River Crossings - Volume 15 - Number 2 - March/April 2006

Volume 15 March/April 2006 Number 2

Daughterless Carp could be reduced or even eliminated from carpbiotech.htm, and is graphically our rivers and lakes. displayed on page 3 of this newsletter. Imagine - rivers and lakes without Asian carp, snakeheads and other invasive Biologists have long known that female Thresher and his group then tested the species. That’s the vision of Ron fish are developed only when an enzyme new gene by injecting it into zebra fish Thresher and his team, a group of called aromatase transforms androgen into eggs and 80% of the brood turned out to scientists conducting “daughterless estrogen. And in the past it had been be male — a striking success given that carp” research at Australia’s Common- possible to chemically block aromatase to some of the daughterless genes are wealth Scientific & Industrial Research produce only males, but Thresher and his inevitably destroyed during the injection Organization (CSIRO) in Hobart as part colleagues have advanced the science by process. Then in 2003 Australia’s of the Australian Invasive Animal figuring out a way to make the trait an Murray-Darling Basin Commission Cooperative Research Center (CRC). inheritable characteristic of future genera- (MDBC) enlisted Thresher and his team Australia faces a major tions. to begin developing the daughterless threat to the health of its carp project that now forms rivers and lakes from an part of MDBC’s 50-year introduced carp much like Native Fish Strategy. we do here in the U.S. And we have been intrigued by The next phase of the project Thresher’s work on daugh- involved creation of a terless carp over the past daughterless line using a few months, and so have small, fast-breeding fish dedicated the first three By blocking the hormone aromatase all carp become males, so over the which becomes sexually articles of this issue of River long term reproduction is reduced and carp population numbers fall. mature in months rather than Crossings to describe his and other fish They first tested the technique on zebra years, allowing scientists to evaluate how genetics work. fish, a cousin of the carp, by locating the (and if) the daughterless gene spreads gene that produces aromatase. They then through the population, generation after In the past we have expressed concerns sequenced that gene in reverse — creating generation. These trials gave Thresher’s about genetic manipulation of biotic a blocker that binds to and neutralizes the group the chance to work out some of the organisms, but these concerns have aromatase gene. An animation of the kinks before beginning work on larger fish centered on the exchange of genetic process can be viewed on-line at: http:// such as carp, which take two years to material between different species and the www.pestanimal.crc.org. au/research/ reach reproductive age. possible creation of the so called “frankenfish”. But in the case of daugh- Inside This Issue terless carp technology this seems unlikely because the genetic work uses Daughterless Carp 1 MO River Water Plan Continues 10 the carp’s own genes to “shut off” a gene FAQs About Daughterless Carp 4 MO Water Diversion Controversy 11 so that females of the species are not Review of Existing Bio-Controls 4 Texas Enviro Water Rights 11 produced. And if this technology can be Asian Carp Bill Advances 6 Climate Change Update 11 used to reduce the numbers of female Greenbelt Defense 7 New River Coordinators 16 carp produced in the wild, it then follows Iowa and Ohio Pollution Problems 8 Meetings of Interest 17 that over the long term carp populations UMR Mussel Concerns 9 Congressional Action 18 1 River Crossings - Volume 15 - Number 2 - March/April 2006

Those kinks include answering the the journal, Ecological Applications. In example, in some species it might be questions: that paper they assess the performance of genetically easier to produce a construct • How many daughterless genes should six different genetic approaches (daugh- that sterilizes females rather than one that the carp carry? terless, male-specific and female-specific converts them to fully functional males. In lethal, sterile constructs, Trojan Genes, fact, Thresher and his team have taken a • Just how many doomsday carp — and etc.) on a modeled carp population in the few small steps to explore this option with how long — will it take to eliminate a wild light of possible effects of different levels medaka. population?; and of (1) environmental variability, (2) • Will the daughterless genes “jump” to demographic factors (e.g. density Once Thresher and his team have opti- other species? dependent population regulation, mized and fully tested the medaka con- complementary harvesting efforts, etc.) structs, they will move on to the more Thresher and his team have now de- and (3) genetic factors (e.g. fitness effects drawn out and logistically more difficult signed, built, and are testing a number of of the construct, gene silencing, etc.). larger fish (i.e. carp). Thresher feels that potential daughterless genetic constructs they are about a year away from producing (i.e. gene manipulations) using Japanese The results of all of their efforts to date a carp construct that they are happy with medaka or ricefish (Oryzias latipes) as the show that daughterless technology is a for testing. And he feels that daughterless test species. Medaka is much smaller than very effective means of population technology will almost certainly be species carp, has a shorter life span or generation control under a wide range of conditions. specific, though he plans to test this time, and is much easier to work with Interestingly, the models also show that directly. He also feels that the carp will under laboratory conditions. To date, under similar conditions, female-specific not revert back to females in later life as neomales (XX males) have been success- lethal and sterility constructs can be as the gene will be inserted into several fully produced in medaka using two efficient as daughterless technology chromosome locations. Even if one copy different constructs, and these fish are itself. Thresher says that this is perhaps fails, it is highly unlikely that all copies now being used for breeding to determine not surprising in retrospect, as both, in a will simultaneously fall down. if the inserted gene has been inherited and sense, are just different means of produc- if the desired characteristics are being ing a daughterless outcome (i.e. heavily Also, he notes that the daughterless carp passed on to the offspring. skewed population sex ratios). For will not be a “frankenfish”. “When we

Currently, the CSIRO team is slowly River Crossings working through the genetics of each neomale brood line, and it appears that the Published by constructs are being inherited in at least some lines. This suggests that the Mississippi Interstate Cooperative Resource Association construct has integrated into the chromo- (MICRA) somes, and that some inheritance of the P.O. Box 774 “neomale” condition is occurring. Off- Bettendorf, IA 52722-0774 spring from the different variants of the construct are being compared for fitness MICRA Chairman to see (1) which is the most efficient at Mike Armstrong, Chairman, Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, Little Rock causing the neomale condition, and (2) Executive Board which causes the fewest side effects, etc. Mike Armstrong, Member at Large Once these determinations are made, the Vacant, Vice Chairman “best” fish will be bred and the new data Ron Benjamin, Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee, Rock Island, IL used to design the next generation of Paul Rister, Lower Mississippi River Conservation Committee, Vicksburg, MS constructs. Steve Adams, Missouri River Natural Resources Committee, Missouri Valley, IA Chris O’Bara, Ohio River Fish Management Team, Parkersburg, WV Pond trials using large indoor, biosecure Bobby Reed, Arkansas River Conservation Committee, Lake Charles, LA aquaria have not yet begun with any of Bill Reeves, Tennessee River Sub-basin Representative, Nashville, TN the medaka constructs, but Thresher Michael Mac, USGS, Biological Resources Division, Columbia, MO hopes to do so within the next six months. Mamie Parker, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. Timing of these trials will depend on when Coordinator for Large River Activities the team is happy with the construct Jerry L. Rasmussen, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Rock Island, IL proposed for testing and when they have MICRA email: [email protected] sufficient numbers of the desired daugh- MICRA Web Site: http://wwwaux.cerc.cr.usgs.gov/MICRA/ terless carriers in hand to begin an ______experimental stocking program. River Crossings is a mechanism for communication, information transfer, and coordina- tion between agencies, groups and persons responsible for and/or interested in Meanwhile, they are modeling, in consid- preserving and protecting the aquatic resources of the Mississippi River Drainage erable detail, the likely efficacy and Basin through improved communication and management. Information provided by constraints on the use of daughterless the newsletter, or opinions expressed in it by contributing authors are provided in the and other genetic approaches to manag- spirit of “open communication”, and do not necessarily reflect the position of MICRA ing pest fish populations. This work has or any of its member States or Entities. Any comments related to “River Crossings” recently been submitted for publication in should be directed to the MICRA Chairman. 2 River Crossings - Volume 15 - Number 2 - March/April 2006 build this for carp, it will be from 100 CRC also commissioned a formal survey percent carp genes. We’ll just be rear- two years ago, which assessed public ranging them to achieve what we want,” attitude toward the strengths and he said. And anticipating the next weakness of daughterless technology. question: “‘Omigod, what if someone Overall, the results have been very sneaks one of these carp to Europe? Are positive with people showing skeptical you going to endanger the species enthusiasm, but clearly wanting more globally?’ The short answer is no. If information. The Australian public also someone snuck a thousand of these wanted assurances that the technology things to Europe and released them into would be species-specific, and that the the Danube, it really wouldn’t make a public would be extensively consulted significant impact,” he says. This is well before any GM fish are released into because a full-scale daughterless carp the nation’s river systems. A final management program would require a decision on the release of carp carrying long-term stocking program with signifi- the ‘daughterless’ gene into Australian cant numbers of fish. A one-time rivers will not be made until 2009. stocking of a thousand fish wouldn’t be large enough to significantly (or If successful, daughterless carp even detectably) affect a wild technology could be applied to population. numerous invasive species. And Thresher is optimistic about the But if stocked in larger numbers over future as he rattles off a list of other a longer period of time, and because possible candidates: snails, cane daughterless carp can have equiva- toads, and maybe birds and foxes. A normal RNA strand (top) produces the aromatase lent reproductive success to wild- “In theory, it could work on mammals, necessary for carp to become female. Under daughter- type fish, Thresher predicts that the although you would have to use less technology, the RNA strand folds over on itself daughterless gene will escape natural different genes. Sexual development forming a double stranded RNA (middle). Double selection, and rapidly spread through in mammals is much, much, much stranded RNA is recognized as abnormal and is cut the wild population. A simple more complicated than in fish,” he into pieces by cell processes making it nonfunctional. population genetics model which said. evaluates the frequency of daughterless phenotypes within a population and the three years into the exercise we suddenly Almost all of Thresher’s work on daugh- impact of potential selection against find the thing has jumped to Australian terless carp technology remains unpub- daughterless carriers suggests that bass, we can stop stocking it. And the lished. It is very much a work in progress, extinction is inevitable if daughterless gene will eventually be overwhelmed by which he wanted us to be sure to point carriers are as fit as wild-type fish (i.e. the wild type,” he says. “There is plenty that out for this article. He says that the they exhibit similar mating success, of time to launch a counter-gene.” It main factor constraining the rate of recruitment success and survival to would thus take two decades to wipe out progress on his daughterless carp work is maturity). a carp population — or maybe longer. resourcing. He said, “We know what we The keys there are the maximum age of the need to do, but lack the hands to do it But Anne Kapuscinski, a University of fish (obviously the longer the wild type quickly. In that regard, there could well be Minnesota geneticist and a leading expert fish live, the longer it takes to eradicate opportunities for joint efforts that could on transgenic fish, cautions that the them) and stocking rates relative to speed up the process.” complex dynamics of fish populations and natural recruitment. genetics may resist a daughterless carp So U.S. based groups concerned about assault. Nature could conspire to give the Thresher and his team have also begun the spread of Asian carp in this country carp a higher survival rate or simply turn the process of developing a robust risk should certainly consider partnering with off the daughterless gene she says. assessment framework for daughterless the CRC and CSIRO on this potentially carp and similar technologies as applied to important project. It seems promising and Thresher certainly accepts this possibility, controlling pest populations. To that end, could provide an important tool in the but notes that some of these issues can be they held an international workshop on aquatic nuisance species control tool box. tested prior to release, and that others are the problem last year, and they intend to likely to be overwhelmed given a reason- follow that up with a more detailed Sources: Personal Communication, Ron able stocking rate. He figures that to workshop next year, after they have more Thresher, CSIRO, 4/4/06; Pest Animal eliminate carp from a river, you need to detail on the specifics of the constructs Control CRC Web Site, http://www. pest introduce daughterless carp at a rate equal that they will be using. animal.crc.org.au/research/carpbiotech. to between 0.5 percent and 1 percent of htm; Todd Woody, Wired News, Issue the total population each year for 20 years. They have also completed a great deal of 10.10, October 2002; and Carp Manage- So a lake with 100,000 wild carp would public consultation on the use of the ment in the Murray Darling Basin: need to be stocked with 500 to 1,000 technologies in Australia, making numer- Daughterless Carp Technology, CSIRO daughterless carp annually. Presumably, ous presentations to various public Marine Research and Murray-Darling forums including farming groups, you could speed up the process by Basin Commission, 5/14/02 introducing additional modified carp. “If aquarium societies, and the media. The

