Fascism 9 (2020) 195-220 Antifascist Athletes? A Reappraisal of the 1936 Berlin Olympics Keith Rathbone Department of History and Archaeology, Macquarie University, Faculty of Arts, Sydney, Australia
[email protected] Abstract In Olympia, Leni Riefenstahl offered representations of idealized Aryan athletes and their democratic counterparts, including Jesse Owens. Her evocative images shaped historical memory and the historiography of the Berlin Games as either a German propaganda victory or a moment of athletic antifascist resistance. The notion of the Berlin Games populated with ‘democratic’ and ‘fascist’ athletes is largely ahistorical. Riefenstahl’s fascist/antifascist dyad prompted scholars to ask questions about appropriate athletic behaviors, but it also required them to elide contrary histories, including Owens’ own experiences of racial segregation in the United States. A more holistic view of the Games, that encompasses both the antifascist resistance to it and the ultimate decision of most athletes to attend, confounds any analysis that slips sportsmen and women into neat heuristic categories of fascist and antifascist and opens the door to the possibility of personal politics outside of the dyad of fascism/ antifascism. Keywords Germany – antifascism – Berlin Olympics – sport – National Socialism On 8 August 1936, The Chicago Defender published an article entitled, ‘Owens “Takes” Olympics,’ in which they trumpeted Jesse Owen’s Berlin Games achieve- ments. ‘Owens is the god of the sports fans here. He has effectively demon- strated his superiority.’ The article featured a full-length photo of the runner, smiling broadly. The caption read: ‘Ohio State’s brilliant athlete is without a © Keith Rathbone, 2020 | doi:10.1163/22116257-09010002 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the prevailing cc-by-nc license at the time of publication.