volcanic Alert Level (VAL) systems, 138, 747 hazard maps, 199 bulletins and media advisories, 125t personal factors, 200–201 Volcanic ash, 166 probabilities of lahars, 200 Volcanic Ash Advisories (VAAs), 35, 54, 531, 609 short-term, immediate, 199–200 Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC), 35, 54, 57, 58, lessons to remember, 201–202 155–156, 278, 530, 531–533, 597, 603, 609, post-eruption lahar messages, 198 735 pre-eruption messages, 192–193 areas of responsibility of all VAACs, 531f warnings preparation and presentation, 193–198 at Tokyo, 532–533, 535, 540 alert levels, 195 at Washington, 534 briefing and video, 193–195 Volcanic ash and aviation, 51 personal communications, 197–198 challenges, 57 pre-eruption hazard map, 196 ash-cloud detection and forecasts, 57–58 probability tree, 196–197 communications, 58–60 recommendations for evacuation, 197 science challenges, 60–61 Volcanic hazards assessments, 214 International Airways Volcano Watch (IAVW), 54–55 Volcanic hazard simulation, 697 Index 773

design and development of, 697–698 VOLKAM Sheet, 542, 543–544, 544f happenings during, 698–699 Voluminous lava flow, 401 Volcanic Observations and Warning Centers (VOWCs), Volunteer labour, 44 532, 533 Vulcan Island eruption, 208, 212, 227f Volcanic risk communication training, importance of, Vulnerability, 42, 43, 61, 74, 87, 100, 116, 117, 127, 129, 692–693 399 Volcanic risk scenarios, 150 large magnitude basaltic eruptions, 150–152 large magnitude explosive eruptions, 152 W volcanic risk webs, 152–155 Waiata, 465, 468, 470, 471, 472 Volcanic sulphate, 167 Waikato Regional Council (New Zealand), 97–98 Volcanic Traffic Light Alert System (VTLAS), 236, 240, Waikato Stream and Tongariro River, 256 241f, 244, 245, 246, 249 Waimangu Volcanic Valley, New Zealand, 96–97 Volcanic unrest and hazard communication, in Long Wajib Latih, 314, 315, 316, 317, 319 Valley Volcanic Region, California, 171–186 Wall painting, 421 geologic setting and background, 172–174 Ward, Brian, 214 hazard communication (1978–2000), 175–183 Warning signs, in Japan and Iceland, 92f maintaining community awareness and preparedness, Warnings preparation and presentation, 193–198 183–185 Warning system enhancements, 61–63 Volcano Activity Notice (VAN), 14 Warning tools, modern versus traditional, 111–113 Volcano Alert Bulletin (VAB), 608 Washington Emergency Management Division, 487 Volcano Alert Level (VAL) systems, 605, 609–610, 615 Weekly Volcanic Activity Report (WVAR), 734, 735, producing draft version of revised VAL system and 736 seeking feedback, 617 contribution of social media to, 735–736 releasing revised system in collaboration with stake- Whangaehu River, 254, 255, 263, 470, 590 holders, 617 White Mountains, 172 understanding challenges and benefits of existing Winstone Pulp International (WPI), 473 VAL system, 616–617 Wisner, Ben, 337, 482, 490, 492 understanding context, 615–616 Work-family relationships, 560, 563 Volcano alert levels, 14, 208, 315t World Organization of Volcano Observatories (WOVO), Volcano Alert Notifications (VANs), 184 55, 117 Volcano alert systems (VALs), 236 WOVOdat, 448 Volcano Colima in Mexico, 413 Worlds of life, 323 Volcano contingency plan (VCP), 214, 225 Volcano Disaster Assistance Program (VDAP), 11, 213 Volcano Disaster Prevention Council, 139, 141 X Volcano Early Warning System (VEWS), 9, 11, 12, 16 X-year floodplain, 199 Volcanoes of the World (1981), 422 Volcano explosivity indices (VEI), 651 Volcano hazards program, 176, 734 Y Volcanological and Seismological Observatory of Popa- Yasur Volcano, Vanuatu, 123f, 133, 137–138, 142 yán (OVSPo), 343 risk management and communication strategies, 134t Volcanology, quantifying and communicating uncertainty Year without a Summer of 1816, 447 in, 572–573 Yellowstone, 16, 89, 97, 100, 101, 103, 607 professionalising, 159–160 Yellowstone National Park, USA, 97, 100 Volcano monitoring, 55–57, 125t, 213–214 Yellowstone Volcano Observatory (YVO), 103 Volcano Notification Service (VNS), 185 Youngest Toba Tuff (YTT) eruption, 152 Volcano Observatory Notice for Aviation (VONA), 14, 54, 57, 184, 532, 603, 609 Volcano quiescence, 129–132 Z Volcano-tectonic (VT) earthquakes, 208 Zafferana Etnea, 297 Volcano-tectonic (VT) energy, 248 Zambales Lahar Scientific Monitoring Group (ZLSMG), Volcano Traffic Light Alert Systems (VTLAS), 412 199, 200 Volcview, 647t Zapatista Front, 331 Volcán de Colima, Mexico, 321 Zonation, 124–125 VOLFilm (Multilingual and multiplatform films data- Zones, 13–14, 27f, 73, 93, 107–117, 142, 143, 210, 214f, base), 117 308, 314, 315, 387, 626, 627