3 River Crossings - Volume 15 - Number 2 - March/April 2006

FAQs About Daughterless Carp It will be at least 2009 before the daugh- gene is only carp specific and there is no Technology? terless carp are ready to be released into way humans or their pets could be Australian rivers after strict and rigorous affected. Frequently asked questions about daugh- field trials. It will then take 20-30 years terless carp technology include the for the impact to be felt and for carp Is daughterless carp technology the following: populations to start to fall. The time solution to all carp control? - The taken for the heritable daughterless gene ultimate answer to controlling carp will lie What is the daughterless carp project all to pass through a population of carp with an integrated approach, which might about? - Daughterless carp technology depends on the size of the population include targeted fishing; rehabilitating the was developed by Australia’s, Common- and how long the target species lives. environment, especially through environ- wealth Scientific & Industrial Research mental flows, chemicals, or manipulating Organization (CSIRO) and aims to control Does the daughterless carp technology water levels; and daughterless carp carp through biasing sex ratios towards only work on carp? - In this project, the technology. males. With fewer females in the popula- daughterless carp engineered genetic tion, it is predicted that this genetic constructs are taken directly from carp Will carp fishing and exporting be technology could sharply reduce carp and modified. This means that they are affected by the technology? - Obviously, numbers within 20 to 30 years of release. specific to carp and cannot be functional the intention is to reduce carp populations While the program is an area of relatively in any other fish or animal species. If we over 20-30 years and this will progres- high-risk research, the possible benefits were to apply the technology to other sively limit the resource for current and warrant further development. pest fish, specific constructs would need future catch. Predicting impacts for the to be engineered for them. However, carp fishing and pet food industry will be How does daughterless carp technology because carp have a similar sex determin- part of the consultation and assessment work? - Daughterless Carp technology ing and developmental pathway to other process. works using gene silencing technology. fish and amphibians, the same principles When fish develop, all embryos start life behind the daughterless carp technology Sources: Pest Animal Control CRC Web as males (in humans they start as females). can potentially be adapted to other pest Site, http://www.pestanimal.crc.org.au/ During its brief period of activation, the fish or pest amphibians. research/carpbiotech.htm; Carp Manage- daughterless gene inhibits production of ment in the Murray Darling Basin: the key enzyme (aromatase) required for Can the technology transfer by accident Daughterless Carp Technology, CSIRO the fish to develop as a female — as a into native fish species? - This is a Marine Research and Murray-Darling result the fish defaults to a male. The species-specific technology because the Basin Commission, 5/14/02; Ross genetic sequence used to produce ‘blocker’ has to be customized to a Monash, Daughterless Carp - daughterless carp is found naturally in the particular gene sequence that is different Technology’s answer to rid Australia’s carp itself. Aromatase (produced in the for each fish species. Native fish will not Waters of European Carp, In Depth, brain and reproductive organs) is the be affected by the technology for this Second Quarter 2002; and Personal protein responsible for stimulating female reason. Note, however, that this is a key Communication, Ron Thresher, CSIRO, 4/ development in carp and other fish at the issue for the technology, and the CSIRO 4/06 embryo stage. By silencing the produc- will test it thoroughly as part of its risk tion of aromatase, scientists can bias sex assessment process. ratios toward male development through to Are daughterless carp genetically Existing Genetic Methods adult. The daughterless carriers have for Biological Control normal reproductive capacity and the gene modified? - Daughterless carp will be is heritable, so daughterless males can classified as a genetically modified of Non-Native Fish pass on the daughterless gene to wild type organism (GMO) based on definitions in carp. This type of development is typical Australian legislation. However, only Anne Kapuscinski (cited in our Daughter- for other fish and amphibians, so the their own genes have been modified and less Carp article above) and T. J. technology could be applied to other pests they contain no DNA from other species. Patronski recently completed a project as well. entitled: Genetic methods for biological Will the gene mutate or malfunction so control of non-native fish in the Gila Who is involved with the program? - that the fish revert back to female later River Basin under contract to the U.S. The project is a partnership program in in life? - The gene will be inserted into Fish and Wildlife Service. The genetic Australia being supported by a variety of several chromosome locations in the fish, methodologies summarized for that report state and federal agencies and private so even if one copy fails, it is highly have applicability to the Mississippi River partners. Cash contributions are also unlikely that all copies will simulta- Basin, so we thought it would be appro- being provided by New Zealand and the neously fall down. Inserting a number of priate to provide excerpts from that State of Minnesota in the U.S. copies into the fish will ensure that the summary below. technology is robust as well as speeding How long will it take for the daughterless up the process of incorporating this gene It is possible to sterilize fish via two carp technology to work? - The Daugh- into the carp population. genetic methodologies: chromosome set terless Carp Project is a long-term ap- manipulations for triploid sterilization proach with components looking at If I caught a daughterless carp, could I and recombinant DNA methods for communications, risk management, eat it? - It is perfectly safe to eat a transgenic sterilization. integrated pest management and genetics. daughterless carp. The daughterless 4 River Crossings - Volume 15 - Number 2 - March/April 2006

Triploid sterilization in fish - Traditional tive behavior. In one of the few field tests • if the transgenes do not disrupt induction of sterility via ploidy manipula- of the behavior of triploid fish released steriodogenesis or other physiological tions in fish involves application of a into the natural environment, triploid adult processes that affect reproductive hydrostatic pressure, temperature or Atlantic salmon migrated back from the behavior, then the transgenic-sterile fish chemical shock at the appropriate number ocean to natal freshwaters at a much lower should be capable of normal courtship of minutes after sperm fertilization of an rate than control salmon, thus reducing behavior, a plus for biological control. egg, in order to disrupt the egg’s normal the numbers that could try to mate with extrusion of a polar body containing a wild fish of the opposite sex. Some Weaknesses include: haploid set of maternal chromosomes. evidence indicates that sterilized triploid • the preliminary status of the technol- The resulting retention of the polar body males, which retain functional gonadal ogy, leads to an embryo bearing two haploid steroidogenic tissue, still exhibit normal chromosome sets from the female (instead reproductive behavior. It is important to • higher costs and long-term commitment of the normal one haploid set) and a third note that reproductive behavior differ- associated with research, development, set from the male. The presence of the ences between diploids and triploids will and implementation, odd set of chromosomes presumably likely vary among species and methods of • costs associated with multiple stock- causes mechanical problems involving chromosome manipulation. For transgenic ings, and concerns about the stability of pairing of homologous chromosomes sterilization, development of such transgene integration into the fish during each cell division and this disrupts transgenic fish lines is at too early a stage genome; and the normal development of gametes to to include empirical tests of courtship • the reliability of transgene expression. some extent. The resulting triploid behavior. condition differs from the normal diploid Note, however, that the sterile feral number of chromosomes. Tetraploid fish, Strengths of triploid sterilization include: technology, patented by the CSIRO of containing four sets of chromosomes, are • zero risk of spread of the “sterility Australia, is sufficiently developed that sometimes crossed with diploid fish to condition” to non-target populations and other parties are negotiating licenses from yield 100% triploid offspring. thus no risk of associated possible genetic CSIRO to use it. harm; Transgenic sterilization in fish - New • relatively low cost of applying the Several other different strategies involving transgenic methods theoretically could be technology; transgenes for disrupting a given essential used to induce sterility in fish. The most • relatively short time period required for genes exist. Some of these strategies (de- relevant research to date has involved a scribed below) are still being developed research, development, and implementa- repressible sterility technique using conceptually, while others are being tested tion; and interference RNA (RNAi) methods. The experimentally on insects and fish. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial • ecological risks are limited to just the Research Organization (CSIRO) in competition and predation posed by the Sex ratio distortion involves spreading a Australia is a world leader in developing triploid individuals themselves. transgene designed to alter the target RNAi techniques to produce inducible population’s sex ratio. For example, sterile fish (also called ‘sterile ferals’). Weaknesses include: researchers at CSIRO are developing a This approach involves inserting a • difficulty of achieving 100% sterility in “daughterless gene” construct which transgene designed to block expression of mass applications, thus requiring screen- consists of a promoter that activates the an endogenous gene essential for ing to cull fish that are still fertile; daughterless gene to express only in development of viable gametes or em- • costs associated with multiple stockings females. Activated during early develop- bryos. The transgene includes a se- of sterilized males; and ment, the gene inhibits production of quence for a blocker molecule (such as aromatase, the key enzyme necessary for • current uncertainties regarding the level RNAi) that prevents expression or at least female development, and the fish defaults and nature of reproductive behavior causes mis-expression of the targeted to a male. The daughterless gene exhibited by sterilized adults. endogenous gene. Expression of the encodes a piece of interference RNA blocker is under control of an inducible (RNAi) that binds to the fish’s native The release of tetraploid females may hold promoter, ideally inducible by the pres- gene for aromatase, consequentially promise for biological control purposes ence or absence of a compound that can blocking synthesis of this enzyme. because they could mate with diploid be added to the food of captive animals. Releases of transgenic fish possessing a males leading to the hatching of 100% Other parts of the construct can be daughterless gene in appropriate quanti- triploid offspring; however, tetraploid fish designed to allow reversible activation/ ties over time could drastically reduce a often have low survival rates and poor repression of the inducible promoter and population’s size or possibly eliminate it performance, which would reduce the hence of expression of the blocker. altogether. efficacy of this method. Released sterile fish will enable biological Engineered underdominance involves Strengths of transgenic sterilization of fish control only if they still enter into court- release of transgenic fish carrying two include: ship behavior with relatives in the target mutually suppressive transgenic con- population. And there are huge informa- • the potential for repressible on-off structs (each construct contains a unique tion gaps regarding this issue. For triploid sterility expression; lethal gene and a suppressor gene that sterilization, little research has investi- • the potential for building in sterility prevents expression of the lethal gene on gated the extent to which triploid adults of redundancy by “stacking” sterility- the other construct). After mating with different species retain normal reproduc- inducing genes; and targeted pest fish, 50% of the offspring 5 River Crossings - Volume 15 - Number 2 - March/April 2006 die because they inherit only 1 transgenic super-Mendelian and has potentially Any of these approaches could eventu- construct and its lethal gene is now played an important role in eukaryotic ally facilitate development of a transgenic expressed. Another 25% of the offspring evolution and extinction. The power of fish for biological control and might lead are also transgenic but survive because site-specific selfish genes to copy to more stable transgene integration. But they inherit the 2 transgenic constructs. themselves into a defined target DNA all of these lines of research will likely The deletion of 50% of offspring from sequence may be able to be engineered need 5-10 years of further research to such matings continues in every genera- and harnessed to eradicate a target reach practical application. tion in which transgenic fish possessing population. both alleles mate with wild-type individu- Source: Kapuscinski, A. R. and T. J. als. Depending on environmental condi- Use of intentional Trojan genes involves Patronski. 2005. Genetic methods for tions, the proper level of transgene insertion of a novel gene construct which biological control of non-native fish in integration could be maintained in a simultaneously confers one advantage, the Gila River Basin. Cont. Rept. to the population via periodic release of such as a mating advantage, that drives U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Univ. of transgenic fish at 3% of the native the transgene into the target population Minn., Inst. for Social, Economic and population size. and one disadvantage, such as reduced Ecological Sustainability, St. Paul, MN. offspring viability, that triggers decline in Minnesota Sea Grant Publication F 20 Conditional lethality involves designing number of fish. This approach may need transgenes that are lethal only when to use a transgenic construct that will transgenic individuals are exposed to ensure: 1) the proper balance between Asian Carp Bill Advances specific environmental conditions. For advantage and disadvantage; and 2) the in Congress example, the ‘inducible fatality gene’ stability of the Trojan gene effect over concept involves the spread of a gene enough generations of fish reproduction The House Judiciary Committee in late designed to induce death once a particular to achieve the desired level of biocontrol. March approved a measure that would compound is released into the environ- make it illegal to import or transfer Asian ment or fed to the fish. Only those fish All transgenic strategies for genetic carp (bighead, silver and black carp) possessing the deleterious transgene die, biocontrol face a set of obstacles to across state lines. The bill passed without harm to fish not carrying the getting transgenes stably integrated into unanimously with no opposition transgene. It could be difficult, however the fish genome. Major methods for according to it’s author U.S. Rep. Mark to make this strategy work in a natural integrating transgenes include various Green (R/WI). “We’re very hopeful we environment. types of microinjection and can be can move it to (the House) floor quickly,” facilitated by use of retroviral vectors and he said. “This needed to happen years Engineered female-specific lethal transposons. Gene transfer to fertilized ago,” said Jennifer Nalbone of the involves interrupting an aspect of eggs can also be achieved by immersing conservation group Great Lakes United. development leading to death of female eggs in a buffer solution containing offspring. It could be accomplished by foreign DNA and applying electric pulses. But the measure might find some fierce targeting or silencing an important female- This technique, called electroporation, is opposition on the House floor from specific developmental pathway or it being used with increasing success and Southern state representatives, whose could involve expression of a toxin such has advantages over injection techniques constituents raise and market the carp as ricin in female offspring. Males, which because its feasibility is not limited by egg commercially. Ted McNulty, aquaculture carry, but are unaffected by the lethal size or quantity. While microinjection and coordinator for the state of Arkansas, said construct, pass it on as they mate with electroporation of newly-fertilized eggs he was aware the bill had been introduced, wild-type females. The release of males have been used and refined since the but he didn’t think anyone would take with multiple copies of the lethal construct 1980s, it remains difficult to use these seriously a law that could level such a may be more effective than a release of methods for inserting transgenes into the crippling blow to the fish farming industry. similar size with a single copy or a similar- genomes of live-bearing fish species due “At first, we just kind of ignored it,” sized release of sterile males. to their lack of externally released eggs. McNulty said. “I think they have some momentum behind it, so I guess we are Engineered fitness disadvantage can be Several lines of ongoing research are going to have to pay some attention to it.” achieved via at least two theoretical trying to develop other reliable ways of strategies: getting transgenes into fish genomes. McNulty said the measure would block Key examples include: • use of selfish genes and fish farmers from getting their crops to • use of intentional Trojan genes. • genetic engineering of embryonic stem market, but it won’t stop the fish from (ES) cell lines as a pathway to integrate swimming into the Great Lakes on their Selfish genes are genes which naturally novel DNA into the genome of a fish own. “All it does is shut down an gain a transmission advantage relative to embryo; industry,” he said. “It does nothing to other components of an individual’s • in vitro genetic engineering of sperm stop all those that are there now going genome. One type of selfish genetic followed by fertilizing eggs with the into the Great Lakes.” Green says he element, homing endonuclease genes transgenic sperm; and knows his measure won’t magically stop (HEGs), codes for sequence-specific • the generation of live transgenic fry the spread of the carp, but it could slow endonuclease, a protein which cleaves from transplantation of transgenic the infestation and perhaps keep them DNA. The catalytic activity of genes primordial germ cells into the peritoneum from colonizing the Great Lakes. “This is such as HEGs has been characterized as of parental fish. obviously not a guarantee that we won’t have invasive species in the Great Lakes, 6 River Crossings - Volume 15 - Number 2 - March/April 2006 or the Asian carp in the Great Lakes,” he world’s largest freshwater system — is an inadvertently catch them. “I don’t know said. “But this step . . . is a huge step in electrified barrier located in the CSSC. what the market would be. Who wants the right direction. “What it will do is them?” make it illegal to import or transfer Asian The fish, particularly bighead and silver carp across state lines, and that certainly carp, have overwhelmed stretches of the But Jacobs said the subsidy idea is to will slow down the problems that have led Mississippi and Illinois rivers (see photo “take this problem and turn it into a to where we are.” below). Silver carp are also a problem for solution.” Among the first customers, he recreational boaters. They become suggested, could be the Illinois Depart- Most importantly, the bill would help to agitated by the noise of boat motors and ment of Corrections. Being fed Asian carp stop the spread of Asian carp into launch themselves out of the water like patties everyday could thus give the uninfested watersheds. By themselves log-sized missiles. The problem is so bad concept of being in prison a whole new the fish can only find their way into new that one town along the Illinois River has meaning! locations by swimming between begun hosting “redneck fishing connected waterways. But with the help tournaments.” Contestants don’t use Source: Dan Egan, Milwaukee Journal of the fish farmer’s livehaul trucks, the fishing poles; they just drive around in Sentinel, 3/29/06; Kevin McDermott, St. carp can be carried overland to anywhere their boats and wait for the fish to jump Louis Post-Dispatch, 3/29/06; in the nation where a vehicular accident or in. and Greenwire, 3/30/06 an unscrupulous person can release them into any waterway. In fact, in one Meanwhile also in Illinois, state Sen. reported incident in Virginia, passers-by Mike Jacobs (D/Moline) is proposing a Greenbelt Defense were helping to toss live Asian carp $750,000 state subsidy for Schafer’s spilled from a roadway accident into a Fisheries of Thomson, IL, to buy the Levees just about always result in the nearby stream thinking it important that equipment necessary to process the destruction of marshes and wetlands, so the fish be saved. This sort of thing could large, bony fish into breaded patties for one is rarely considered complimentary to happen anywhere, and the carp’s institutional sales. Jacobs said the the other. But in the case of Hurricane ecological requirements can be satisfied in subsidy would help Schafer’s Fisheries Katrina it was marshes and wetlands that just about any of the nation’s larger rivers, retool so it can process, press, bread and actually saved some of the levees accord- lakes and waterways. So as long as live sell the fish. ing to Hassan Mashriqui, a Louisiana State carp are hauled overland, the rivers and University (LSU) researcher. Mashriqui lakes of locations through which the carp Schafer’s already sells the heads of the calls this the “greenbelt defense”. are hauled to market are at risk. fish in Asian-American communities, where it is a delicacy. But the company’s On soils like we have in Louisiana, he It is widely believed that Asian carp hope is to create a mainstream market for says, marsh and trees — even small (bighead and silver) escaped from the fish processed Asian carp meat — a market amounts — can better armor the levees farms and fish culture operations of that not only could be profitable, but than concrete and steel, because they Southern states (primarily Arkansas and would have the added benefit of thinning don’t sink and don’t have to be rebuilt. Mississippi) in the 1970’s and 80’s, and the carp’s population in the Illinois and “Katrina has proven these are things we ever since they have been spreading up Mississippi rivers. Proponents say the must start considering,” he said. From the the connected waterways of the subsidy is necessary because the carp Mississippi River Gulf Outlet (MR-GO) to Mississippi River Basin. The filter feeding are worthless if there isn’t a market for it. eastern New Orleans, levees with a buffer bighead and silver carp, which can grow “It takes time and money to develop a of wetlands had a much higher survival up to 100 pounds and consume 40 pounds market,” said Mike Schafer, owner of the rate than those that stood naked against of plankton per day, have spread to within company. He said he hopes to increase Katrina’s assault. Reestablishing or less than 50 miles of Lake Michigan which his current annual take of 2 million building even narrow buffer zones could is connected to the Mississippi River pounds of the fish up to 10 million, which dramatically increase storm protection, Basin via the Chicago Sanitary and Ship could have a noticeable impact on the Mashriqui said. “If you travel the area and Canal (CSSC). The only thing preventing river population. look at what survived and what didn’t, it the carp from reaching Lake Michigan and becomes obvious,” he said. “And this is the entire Great Lakes ecosystem — the But others suggested that the limited not news. Other countries have been interest in carp as a using natural barriers to protect against food dish might make storms for many years.” such a plentiful fish hard to profit from. “I In fact, in the late 1960s, the U.S. Army, don’t care for the Corps of Engineers (Corps) produced a taste, and they have a report that has become gospel for coastal fair amount of bone,” wetlands advocates — 2.7 miles of coastal said Ed Kram, owner of marsh reduces storm surge by 1 foot. And Kram Fish Co. near while many storm researchers today downtown St. Louis. consider that report to have been widely He said fishermen who misinterpreted, there is no disagreement supply his company that wetlands can reduce the worst effects throw the Asian carp of a hurricane — wind and rising water. Jumping Asian carp below the navigation dam at Peoria, IL. back when they

7 River Crossings - Volume 15 - Number 2 - March/April 2006

The problem is that many of the wetlands water, then add water to the top of that. characteristics of each storm and the that once stood between New Orleans’ And the marsh grasses are so thick, if wetlands it crosses.” levees and the Gulf of Mexico have been they stand 3 feet tall, the surge must be 3 destroyed by man-made developments. feet higher to gain momentum, force and By comparing actual storm surges against And while environmentalists for years speed. “So, for all practical purposes, you predictions, LSU researchers can provide fought a lonely battle against wetlands are gaining elevation for your levees and an estimate of what wetlands could have abuse, Katrina provided a deadly demon- your communities with marshes.” meant to the New Orleans area during stration of their importance in storm Katrina. Their sophisticated storm-surge protection — not just in huge swaths Wooded wetlands, such as the cypress models, while accurate for areas that are many miles wide, but even in narrow swamps that once ringed New Orleans, are not protected by wetlands, consistently borders adjacent to the levees, Mashriqui even more effective at lessening storm overpredicted surge heights in areas that contends. surge, researchers said, because their were protected by wetlands. For example, height and size act as natural breakers for the surge prediction for St. Charles Parish Marsh and wooded wetlands reduce the wind as well as water. A study done by adjacent to the Bayou Labranche wet- impact of hurricanes in different but Japanese scientists showed that an area lands was 2-3 feet higher than what essential ways. Friction from marsh grass about the size of a football field with a tree actually happened, Mashriqui said. “You reduces the speed, or current, of a storm density equal to what is found in most have this very large area of wetlands that surge, but not as most people would Louisiana swamps would reduce the wave have been rebuilt over the last 10 years or imagine. The common concept of a storm energy in a storm by 90%, LSU research- so that really knocked down the surge,” surge is a wind-driven wall of water rolling ers said. he said. “Also, during Hurricane Rita, our across the landscape. Actually, a storm models predicted a storm surge 2-3 feet surge is a dome of water that rises over “If you had a border of even small trees higher for Lake Charles than they actually hours and days as a hurricane nears the like willows, you can significantly reduce got. And once again, it’s a city with miles coast. The direction and speed of the wave energy,” LSU researcher Paul Kemp of wetlands out in front of it.” surge is determined by the path and speed said. “The waves are breaking against of the storm — not the winds. trees instead of against levees. That’s An LSU study of Hurricane Andrew really important in our areas, because the showed that that storm’s surge, estimated For example, during Katrina, northeast levees are not armored. “Natural systems at between 10-12 feet when it came ashore winds drove huge waves against the are very effective at protecting levees and at Pointe au Fer on the central coast, was southwest shoreline of Lake Borgne and other storm defenses, and they have the only 8 feet when it reached Morgan City, the MR-GO levees. But below the surface added benefit of offering other environ- 25 miles inland. The only thing standing the surge was actually flowing in a mental benefits, such as helping fisher- between Morgan City and the eye of the northwest direction. It’s a critical distinc- ies,” However, quantifying the storm- storm was the flooded forests of cypress tion, because moving water will erode a dampening effects of wetlands is tricky and tupelo in Atchafalaya Basin and its levee the way a rushing river cuts into its business, experts said. Much depends on delta of freshwater marshes. banks. The faster a storm surge current the size of a storm as well as its speed. brushes the surface of a levee, the more “You’ll get a lot more benefit from “So it’s easy to deduce that (New Orleans) dangerous it is. So reducing the speed of wetlands during a fast-moving storm, could get that same kind of reduction in that surge is important. because the surge has less time to build,” surge if it had the wetlands that existed Kemp said. “But in a slow-moving storm many years ago,” Mashriqui said. Hurri- Mashriqui said data collected by the state — something that just sits over the area cane planners should seek solutions showed the speed of the surge in the for days — then you’ll eventually just be that aren’t built of concrete and steel, he open water of the MR-GO approached 7 overwhelmed.” said. “They have to do what many parts feet per second as it flowed over the of the world are already doing with shoulders of the levee at the Bayou The types of wetlands in a storm’s path success. They must consider restoring Bienvenue floodgates. But in the marshes also are important. For example, that and building natural defenses.” across the channel, friction from grasses 1960s study by the Corps was based on and shrubs reduced that speed to 3 feet storms that had come ashore in south- Source: Bob Marshall, New Orleans per second. “If you can reduce the surge western Louisiana, which has many miles Times-Picayune, 3/23/06 speed by half, this is very important to of healthy freshwater marshes crossed by protecting levees,” he said. “Had there natural ridges forested with oak trees. been marshes in front of the MR-GO levee Southeastern Louisiana’s coastal marshes Iowa and Ohio Pollution Problems instead of the (2,000-foot) wide canal, they are built on young river deltas and are would have had a much better chance.” much thinner and more fragile, with few Iowa has some of the most polluted water ridges. “Even before the amount of in the country, while Ohio factories and In addition to being a speed bump to erosion that has taken place in southeast- sewage plants violate more federal clean storm surge, large expanses of marshes ern Louisiana, you probably wouldn’t see water laws than any other state, according also provide a de-facto rise in ground that level of surge reduction as they did in to two assessments released in late elevation, Mashriqui said. “If the top of that study,” said Joe Suhayda, a retired March. the marsh grasses is 3 feet, then in effect LSU professor. “So the type or quality of you have raised the land elevation by 3 the wetlands is very important. “The A new analysis by The Des Moines feet,” he said. “To build waves, the surge reduction in surge will depend on the Register shows that Iowa ranks among must first flood that marsh with 3 feet of the nation’s highest in fecal bacteria, 8 River Crossings - Volume 15 - Number 2 - March/April 2006 nitrogen and phosphorus pollution. Other runoff ingredients are big issues as are jeopardizing our health and the Concentrations of nitrogen and well. Pesticides are found in groundwater environment,’’ she said in a statement. phosphorus — fertilizer ingredients that across the state, as is the case in many speed the natural death of rivers and lakes agricultural areas. The levels are below In 2004, the Ohio EPA issued 56 orders to — in Iowa streams are among the highest federal health standards, but scientists halt water pollution, the highest total in the world, according to an Iowa State don’t really know what happens when we since 1992, said spokeswoman Linda University study. The health-threatening drink small amounts of several pesticides Oros. The agency that year also imposed compounds caused, in part, by crop — a common occurrence in Iowa. $11 million in water pollution fines, the fertilizers register in some Iowa streams at Iowa’s waters are also cloudier than in highest amount since 1990, she said. Ohio levels 50% higher than in the rest of the many other states, hampering fish PIRG called on the Bush administration to Corn Belt, and 18 times the U.S. median. populations and encouraging the growth toughen the federal CWA to curb such of pathogens that could make people sick. discharges. Nationally, more than 3,700 Iowa and its corn-growing sister, Illinois, Fecal bacterial levels run many times the facilities, or 62%, violated their discharge account for up to 35% of the nitrogen level considered safe for human contact in permits at least once, the report said. washing down the Mississippi River some rivers. That means that waders, watershed, which covers 41 percent of the swimmers, fishers, kayakers, boaters, Sources: Perry Beeman, Des Moines lower 48 states. That fertilizer feeds huge tubers and rafters all are at a bit more risk Register, 3/24/06; and Bob Downing, algae blooms in the Gulf of Mexico. When of getting diarrhea, a skin infection or Akron Beacon Journal, 3/24/06; and the algae dies it decomposes and creates worse by getting the water in their mouths Greenwire, 3/27/06 the area of the Gulf known as the “dead or in open wounds. zone”, where organisms unable to relocate to other waters die. Meanwhile in Ohio, factories and sewage UMR Mussel Concerns plants violate discharge levels under The Iowa Department of Natural federal Clean Water Act (CWA) permits Over the past several years, Upper Resources plans to set new sewage limits more often than facilities in any other Mississippi River (UMR) natural resource for the state and is looking for ways to cut state, according to a report published by management agencies have planned and the runoff that accounts for 90% of the the Ohio Public Interest Research Group executed water level drawdowns to state’s stream pollution. Fertilizer runoff (Ohio PIRG). That report showed that 228 increase production, extent, and diversity leaves Iowa’s waters green, fighting for Ohio facilities violated their pollution of aquatic vegetation, particularly, oxygen and with fewer fish than they permits 2,656 times between July 1, 2003, emergent plants, in order to increase fish would contain naturally. That could and Dec. 31, 2004. Ohio’s total of 2,656 and wildlife habitat in selected navigation cripple a fishing industry that accounts permit violations was No. 1 in the U.S; pools. For example, during the summer of for $336 million in spending per year, ahead of Texas with 2,043; New York with 1995, water surface elevations in Naviga- which already is far lower than in many 2,014; Pennsylvania with 1,993; and tion Pool 25 near St. Louis, MO were held other states. Louisiana with 1,366. 1 to 2 ft. lower than normal, exposing about 3,000 acres. Similarly, during the Many farmers use less fertilizer than they The report, compiled from USEPA data summers of 2001 and 2002, a demonstra- used to, and Iowa leads the nation in the under the Freedom of Information Act, tion pool water surface elevation draw- installation of grassy buffer strips. But looks at compliance data with the federal down was done in Pool 8 when about farmers also lay miles of new drainage tiles CWA. Ohio has 292 facilities with federal 1,954 acres were dewatered, representing each year. These tiles or pipes turn their discharge permits. In addition, 78% of about 8.5% of the pool. fields into the equivalent of sink drains Ohio’s factories and sewage plants that flush pollutants toward streams discharged more pollution than allowed Then in 2005, Pool 5 was drawn down before they can be soaked up by wetlands under their federal discharge permits at about 1.5 ft. between June 13 and Septem- or buffer strips. least once in the 18 months of data ber 26 exposing about 1,101 acres of reviewed , and many violators were way shallow mudflats. But unlike during The U.S. Geological Survey in the late over their permit limits, Ohio PIRG said. previous experimental drawdowns, this 1990s reported that the average time extensive freshwater mussel mortali- phosphorus level in some Iowa streams Ohio permit holders reported 205 ties occurred. The mean density of was triple the U.S. average and 14% instances in which they exceeded their freshly dead mussels at sampled dewa- higher than average levels in the other permit levels by at least 500%, ranking tered locations in the lower half of the corn-growing states. A U.S. Ohio No. 1 in the country again, Ohio pool was 0.40/m². Mussel survival was Environmental Protection Agency PIRG said in Troubled Waters: An related to depth; 30.1% of mussels located (USEPA) report on pollution in small Analysis of Clean Water Act Compliance. in 1 ft. of water survived while 98% streams in Iowa, Kansas, Missouri and “Ohio’s waterways including Lake Erie, survived when located in 3 ft. of water. Nebraska from 1999 to 2001 showed that the Cuyahoga River, the Ohio River, the Also, mussels located at sloped sites had those in Iowa posted the top 53 of 675 Olentangy River and dozens more are three times the survival rate of those at nitrate readings and the top 44 nitrogen being polluted with health-threatening flat sites, suggesting that escape routes readings. Nebraska fared worse on sewage and toxic chemicals like lead and are important. phosphorus, with five of the top 10 cyanide,’’ said Amy Gomberg of Ohio readings; Iowa had two. Nitrogen and PIRG. “All Ohioans deserve clean water to Members of the subfamily Ambleminae phosphorus feed algae blooms that suck drink and safe places to swim and fish, but had over 1.6 times the survival rate of oxygen from lakes and rivers. sewage pollution and other contaminants members of the subfamily Lampsilinae. 9 River Crossings - Volume 15 - Number 2 - March/April 2006

This may be related to the ability of these • Reducing the Depth of Drawdown - It is later in the fall, when drought conditions species to close their valves tightly, thus likely there would be lower mortality rate can make the river unnavigable. And retaining a larger proportion of water. from a drawdown of lower magnitude. Missouri Gov. Matt Blunt has threatened Biologists were not able to estimate the Doing a 1 ft nominal drawdown instead of legal action. He calls the science sketchy mortality of state listed species, but at a 1.5 ft. nominal drawdown at the dam may and says the pulses could flood thou- least 8 representatives of these species reduce drawdown-induced mortality by sands of acres of farmland along the river. are known to occur in the pool and were about 30%. Last year, the Corps cut the river’s killed by the drawdown. Freshly dead navigation season to 48 days — the population densities seemed fairly Biologists feel that additional investiga- shortest season on record. And Missouri uniform throughout the pool. The tion is needed to verify and refine their officials grew concerned in December, 2 possible loss of 0.4 mussels/m over 4.5 mortality estimates as well as factors when the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s 2 million exposed m is considerable. contributing to drawdown mussel mortali- Risk Management Agency said farmers Considering the dire continental conser- ties. Most importantly, a more rigorous who experience crop damage as a result of vation status of native freshwater investigation is needed to determine total intentional flooding by the federal mussels, biologists recommend that mortality on a pool-wide scale and its government would not be eligible to make serious consideration be given to such effect on pool-wide populations before federal crop insurance claims. losses before future drawdowns occur. UMR drawdowns become programmatic and routine. “I was always taught that the mission of the Corps was to manage the United Source: Wisconsin Dept. of Natural States’ navigable waters, not to reach to Resources. 2006. Preliminary Report on the whims of environmentalists and put the Effects of the 2005 Pool 5, Mississippi citizens in harm’s way,” said Missouri River Drawdown on Shallow-water Farm Bureau Federation President Native Mussels. La Crosse Service Center, Charlie Kruse. Corps spokesman 3550 Mormon Coulee Rd., La Crosse, WI Johnston said he expected the river to rise 54601. about two feet at Kansas City during the Mussel mortality observed during UMR May pulse, but that the pulse would be Pool 5 drawdown (WI Dept. of Natural postponed if the river is already high Resources Photo). MO River Water Plan because of rain. Most mussels are long-lived and have Continues as Scheduled very low reproductive rates and hence have slow recovery rates. An additional The U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers loss of one or two percent annually could, (Corps) announced in February that plans over time, reduce total numbers. Potential to manage the Missouri River to mortality minimization and mitigation encourage the endangered pallid measures that could be used during future sturgeon’s breeding habits will continue drawdowns include: as scheduled. Reservoirs upstream released a two-day “spring pulse” in late • Full-scale “Rescue” - This would March to coincide with the start of the involve volunteers returning stranded navigation season and will do so again in mussels to deeper water, but due to the late May to mimic the natural rise that, likelihood of large number of stranded Barge companies and upstream fishers before dams were built, used to come from mussels and their large spatial extent, it is said releasing water from upstream could melting mountain snow. unlikely that most could practically be lower already-dry lakes in Montana, North relocated. Dakota and South Dakota and also reduce The Corps developed the plan under river levels later in the fall. “Although • Smaller-scale “Rescue” - This could orders from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife they are clearly trying, this plan still gives be attempted in locations containing rarer Service (FWS) to comply with the upstream states like Montana the short species, high population densities or high Endangered Species Act. The final plan end of the stick,” said Sen. Max Baucus species richness of stranded mussels. does not vary much from the proposed (D/MT). “We need to share the pain more • Moderation of Rate of Drawdown - plan announced in October, and it will during drought years. This plan doesn’t Drawing the pool down at a slower rate proceed as long as the reservoir water go far enough. It still gives preference to would necessitate starting the drawdown level is at least 36.6 million acre-feet. the barge industry,” he said. Baucus has earlier to achieve benefits to emergent Current forecasts show enough storage sponsored legislation requiring a 44 vegetation. An earlier start, say as soon capacity for the releases to occur, said million acre-feet minimum before releasing as flows can be re-controlled in the pool Corps spokesman Paul Johnston in water downstream, and he said he will after the spring flood, may also reduce Omaha, NE. The two-day pulses are reintroduce the bill again this year. mussel colonization and re-colonization in intended to encourage pallid sturgeon areas dewatered in 2005. spawning. Environmental groups Meanwhile, Reps. Ike Skelton (D/MO) and • Direct Compensatory Mitigation - At generally support the plan as the best way Kenny Hulshof (R/MO) said they are least the state-listed and special concern to protect river wildlife. working to find a legislative solution that species could be artificially propagated would help farmers keep insurance and released into deep waters of Pool 5. But barge companies complain that the coverage in the event of flooding. And spring rise limits upstream water available 10 River Crossings - Volume 15 - Number 2 - March/April 2006

Missouri Attorney General Jay Nixon said But North Dakota officials said the state Texas Environmental Water Rights he will examine the Corps’ environmental faces severe drought within 50 years and assessment before considering litigation. needs to tap water from the Missouri Texas judge, Suzanne Covington, in early “We want to really look at what they River. The plan would take about 120 February ruled that environmental groups believe their science is,” Nixon said. cubic feet of water per second out of the have just as much right to purchase water “That’s the only way to fully assess the river, which flows at 20,000 cubic feet per rights for preservation as companies do risk.” second on the average. for commercial rights. The decision will require the Texas Commission on Environ- Then in late March, the Supreme Court “Our concern would be that it brings a mental Quality (TCEQ) to give equal declined to hear North Dakota’s arguments risk of harm to Manitoba with the consideration to applications from appealing a lower court’s decision that the potential movement of harmful species,” environmental groups for state water Corps did not violate state water pollution said Dwight Williamson of Manitoba rights to preserve waterways. laws in managing the Missouri River. As a Water Stewardship. Gaile Whelan-Enns, result, the action essentially upholds spokeswoman for Sierra Club Canada, Judge Covington had been considering previous decisions saying that the state said the latest plan…would join two water arguments made in her court by the San cannot use antipollution laws to force the basins that have been separated for Marcos River Foundation (SMRF), the Corps to keep more cold water in reservoirs 10,000 years and could bring foreign Matagorda Bay Foundation and other to help recreation and fishing. species from the Missouri River to Lake environmental groups that filed applica- Winnipeg and then to Hudson Bay. “The tions seeking state-issued water rights for A federal appeals court in August had Boundary Waters Treaty between Canada the explicit purpose of retaining flows in upheld an earlier court decision in favor of and the U.S. must be upheld,” she said. Texas rivers. Historically, most water the Corps plan for management of the rights have been granted for the purpose Missouri River, rejecting a plea by The Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909 of taking water out of the state’s rivers for environmental groups to limit barge traffic mandates that cross-border water use by cities, industry and agriculture. and conserve water. At issue are releases disputes be settled by the International from the River’s three main reservoirs — Joint Commission (IJC), which ruled in The SMRF application to secure 1.3 Fort Peck, MT, Lake Sakakawea, ND, and 1977 against diverting water from the million acre-feet of water a year for the Lake Oahe, SD. All are at record lows, and Missouri unless both countries could Guadalupe and San Marcos rivers was lawmakers have blamed the drought agree that risks would be eliminated. Just rejected in March 2003, prompting Texas conditions on the Corps’ decision to last year, North Dakota rejected Canada’s Lt. Gov. David Dewhurst (R) to write the release water to support scant barge traffic. request for an IJC review of its plan to TCEQ saying it should delay decisions on drain Devil’s Lake into the Sheyenne applications submitted by environmental But North and South Dakota are still River, which eventually flows into Lake groups until it could be determined if the waiting for the Supreme Court to decide Winnipeg. North Dakota then got state could dispense such right by law. whether it will hear another case, Canada to agree by promising to add The other applications, which were filed in challenging the same appeals court’s more rocks and gravel to the drain as 2002, were aimed at conserving water for decision that the federal government’s filters for invasive species. Galveston Bay; the Trinity, Colorado and efforts to maintain navigation traffic take Lavaca rivers; and Caddo Lake. Together, precedence over recreation and other uses This time, a treatment plant would the proposals sought more than 12 million in the river’s upstream reservoirs. “That’s prevent the transfer of invasive species, acre-feet per year. a more serious issue for us,” North Dakota said Merri Mooridian of North Dakota’s Attorney General Wayne Stenehjem (R) Garrison Diversion Conservancy District. In her February ruling, Judge Covington said. “I’m hopeful we’ll be able to get the Canada wants North Dakota to use water said the state law does allow the granting Supreme Court to take the case and to sources within the Red River Basin in of water rights for environmental determine that all of the (water) uses are to Minnesota and North Dakota, but preservation. Dianne Wassenich (SMRF) be given equal consideration.” Mooridian said there will not be enough said “There will most likely be appeals, but water available during the expected we are celebrating today”. The TCEQ said Sources: Kansas City Star, 2/1/06; AP/ drought. that it is considering an appeal. Billings Gazette, 2/1/06; Mary Clare Jalonick, AP/Kansas City Star, 3/20/06; and The Garrison Diversion is due to issue its Sources: Dina Cappiello, Houston Greenwire, 2/1/ and 3/21/06 final environmental impact statement by Chronicle, 2/7/06; Victoria Advocate, 2/8/ December, after which the U.S. Interior 06; and Greenwire, 2/8/06 Secretary will make a final ruling. MO River Water Diversion Congressional approval will be required Controversy before construction can begin. Climate Change Update Construction costs, estimated at $500 million to $660 million, would probably Canadian officials said in late February In a recent issue of the journal Science, not start before 2009 and the system that they oppose North Dakota’s plan to researchers said that temperature would be operational by 2012 at the stave off drought by diverting Missouri records dating back to 800 suggest that earliest. River waters into drainages that feed the climate shift of the 20th century has Manitoba’s Lake Winnipeg. The Canadian been the greatest in the last 1,200 years. Sources: Marcy Nicholson, Reuters, 11/ lake is the world’s 10th largest freshwater Researchers at the University of East 23/06; and Greenwire, 2/24/06 lake and it supports a commercial fishery. Anglia in the United Kingdom made this 11 River Crossings - Volume 15 - Number 2 - March/April 2006 determination by analyzing tree rings, Association of Canada President Avrim of the 91 had lost mass since last year, fossil shells, ice cores and Lazar. scientists said. One glacier, the 3-mile measurements dating back to the time of Trift, lost 236 yards, in part because it is the Vikings. Permafrost melting in Alaska, Canada and surrounded by a lake. Researcher Siberia is also releasing partially decayed Andreas Bauder said the results “The key conclusion was that the 20th organic matter that can turn into methane reflected low levels of snowfall last year. century stands out as having unusually and carbon. Arctic soils contain 200 to 800 The academy also monitored three Alps widespread warmth, compared to all of gigatons of carbon, according to David ice caps and found that they shrank by the natural warming and cooling Lawrence of the National Center for between 27 and 66 inches last year. episodes during the past 1,200 years,” Atmospheric Research. Annual human said Timothy Osborn, co-author of the carbon output is 7 gigatons per year, and From Patagonia to Tibet to the Antarctic, report. While the last century’s unusual the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) the world’s glaciers are in crisis, accord- warming was “probably related” to in Earth’s atmosphere is now 381 ppm, ing to experts who attended the annual global warming, the study also according to 2005 NOAA data. That level meeting of the American Association for acknowledged other unusual warm and is 100 ppm above the preindustrial the Advancement of Science held in St. cold periods in the last 1,200 years: the average, and 2.6 ppm above 2004 levels. Louis in February. The growing flow of

Little Ice Age from about 1580 to 1850 Pieter Tans, NOAA’s chief CO2 analyst, freshwater into the oceans could result and the Medieval Warm Period from said the rate of increase has doubled in in potentially catastrophic rises in sea 890 to 1170, which many scientists have recent years. “We don’t see any sign of a level and changes in currents that drive attributed to colonization of Greenland decrease; in fact, we’re seeing the world weather patterns, they said. and Iceland by Nordic Vikings during opposite, the rate of increase is “Freshwater storage on Earth is out of that same time period. accelerating.” Britain’s chief scientific balance for the first time in history” adviser, David King, said it was evidence because of glaciers’ increasingly rapid In the U.S. this was the fifth warmest of climate change. “Today we’re over 380 melting, said Mark Dyurgerov, a glaci- winter on record, according to the ppm,” he said. “That’s higher than we’ve National Oceanic and Atmospheric been for over a million years, possibly 30 Administration (NOAA) National million years. Mankind is changing the Climatic Data Center. And tempera- climate”. tures in Canada through February) were 7 oF above normal, the warmest winter Research published in late March in the since records began in 1948, according journal Science suggests that to Environment Canada. In fact, the temperatures in the Arctic are likely to hit past decade has seen six of Canada’s 10 their highest point in 130,000 years by warmest winters. This winter topping 2100, with the resulting glacial runoff the previous warmest, in 1986-87, by 1.6 raising sea levels by 1 to 3 feet over the degrees resulted in several islands off next 100 to 150 years. “Basically, every Nova Scotia being inundated by glacier on Earth has gotten smaller in the thousands of pregnant seals forced to last 100 years,” said Richard Alley, a give birth on shore by unusually mild glaciologist at Pennsylvania State weather that prevented the Gulf of St. University (PSU). “Even in the places Lawrence from freezing. where there’s more snow, there’s more View of the Muir Glacier, Glacier (glacial) shrinkage.” The bottom line, Bay, Alaska 1941 (top) and 2004 Also because of warm Canadian winters, Alley said, is that the melting observed (bottom) (USGS Photo). the mountain pine beetle has destroyed now is rapid and widespread. $5.14 billion worth of timber Canadian ologist at the University of Colorado- timber industry officials said. The beetle In March Montana Gov. Brian Schweitzer Boulder, who noted that 77% of the has always lived in high areas from (D) took a helicopter tour of Glacier Earth’s freshwater is bound up in ice. Arizona to northern British Columbia, but National Park, where he announced that “There is no question that sea levels will cold winters (i.e. with 20 below zero cold the park was down to “a couple dozen” rise,” said Gabriel Filipelli, a geologist at snaps) have controlled outbreaks until glaciers, from over a hundred previously. the University of California-Santa Cruz. now. It has been 15 years since “By 2025, 2035 at the rate that they’ve Current estimates are about 40 centime- temperatures were low enough for long been declining, there will be no glaciers in ters, or 16 inches, by 2100, he said, enough to kill off the beetles, so they are Glacier National Park,” he said. adding: “That’s pretty rapid.” And while now in nearly 40% of the province’s lodge coastal communities are at risk, some pole pines, British Columbia chief forester In Switzerland, the Aletsch glacier, the island nations could disappear com- Jim Snetsinger estimated. By 2013, he longest in Europe at 14 miles, shrank by pletely. “In some cases,” Filipelli said, said, “80% of susceptible pine will have 72 yards last year because of global “we’re talking about whole cultures and been affected.” British Columbia’s $15.2 warming, Swiss Academy of Sciences communities.” billion timber industry produces 7% of the researchers said in early February. A world’s pine. The beetle “takes out study of the 91 largest of Switzerland’s Though scientists have tracked the approximately 480 billion cubic meters [of 1,800 glaciers confirmed earlier findings world’s glaciers for several decades, the wood] a year, three times Canada’s annual that the ice formations are shrinking pace of melting in the last five years has harvest,” said Forest Products because of climate change. Eighty-four been a major surprise, many said. 12 River Crossings - Volume 15 - Number 2 - March/April 2006

“Fifteen years ago, we thought water pouring annually from the ice sheet Starting next year, more than 50,000 Greenland (glaciers) were not doing into the ocean — equivalent to the participants from more than 60 countries anything,” said Eric Rignot of NASA’s amount of water the United States uses will begin the International Polar Year Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Now, ice in three months — is causing global sea (IPY), a yearlong intensive period of sheets below an elevation of 2 kilome- level to rise by 0.4 millimeters a year. research meant to sustain a legacy of ters show “major melting,” he said. polar research for the next 50 years. The “We’re going over the edge.” Rignot is The continent holds 90% of the world’s new initiative, organized by the Interna- co-author of another new study, ice, and the disappearance of even its tional Council for Science and the published in the journal Science, that smaller West Antarctic ice sheet could World Meteorological Organization, documented the quickening pace of raise worldwide sea levels by an esti- models a similar effort from the 1950s. Greenland’s glaciers slide toward the mated 20 feet. “The ice sheet is losing The International Geophysical Year Atlantic Ocean. “I don’t think any of mass at a significant rate,” said Isabella effort in 1957-58 provided the founda- us in the scientific community expected Velicogna, the study’s lead author and a tion for much of the polar science such drastic changes in Greenland,” research scientist at Colorado University knowledge used today. “If you want to Rignot said. at Boulder’s Cooperative Institute for understand the global carbon cycle, the Research in Environmental Sciences. global water cycle, the global weather Similar problems are seen around the PSU’s Richard Alley who has also cycle, or global economics, it requires an globe, in the mountains of South studied the Antarctic ice sheet but was understanding of polar regions,” said America to Central Asia. The latter is not involved in this new research, called David Carlson, IPY’s program director. second only to the Arctic and Antarc- the study significant and “a bit surpris- “It’s a polar science, but it has a global tica in its amount of glacial ice, which ing” because a major international impact.” provides water for about 2.5 billion scientific panel predicted five years ago people. “Mountain glaciers are the that the Antarctic ice sheet would gain Meanwhile, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife water tower for the 21st century,” mass this century as higher temperatures Service (FWS) announced in early Dyurgerov said. “And they’re disap- led to increased snowfall. “It looks like February that it has begun a review pearing.” “Mount Kilimanjaro has had the ice sheets are ahead of schedule” in process to see if the Alaskan polar bear an ice cap for thousands and thou- terms of melting, Alley said. “That’s a warrants protection under the Endan- sands of years,” said Filipelli. “In about wake-up call. We better figure out what’s gered Species Act. FWS spokesman 10 years, it’ll be gone completely.” going on.” Bruce Woods said the petition filed last year by three environmental groups to Still, the situation may be worst in Meanwhile, marine biologists said in late protect the polar bear “contains suffi- Antarctica, which contains enough March that warming waters and disease are cient information to convince us that we glacial ice to raise sea levels by 60 killing off coral reefs around the globe at an need to do a more thorough analysis of meters. Temperatures along the unprecedented rate over the last several the polar bear population worldwide”. continent’s peninsula are rising six months. National Park Service fisheries The Center for Biological Diversity, the times faster than the global average, biologist Jeff Miller, who checked 40 coral Natural Resources Defense Council and and thinning is evident in most coastal sites in the Virgin Islands, said most of the Greenpeace filed the lawsuit last areas. Melting is particularly severe in coral dying off can never be replaced December citing studies that showed the areas where glaciers are grounded because it grows so slowly, in some cases Arctic Circle ice is melting at an unprec- below sea level. “Clearly, the ocean is edented rate. The bears spend days no more than a dime’s width per year. representing the biggest threat for traveling along the ice caps, but when “These are corals that are the foundation of these glaciers,” Rignot said. He cited the ice shrinks, they have trouble the reef. ... We’re talking colonies that were as a bellwether event the collapse of making it back to land, oftentimes Antarctica’s Larsen B ice sheet in 2002 here when Columbus came by have died in drowning during the journey. and urged action to curb greenhouse the past three to four months.” gas (GHG) emissions to combat climate “A lot of the stories you read make it change. “After 10,000 years of rela- But Caribbean coral reefs have fared better sound like there’s uncertainty (about tively stable existence, Larsen B than those in the Indian Ocean, which have global warming),” said Jonathan disappeared in three weeks in 2002,” he seen mortality rates as high as 90%. Overpeck, a professor of geosciences at said. “It’s clear, nature is having a little Warming waters appear to be the chief the University of Arizona. “There’s not experiment on us.” assailant of the reefs, with sea surface uncertainty.” The questions scientists temperature data from NOAA showing continue to address, he said after his The Antarctic ice sheet is losing as temperatures in the Caribbean from last presentation at the Alaska Forum on the much as 36 cubic miles of ice per year summer and fall the highest by far in the 21 Environment, are how much of the according to another new paper that years of satellite monitoring. “The big warming is caused by humans and how provides the first evidence that the problem for coral is the question of whether drastic the long-term effects will be. sheet’s total mass is shrinking signifi- they can adapt sufficiently quickly to cope Overpeck reviewed NASA studies cantly. The new findings, also pub- with climate change,” said biochemistry showing how Arctic ice has shrunk in lished in an early March issue of the professor M. James Crabbe of the size and depth. Climate models 25 years journal Science, using data from two University of Luton near London. “I think ago predicted a shrinking ice pack, but NASA satellites called the Gravity “What we didn’t predict is that it would the evidence we have at the moment is: No, Recovery and Climate Experiment be so dramatic,” Overpeck said. (GRACE), found that the amount of they can’t.” 13 River Crossings - Volume 15 - Number 2 - March/April 2006

Scientists predict the summertime Arctic global warming due to a lack of he supports, is a starting point to unify could be ice-free before the end of the consensus among their constituents. the evangelical base around climate century, opening up northern sea routes The move comes after top evangelical issues. “This statement is but threatening the existence of polar leaders sent a letter to NAE President groundbreaking,” he said. “It lays a bears. If warming trends continue, Ted Haggard asking him to refrain from foundation for consensus in our Overpeck said, the globe eventually will officially commenting on proposals to community.” Ball also noted that the get a nasty message from the Arctic — limit GHG emissions. Among the NAE was never formally asked to sign a rise in sea levels. Higher oceans will authors of the letter were Focus on the on to the new statement, although 22 flow into low-lying parts of the world Family Chairman James Dobson and members of the organization’s board are such as New Orleans, making recovery Oral Roberts University President counted among the signatories. Litfin in that hurricane-ravaged city moot. Richard Roberts. “While there is lots of argued that the campaign is part of a “It’s hard to imagine why we’re wanting debate about the causes and hazards of larger trend. “A whole world of to rebuild if we’re going to allow global climate change and how best to respond evangelicals are rising not only to warming,” Overpeck said. to it, there is no debate about the Bible’s climate change issues but to priority on helping the world’s poor to environmental issues as a whole,” he A recent public opinion poll by Time improve their lot,” said E. Calvin Beisner, said. Rep. Jay Inslee (D/WA) called the magazine, ABC and Stanford University, a professor of social ethics at Knox announcement “a dam breaker” on the showed that 85% of Americans now Theological Seminary who signed the climate change issue. “The power of believe global warming is occurring, but appeal letter. “By declining to embrace faith is going to touch people’s hearts 64% think scientists are in disagreement anti-warming policies that would delay to listen to the science,” he said. “From about it. Eighty-eight percent think global economic development and access to a pragmatic political perspective,” the warming threatens future generations, and clean air, clean water and reliable food support of these groups could get just over half say weather patterns in their and energy supplies in poor countries, certain members of Congress to pay we and the NAE together are putting the closer attention to the science, Inslee area of the country have grown more needs of the poor at the forefront.” added. While there have had no unstable in the past three years, while 70% NAE represents 30 million evangelical conversations with the White House perceive global weather patterns as having Christians across the U.S. about the campaign, “It’s a mistake to become more unstable. Faced with these say this has not registered with the statistics, as well as observations of their But a week or so later a coalition of 86 president and Republicans,” Liftin said. own made on a recent trip to Antarctica, evangelical Christian leaders kicked off “This is a bipartisan, nonpartisan effort. Australia and New Zealand, some an opposing campaign to position We don’t have any desire or will to politicians are changing their stance on action on global warming as a moral make this political.” global warming. A House delegation imperative to help the world’s poor. coming back from their recent trip to the “Those who will be affected primarily by Meanwhile, a coalition of states, cities region now have a more open mind. “Of climate change, and most egregiously, and environmental groups asked the the 10 of us, only three were believers,” are the ones who have the smallest Supreme Court in early March to said Rep. Sherwood Boehlert (R/NY). margins for error,” said Duane Litfin, overrule a key Bush administration “Every one of the others said this opened president of Wheaton College. Calling decision on global warming. their eyes.” itself the “Evangelical Climate Massachusetts Attorney General Tom Initiative”, the group issued a statement Reilly (D) led the petition for writ of Others who may be opening their eyes calling on the federal government to limit certiorari, arguing that further delay in CO emissions. Signers include 19 regulating GHG emissions from U.S. include the new Chief Executive Officer of 2 Exxon Mobil Corp., Rex Tillerson, who heads of religious organizations, 10 motor vehicles could hamper the took over from Lee Raymond three months bishops and “mega-church” pastors and country’s ability to address climate 40 college and seminary pastors. “For change. “EPA has squandered nearly a ago. Tillerson said in late March that most of us, until recently this has not decade,” Reilly wrote. “This delay, “greenhouse gas emissions are one of the been treated as a pressing issue or major itself, has the effect of compounding factors affecting climate change,” a priority,” the statement reads. “Indeed, the problem by narrowing our ability to dramatic departure from his predecessor’s many of us have required considerable mitigate it.” The plaintiffs argue that public stance on that issue. Raymond had convincing before becoming persuaded the Clean Air Act requires EPA to dismissed fears of global warming and that climate change is a real problem and regulate air pollutants from motor called environmental activists “extremists.” that it ought to matter to us as vehicles based on a determination if the And as recent as last spring Tillerson’s Christians. But now we have seen and emissions are a threat to public health said he shared Raymond’s skepticism. heard enough to offer the following or welfare. In this case, the states say Environmentalists and others have taken moral argument related to the matter of EPA and a federal appeals court have issue with Exxon’s record $36.1 billion net human-induced climate change.” ignored the law. Joining Massachusetts income last year, the highest for any U.S. in the Supreme Court petition are company ever. Leaders of the new climate push California, Connecticut, Illinois, Maine, acknowledged dissent on the issue New Mexico, New Jersey, New York, Meanwhile, leaders of the National within the evangelical Christian Oregon, Rhode Island, Washington and Association of Evangelicals (NAE) said community. Jim Ball, executive director Vermont. Attorneys for American in early February that they would not of the Evangelical Environmental Samoa, Baltimore, New York City and take a position on steps to address Network, said the new initiative, which Washington, D.C., also joined the case. 14 River Crossings - Volume 15 - Number 2 - March/April 2006

Environmental plaintiffs include ICTA, Climate Exchange (CCX), the only U.S. several hundreds of years,” said Greenpeace, Natural Resources Defense market for trading carbon emissions Statoil’s Senior Vice President for the Council and the Sierra Club. credits. Several cities have joined the Environment Tor Fraeren. “It could all exchange — including Chicago, Oakland be handled by this reservoir. I hope that In California the Public Utilities and Boulder — but New Mexico is the during these hundreds of years we

Commission (CPUC) voted in mid first state. Companies in the CCX could solve the CO2 problem in a more February to impose a strict cap of carbon include IBM, DuPont and Ford Motor efficient way, but we have the potential emissions based on 1990 levels, despite Co. Under CCX trading, emission here to store it,” said Fraeren. objections by utilities. The CPUC acted credits are traded daily over the Internet. in order to “do our part in meeting the ... “We have a huge drought, and data Sequestering CO2 deep below the greenhouse gas reduction goals indicates that pollution has an impact on ground could cut global emissions by articulated” last year by Gov. Arnold the quality of life that our economy 20-40% between now and 2050, Schwarzenegger (R), said CPUC depends upon,” said Gov. Richardson. according to a U.N. commissioned President Mike Peevey. But regulators The exchange functions by having report. The U.N. Intergovernmental must be “very, very careful to have a full companies and entities enter legally Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) — the understanding of the costs involved,” binding agreements to cut their world scientific authority on global urged CPUC member John Bohn. The emissions by a certain amount and date. warming — commissioned the report in vote sets in motion the process of If they beat expectations, they generate 2003. The report found that between establishing a specific cap, with the extra credits that they can sell or bank. If 220 and 2,200 billion metric tons of CO2 details expected to come about from they fall behind, they must purchase could be economically stored subsequent discussions with credits through the exchange. underground in geological structures environmentalists and the California’s such as empty oil and gas fields and three investor-owned utilities. Based on The CO2 emissions trading market is also in deep oceans between now and the CPUC vote, California may adopt a booming and is one of the world’s 2100. The process could cost anywhere cap-and-trade system similar to the fastest-growing markets, experts said in from $15-75 per metric ton of CO2, the program established by seven February, marking the one-year IPCC estimated. Northeastern states called the Regional anniversary of the Kyoto Protocol. Greenhouse Gas Initiative, or RGGI. We’ve seen tremendous growth this The World Wildlife Fund in early March “What you’re considering in California year,” said Henrik Hasselknippe, senior urged Northern European power is much broader than anything being analyst at Point Carbon. “Carbon is stations to drastically slash their GHG discussed in other states — it’s very now being used as a commodity on the emissions in order to avoid predicted significant,” said Ned Helme, president same lines as other energy severe winter storms. “A dangerous of the Center for Clean Air Policy. commodities.” According to Point wind of change is blowing across

Carbon’s estimates, CO2 trading will be a Europe,” said Jennifer Morgan, director In Arizona and New Mexico, Govs. Janet $40 billion annual industry by the end of of WWF international’s global climate Napolitano (D/AZ) and Bill Richardson this decade. A metric ton was recently change program. “We have to take this (D/NM) have pledged to work together changing hands at more than $31 dollars, threat seriously and stop climate to slash GHG emissions and tackle the while a year ago, it sold for about $8. pollution in order to protect people and climate change issue for the Southwest their properties form devastating region. Under the Southwest Climate Meanwhile, in Europe, the Norway- storms.” In a report analyzing recent Change Initiative signed at the based Statoil is projecting that all of weather patterns in seven European

National Governors Association annual Europe’s CO2 emissions could be stored countries and research on global conference in Washington, the two in an undersea aquifer beneath its warming, the WWF concluded that the states will develop ways to measure, Sleipner platforms in the North Sea. north Atlantic Ocean and North Sea forecast and report GHG levels and “There are calculations that say it could were becoming more stormy. The identify options for reducing emissions. handle all of Europe’s CO2 emissions for United Kingdom will suffer the biggest The initiative calls for the states to increase in storms by the end of the promote energy efficient technology and century out of the European countries renewable energy sources as well as analyzed — namely Poland, Germany, advocate for regional and national Netherlands, Spain, Italy and France. climate policies that reflect the needs of Ten additional severe storms could hit the Southwest. “Southwestern states Britain over the next 30 years if carbon have particular concerns about the emissions continue to rise unchecked, impacts of climate change and climate the report warns. variability on residents, businesses and the environment, including the potential Meanwhile, the March/April issue of for prolonged drought, severe forest the Green Guide ranked U.S. cities fires, warmer temperatures, increased according to their “greenness” (i.e. snowmelt, reduced snowpack and other kindness to the environment and to effects,” the governors said. human health). Criteria included: good water- and air-quality, efficient use of In mid February New Mexico became the resources, renewable energy leadership, first state to enroll in the Chicago BBC News Diagram accessible and reliable public

15 River Crossings - Volume 15 - Number 2 - March/April 2006 transportation, green building practices, Coordinator position, formerly held by Wayne is working out of the FWS South parks and greenbelts, access to locally- Mike LeValley of the U.S. Fish and Dakota Ecological Services Field Office in grown fresh food through farmers’ Wildlife Service (FWS) at DeSoto National Pierre. He can be reached at: 420 South markets and community supported Wildlife Refuge in Missouri Valley, IA. Garfield Avenue, Suite 400, Pierre, SD agriculture groups, and affordability. The South Dakota Game, Fish and Parks is 57501, (605) 224-8693 x 29, The top ten, listed alphabetically, graciously providing Mr. Nelson-Stastny [email protected]. include the following, four of which are to the FWS through an Interagency in the Mississippi River Basin: Austin, Personnel Agreement. The FWS then announced in February TX, Boulder, CO, Chicago, IL, Honolulu, that Scott Yess, biologist at the FWS’s La HI, Madison, WI, Minneapolis, MN, Crosse Fisheries Resources Office (FRO) Oakland, CA, Portland, OR, San in Onalaska, WI would be taking over as Francisco, CA, and Seattle. Coordinator of the Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee (UMRCC) Sources: Agence France-Presse, 2/8, 2/ in mid-March. This position was formerly 12, 2/13, 3/2, 3/16 and 3/20/06; Swissinfo, held by Jon Duyvejonck at the Rock 2/8/06; Dan Joling, AP/San Francisco Island, IL FWS Ecological Services Field Chronicle online, 2/8/06; Dan Joling, Office. The appointment of Scott will also AP/Anchorage Daily News, 2/7/06; Mike include a move of the UMRCC office from Toner, Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 2/ its current location to the FRO in 10/06; Steve Connor, London Onalaska. Independent, 2/10/06; Martin Mittelstaedt, Toronto Globe and Mail, Scott will be coordinating key Upper 2/10/06; Jo Chandler, Sydney Morning Mississippi River (UMR) natural resource Herald, 2/13/06; Juliet Eilperin, issues among the five UMRCC States Washington Post, 2/11/06; Jemilah (Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois and Magnusson, The Green Guide, March/ Wayne Nelson-Stastny Missouri) in addition to facilitating April 2005 #107; Rick Jurgens, Contra communications with the FWS, Corps of Costa Times, 2/17/06; Mark Martin, San Wayne will be coordinating key Missouri Engineers, other Federal agencies, Tribes, Francisco Chronicle, 2/17/06; BBC River natural resource issues among the universities, organizations, and other News, 2/16/06; Susan Diesenhouse, MRNRC member States (Montana, North stakeholders. Chicago Tribune, 2/23/06; Doug Struck, Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Iowa, Washington Post, 3/1/06; AP/ Kansas and Missouri) in addition to Albuquerque Tribune, 3/1/06; Juliet facilitating communications with the FWS, Eilperin, Washington Post, 3/3/06, Robert Corps of Engineers, other Federal agen- Lee Hotz, Los Angeles Times, 3/3/06; cies, Tribes, universities, organizations, Andrew Revkin, New York Times, 3/3/06; and other stakeholders. David Shukman, BBC News online, 3/14/ 06; AP/Los Angeles Times, 3/14/06; Wayne brings a wealth of skills and Rebecca Morelle, BBC News online, 3/ experience to the position. He grew up in 15/06; E&E Daily, 2/27/06; Jad southeastern South Dakota and was Mouawad, New York Times, 3/30/06; fortunate to spend much of his childhood Time, 3/26/06; Jeffrey Kluger, Time, 4/3/ on the Missouri River above and below 06; ; Seth Borenstein, AP/San Francisco Fort Randall Dam. His education at the Chronicle online, 3/30/06; ABC News, 3/ University of South Dakota under Dr. J. C. Scott Yess 27/06; Lauren Morello, Greenwire, 2/1, Schmulbach brought him even closer to Scott also brings a wealth of experience to 2/8, 2/21 and 3/28/06; Darren the river as he obtained his B.S. and M.A. his position. He began his fisheries work Samuelsohn, Greenwire, 3/3/06; and studying paddlefish in the Missouri River. at Vermillion Community College in Ely, Greenwire, 2/8, 2/10, 1/13, 2/17, 2/21, 2/ Following graduate school, he left the MN where he received an AA degree in 23, 3/1, 3/2, 3/3, 3/14, 3/16/06, 3/22, 3/27, Missouri to work at the Columbia River 1979. He then transferred to the Univer- 3/30 and 3/31/06 Research Center in Cook, WA. There he sity of Wisconsin at Stevens Point where studied Chinook salmon smolt migration he received a B.S. in Fisheries with a on both the Columbia and Snake Rivers chemistry minor in 1981. After graduation New River Coordinators from 1993-1995. Wayne returned to South he spent two years with the Peace Corps Dakota in the spring of 1995, working as a working as a Fish Culture Extension Agent Interstate river coordinator jobs don’t turn Fisheries Biologist for the South Dakota from 1981-83 in Zaire, Africa. His Peace over very often, so it’s unusual when two Department of Game, Fish and Parks on Corps duties included working with 20-30 of them turn over in one year. the Missouri River and its reservoirs. His farmers on tilapia culture techniques. He work on Missouri River water manage- joined the FWS in 1984 as a fish hatchery Last fall the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ment issues led to his appointment as the biologist at Willow Beach National Fish (FWS) announced that Mr. Wayne Missouri River Coordinator for the State Hatchery in Arizona where he worked with Nelson-Stastny would be taking over the of South Dakota in 2005 rainbow trout as well as bonytail chub and responsibilities of the Missouri River razorback suckers. This led to the Project Natural Resources Committee (MRNRC) Leader position at Parker Fishery Assis- 16 River Crossings - Volume 15 - Number 2 - March/April 2006 tance Office where he working the on the Program, monitoring habitat rehabilitation We welcome both Wayne and Scott to Lower Colorado River from 1985-90. projects; served as project coordinator for their new positions. The sub-basin Since 1990 he has served as Assistant the Pool 12 Dredge Material Placement committees that operate on the Upper Project Leader for the LaCrosse FRO. In Project; served on the FWS Region 3 dive Mississippi, Lower Mississippi, Missouri, that position he worked on federal and team working with mussel recovery Ohio, Tennessee, and Arkansas-Red rivers tribal waters in four states – Minnesota, projects; and served on the Topeka Shiner are extremely important to MICRA’s Wisconsin, Iowa and Illinois, primarily Recovery Team. success. A representative from each of working in Minnesota with lake sturgeon these sub basins sit on our Executive restoration, fish passage and invasive Scott can be reached at: UMRCC, 555 Board and play key roles in shaping our species. He has also worked with the Lester Avenue, Onalaska, WI 54650, (608) basinwide programs. UMR Environmental Management 783-8432, [email protected].

Meetings of Interest ______May 7-11: Fifth National Monitoring Mondsee, Australia. See: www.fao.org/fi/ Water Conservation Society, Westin Conference: Monitoring Networks: body/eifac/eifac.asp. Crown Center Hotel, Kansas City, MO. Connecting for Clean Water, San Jose, See: www.swcs.org/en/swcs_international CA. Contact: NWQMC2006@tetrateach- Jun 25-28: International Conference on _conferences/managing_agricultural_ ffx.com, (410) 356-8993. Rivers and Civilization: Multi-disciplinary landscapes Perspectives on Major River Basins, La May 13-14: Moving Fisheries Science Crosse, WI. Contact: Jim Wiener, Nov 5-8: 60th Annual Southeastern and Policy Towards Ecosystem-Based University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, (608) Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies Management, St. Pete Beach, FL, See 785-6454, wiener.jame@ uwlax.edu Conference: Wildlife Management in the http://imars.marine.usf.edu/~cwall/ Next New World, Norfolk, VA. See: http:/ FAMEast/home.htm. Jul 10-14: Fish Population Structure: /seafwa2006.org. Contact: Tom Wilcox, Implications to Conservation, Aberdeen, [email protected], 804/367- May 14-19: 14th International Conference UK. See: www.fsbi2006.org.uk. 6892. on Aquatic Invasive Species, Key Biscayne, FL. Contact: Elizabeth Muckle- Jul 12-17: American Society of Ichthy- Nov 8-10: North American Lake Manage- Jeffs, Conference Administrator, 1027 ologists and Herpetologist Annual ment Society’s 26th Annual International Pembroke Street East, Suite 200 Pembroke Conference, New Orleans, LA. See: Symposium: Making Connections— ON K8A 3M4, Canada, N. Am. phone: www.asih.org/meetings/meetings. Con- People, Lakes, Watersheds, Indianapolis, (800) 868-8776, International phone: (613) tact: Mark Pyron, [email protected]. IN. See: www.nalms.org. Contact: Carol 732-7068, Fax (613) 732-3386, profedge@ Winge, [email protected], 608/233-2836. renc.igs.net, Web Site: www.icais.org Jul 18-22: Seventh International Con- gress on the Biology of Fish, St. John’s, Dec 9-13: Restore America’s Estuaries, Jun 3-8: 12th International Symposium Newfoundland, Canada. See: www.mun. Third National Conference and Expo on on Society and Resource Management: ca/biology/icbf7. Contact: Kurt Gamperl, Coastal and Estuariene Habitat Social Sciences in Resource Management: [email protected], (709) 737-2692. Restoration: Forging the National Global Challenges—Local Responses, Imperative, New Orleans, LA. See: Vancouver, British Columbia. See: Aug 6-11: 8th International Conference www.estuaries.org/conference. www.issrm20006.rem.sfu.ca. on Mercury as a Global Pollutant, Madi- son WI. See: www.mercury 2006.org. Feb 18-23, 2007: Sixth International Jun 4-9: American Society of Limnology Contact: James Wiener, weiner.jame@ Symposium on Ecohydraulics, and Oceanography Summer Meeting: uwlax.edu, (608) 785-6454. Christchurch, New Zealand. See: Global Challenges Facing Oceanography www.conference.co.nz/echohydraulics and Limnology, Victoria, B.C., Canada. Aug 22-23: The Invasive Asian Carps in 2007. Contact: Rachel Cook, rachel@ See: http://aslo.org/meetings/victoria2006/ North America: A Forum to Understand conference.co.nz. Contact: Helen Lemay, business@ the Biology and Manage the Problem, aslo.org, (254) 399-9635. Peoria, IL. See: http://wwwaux.cerc.cr. Jun 6-9, 2007: Fourth International usgs.gov/MICRA/Asian%20Carp%20 Reservoir Symposium: Balancing Fisheries Jun 12-16: Symposium on the Ecology of Symposium.htm. Contact: Duane Management and Water Uses for Stream Fish: State of the Art and Future Chapman, [email protected] Impounded River Systems, Atlanta, GA. Prospects II, Leon, Spain. Contact: Fred Sponsored by the Southern Division AFS Utter, fmutter@u. washington.edu. Sep 10-14: American Fisheries Society Reservoir Committee. Contact: Mike 136th Annual Meeting, Lake Placid, NY. Colvin, [email protected]. Jun 14-21: 24th Session of the European Contact: Betsy Fritz, bfritz @fisheries.org, Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission (301) 897-8616, ext. 212. Sep 2-6, 2007: American Fisheries and Symposium on Hydropower, Flood Society, 137th Annual Meeting, San control and Water Abstraction: Oct 10-13: Managing Agricultural Francisco, CA. Contact: Betsy Fritz, Implications for Fish and Fisheries, Landescapes for Environmental Quality - [email protected], 301/897-8616, ext. 212 Strengthening the Science Base. Soil and

17 River Crossings - Volume 15 - Number 2 - March/April 2006

Congressional Action Pertinent to the Mississippi River Basin ______Climate Change accelerate the reduction of GHG emissions Endangered Species Act (ESA) in the U.S. by establishing a market-driven S. J. RES. 5. Feinstein (D/CA) and 13 Co- system of GHG tradeable allowances. S. 2110. Crapo (R/ID) and 3 Co-sponsors. Sponsors. Expresses the sense of Amends the ESA to enhance the role of Congress that the U.S. should act to H. R. 955. Olver (D/MA) and Gilchrest States in the recovery of endangered and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. (R/MD). Amends the Clean Air Act to threatened species, to implement a species establish an inventory, registry, and conservation recovery system, to S. 245. Collins (R/ME) and 5 Co-Spon- information system of U.S. GHG emissions, establish certain recovery programs, to sors. Provides for the development and and for other purposes. provide Federal financial assistance and a coordination of a comprehensive and system of incentives to promote the integrated U.S. research program that H. R. 2828. Inslee (D/WA) and 14 Co- recovery of species, and for other assists in understanding, assessing, and Sponsors. Ensures that the U.S. leads the purposes. predicting human-induced and natural world in developing and manufacturing processes of abrupt climate change. next generation energy technologies, to H. R. 93. Gilchrest (R/MD). Assists in grow the economy, create new highly the conservation of flagship species S. 342. McCain (R/AZ) and 12 Co- trained, highly skilled American jobs, throughout the world. Sponsors and H. R. 759. Gilchrest (R/MD) eliminate American overdependence on and 25 Co-Sponsors. Provides for foreign oil, and address the threat of H. R. 1299. Cardoza (D/CA) and 16 Co- scientific research on abrupt climate global warming. Sponsors. Amends the ESA to reform the change, to accelerate the reduction of process for designating critical habitat greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the Conservation under that Act. U.S. by establishing a market-driven system of GHG tradeable allowances, to S. 260. Inhofe (R/OK) and H. R. 2018. H. R. 1837. Flake (R/AZ) and 4 Co- limit GHG emissions in the U.S. and reduce Sullivan (R/OK). Authorizes the Secretary Sponsors. Amends the ESA to establish dependence upon foreign oil, and ensure of the Interior to provide technical and limitations on the designation of critical benefits to consumers from the trading in financial assistance to private landowners habitat, and for other purposes. such allowances. to restore, enhance, and manage private land to improve fish and wildlife habitats H. R. 2779. Herger (R/CA). Amends the S. 387. Hagel (R/NE) and 3 Co-Sponsors. through the Partners for Fish and Wildlife ESA to enable Federal agencies Amends the Internal Revenue Code of Program. responsible for the preservation of 1986 to provide tax incentives for the threatened and endangered species to investment in GHG intensity reduction S. 339. Reid (D/NV) and 4 Co-Sponsors rescue and relocate members of any of projects, and for other purposes. and H. R. 731. Udall (D/CO) and Otter (R/ those species that would be taken in the ID). Reaffirms the authority of States to course of certain reconstruction, S. 388. Hagel (R/NE) and 3 Co-Sponsors. regulate certain hunting and fishing maintenance, or repair of Federal or non- Amends the Energy Policy Act of 1992 to activities. Federal man-made flood control levees. direct the Secretary of Energy to carry out activities that promote the adoption of S. 421. Lott (R/MS) and Kohl (D/WI). H. R. 3300. Graves (R/MO) and 2 Co- technologies that reduce GHG intensity Reauthorizes programs relating to sport Sponsors. Amends the ESA to authorize and provides credit-based financial fishing and recreational boating safety, species recovery agreements under which assistance and investment protection for and for other purposes. the Federal Government is obligated to projects that employ advanced climate make annual payments or provide other technologies or systems, provides for the S. 964. Alexander (R/TN) and 3 Co- compensation for activities that improve establishment of a national GHG registry, Sponsors. The “American Outdoors Act the recovery of one or more species listed and for other purposes. of 2005” provides a conservation royalty under that Act, and for other purposes. from Outer Continental Shelf revenues to S. 887. Hagel (R/NE) and 6 Co-Sponsors. establish the Coastal Impact Assistance H. R. 3824. Pombo (R/CA) and 13 Co- Amends the Energy Policy Act of 1992 to Program, to provide assistance to States Sponsors. Amends and reauthorize the direct the Secretary of Energy to carry out under the Land and Water Conservation ESA to provide greater results in conserv- activities that promote the adoption of Fund Act of 1965, to ensure adequate ing and recovering listed species, and for technologies that reduce GHG intensity funding for conserving and restoring other purposes. and to provide credit-based financial wildlife, to assist local governments in assistance and investment protection for improving local park and recreation H. R. 4857. McMorris (R/WA) and 5 Co- projects that employ advanced climate systems, and for other purposes. Sponsors. Better inform consumers technologies or systems, and for other regarding costs associated with purposes. H. R. 524. Berkley (D/NV). Amends the compliance for protecting endangered and Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to provide threatened species under the ESA S. 1151. McCain (R/AZ) and Lieberman incentives for the conservation of water. (D/CT). Provides for a program to

18 River Crossings - Volume 15 - Number 2 - March/April 2006

Energy Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance S. 961. Rockefeller (D/WV) and H. R. Prevention and Control Act of 1990 to 1600. Cubin (R/WY) and 4 Co-Sponsors. S. 1860. Domenici (R/NM) and 5 Co- reauthorize and improve that Act. Amends the Surface Mining Control and sponsors. Amends the Energy Policy Act Reclamation Act of 1977 to reauthorize of 2005 to improve energy production S. 1402. DeWine (R/OH) and 7 Co- and reform the Abandoned Mine and reduce energy demand through Sponsors and H. R. 3049. Green (R/WI). Reclamation Program, and for other improved use of reclaimed waters, and for Asian Carp Prevention and Control Act purposes. other purposes. amends the Lacey Act, to add certain species of carp to the federal list of S. 1701. Thomas (R/WY) and Enzi (R/ H. R. 140. McHugh (R/NY). Promotes injurious species that are prohibited from WY). Amends the Surface Mining use of anaerobic digesters by agricultural being imported or shipped. Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 to producers and rural small businesses to improve the reclamation of abandoned produce renewable energy and improve S. 1541. Akaka (D/HI) and 3 Co-Sponsors. mines. environmental quality. Protects, conserves, and restores public land administered by the Department of the H. R. 905. Cubin (R/WY). Amends the H. R. 174. Millender-McDonald (D/CA). Interior or the Forest Service and adjacent Mineral Leasing Act to provide for the Encourages greater use of geothermal land through cooperative cost-shared development of Federal coal resources. energy resources. grants to control and mitigates the spread of invasive species, and for other pur- H. R. 1165. Kanjorski (D/PA) and 6 Co- H. R. 2064. Udall (D/CO). Assures that poses. Sponsors. Amends the Internal Revenue development of certain Federal oil and Code of 1986 to allow a credit against gas resources will occur in ways that income tax to holders of bonds issued to protect water resources and respect the finance land and water reclamation of rights of the surface owners, and for abandoned mine land areas. other purposes. H. R. 1265. Udall (D/CO). Provides a Federal Water Pollution Control Act source of funding for the reclamation of (FWPCA) Amendments: abandoned hardrock mines, and for other purposes. S. 912. Feingold (D/WI) and 8 Co- Sponsors and H.R. 1356. Oberstar (D/ H. R. 1266. Udall (D/CO) and Salazar (D/ MN) and 125 Co-Sponsors. Amends the CO). Facilitates the reclamation of FWPCA to clarify the jurisdiction of the H. R. 489. Pearce (R/NM). Provides for an abandoned hardrock mines, and for other U.S. over waters of the U.S. assessment of the extent of the invasion of purposes. Salt Cedar and Russian Olive on lands in S. 1400. Chafee (R/RI) and 3 Co- the Western U.S. and efforts to date to H. R. 2721. Peterson (R/PA) and 16 Co- Sponsors. Amends the FWPCA and the control such invasion on public and Sponsors. Amends the Surface Mining Safe Drinking Water Act to improve water private lands, including tribal lands, to Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 to and wastewater infrastructure in the U.S. . establish a demonstration program to reauthorize collection of reclamation fees, address the invasion of Salt Cedar and revise the abandoned mine reclamation H. R. 74. Davis (R/VA). Amends the Russian Olive, and for other purposes. program and for other purposes. FWPCA to impose limitations on wetlands mitigation activities carried out H. R. 1592. Ehlers (R/MI) and 5 Co- Public Lands through the condemnation of private Sponsors. Establishes marine and property. freshwater research, development, and S. 1897. Corzine (D/NJ) and Dodd (D/ demonstration programs to support efforts CT). Amends the Forest and Rangeland Invasive Species to prevent, control, and eradicate invasive Renewable Resources Planning Act of species, as well as to educate citizens and 1974 and related laws to strengthen the S. 363. Inouye (D/HI) and 3 Co-Spon- stakeholders and restore ecosystems. protection of native biodiversity and ban sors. Amends the Nonindigenous clearcutting on Federal land, and for other Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Mining purposes. Control Act of 1990 to establish vessel ballast water management requirements, S. RES. 64. Jeffords (I/VT) and 7 Co- H. R. 599. Udall (D/CO) and Tancredo (R/ and for other purposes. Sponsors. Expresses the sense of the CO). Provides a source of funds to carry Senate that the U.S. should prepare a out restoration activities on Federal lands S. 507. De Wine (R/OH) and 4 Co- comprehensive strategy for advancing and under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of Sponsors and H. R. 1593. Ehlers (R/MI). entering into international negotiations on the Interior or the Secretary of Agricul- Establishes the National Invasive Species a binding agreement that would swiftly ture, and for other purposes. Council, and for other purposes. reduce global mercury use and pollution to levels sufficient to protect public health H. R. 975. Tancredo (R/CO) and 5 Co- S. 770. Levin (D/MI) and 12 Co- and the environment. Sponsors. Provides consistent enforce- Sponsors and H.R. 1591. Gilchrest (R/ ment authority to BLM, NPS, FWS, and MD) and 4 Co-Sponsors. Amends the FS to respond to violations of regulations 19 River Crossings - Volume 15 - Number 2 - March/April 2006 regarding the management, use, and for improvements to rivers and harbors of H. R. 135. Linder (R/GA) and 8 Co- protection of public lands under the the U.S., and for other purposes. Sponsors. Establishes the “Twenty-First jurisdiction of these agencies, and for Century Water Commission” to study and other purposes. S. 753. Feingold (D/WI) and McCain (R/ develop recommendations for a compre- AZ). Provides for modernization and hensive water strategy to address future H. R. 3166. Grijalva (D/AZ). Provides improvement of the Corps of Engineers, and water needs. compensation to livestock operators for other purposes. who voluntarily relinquish a grazing H. R. 391. Leach (R/IA). Directs the permit or lease on Federal lands where S. 802. Domenici (R/NM) and 10 Co- Secretary of the Army to convey the conflicts with other multiple uses render Sponsors and H. R. 1386. Hastings (D/FL) remaining water supply storage allocation livestock grazing impractical, and for and 24 Co-Sponsors. Establishes a National in Rathbun Lake, IA, to the Rathbun other purposes. Drought Council within the Department of Regional Water Association. Agriculture, to improve national drought Water Resources preparedness, mitigation, and response H. R. 487. Pearce (R/NM). Imposes efforts, and for other purposes. limitations on the authority of the S. 232. Smith (R/OR). Authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to claim title or Secretary of the Interior, acting through S. 1017. Chaffee (R/RI) and 10 Co- other rights to water absent specific the Bureau of Reclamation, to assist in Sponsors. Reauthorizes grants for the water direction of law or to abrogate, injure, or the implementation of fish passage and resources research and technology otherwise impair any right to the use of screening facilities at non-Federal water institutes established under the Water any quantity of water. projects, and for other purposes. Resources Research Act of 1984. H. R. 1368. Burgess (R/TX) and 2 Co- S. 353. Conrad (D/ND) and Dorgan (D/ S. 2288. Feingold (D/WI) and McCain (R/ Sponsors. Provides the Secretary of the ND). Amends the Water Resources AZ). Modernizes water resources planning, Army with additional and enhanced Development Act of 1999 to direct the and for other purposes. authority with respect to water resources Secretary of the Army to provide projects, and for other purposes. assistance to design and construct a H. CON. RES. 120. Schakowsky (D/IL) and project to provide a continued safe and 23 Co-Sponsors. Expresses the sense of H. R. 4588. Doolittle (R/CA). reliable municipal water supply system Congress with regard to the world’s Reauthorizes grants for and requires for Devils Lake, ND. freshwater resources. applied water supply research regarding the water resources research and S. 728. Bond (R/MO) and 17 Co- H. R. 109. Herseth (D/SD). Provides technology institutes established under Sponsors and H.R. 2864 (Passed by the compensation to the Lower Brule and Crow the Water Resources Research Act of House). Provides for the consideration Creek Sioux Tribes of South Dakota for 1984. and development of water and related damage to tribal land caused by Pick-Sloan resources, to authorize the Secretary of Projects along the Missouri River. Source: http://www.gpoaccess.gov/bills/ the Army to construct various projects index.html

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