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Teahouses and the Tea Art: a Study on the Current Trend of Tea Culture in China and the Changes in Tea Drinking Tradition

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Teahouses and the Tea Art: a Study on the Current Trend of Tea Culture in China and the Changes in Tea Drinking Tradition View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives Teahouses and the Tea Art: A Study on the Current Trend of Tea Culture in China and the Changes in Tea Drinking Tradition LI Jie Master's Thesis in East Asian Culture and History (EAST4591 – 60 Credits – Autumn 2015) Department of Culture Studies and Oriental Languages Faculty of Humanities UNIVERSITY OF OSLO 24 November, 2015 © LI Jie 2015 Teahouses and the Tea Art: A Study on the Current Trend of Tea Culture in China and the Changes in Tea Drinking Tradition LI Jie http://www.duo.uio.no Print: University Print Center, University of Oslo II Summary The subject of this thesis is tradition and the current trend of tea culture in China. In order to answer the following three questions “ whether the current tea culture phenomena can be called “tradition” or not; what are the changes in tea cultural tradition and what are the new features of the current trend of tea culture; what are the endogenous and exogenous factors which influenced the change in the tea drinking tradition”, I did literature research from ancient tea classics and historical documents to summarize the development history of Chinese tea culture, and used two month to do fieldwork on teahouses in Xi’an so that I could have a clear understanding on the current trend of tea culture. It is found that the current tea culture is inherited from tradition and changed with social development. Tea drinking traditions have become more and more popular with diverse forms. It closely combined with the social economy. Moreover, the changes in tradition are influenced by human beings and the social environment. The requirements for convenience and equality have influenced the changes in tradition endogenously while the economic and political influences as well as western cultures and development of mass media are the exogenous factors which have made the changes in tea drinking tradition. III IV Foreword I WOULD LIKE TO THANK my dearest mother and father for always loving me, helping me and supporting me from all aspects of my life. my boyfriend Zhengyang, for always being good company with full love and support. my supervisor, Rune Svarverud, for giving me clear guidance with constructive comments, and always being patient to me. I would not finish my thesis without his support and encouragement. my teachers, Halvor Eifring and Christoph Harbsmier, for teaching me practical knowledges of East Asian Studies, and giving me useful suggestions. my friend Qiu Fen, for alwarys supporting me and giving me kind and precious help. my former collegagues from UNESCO Beijing Office, for discussing with me and giving me critical academic suggestions. my friends who lived in the same student village with me, for supporting me and encouraging me. the interviwees who I met from each teahouses in Xi’an, for answering my questions nicely and patiently. I wish you all the best! V VI Table of Contents 1.Introduction ...................................................................................................................................1 1.1Research subject, questions and background...........................................................................2 1.2Sources.....................................................................................................................................5 1.2.1Primary Sources................................................................................................................5 1.2.2Secondary Sources ...........................................................................................................6 1.3Content Structure.....................................................................................................................8 2.Theory and Methodology............................................................................................................11 2.1Theory....................................................................................................................................11 2.2Method...................................................................................................................................12 2.2.1Literature research..........................................................................................................12 2.2.2Social investigation.........................................................................................................13 3.Chinese Tea Culture and the Development of Chinese Teahouse...............................................15 3.1Introduction of Chinese Tea Culture.....................................................................................15 3.1.1Definition of Tea Culture...............................................................................................15 3.1.2Formation of Tea Culture...............................................................................................18 3.2The process of development and evolution of Chinese teahouses........................................20 3.2.1The burgeon in Western and Eastern Jin dynasties........................................................22 3.2.2The rise in Tang dynasty and Lu Yu’s Chajing..............................................................23 3.2.3The boom in Song dynasty.............................................................................................25 3.2.4The continuous development in Ming and Qing............................................................27 3.2.5The new trend and vigorous growth in the late Qing dynasty and the Republic China period..............................................................................................................................................28 4.Analysis on the current situation of modern teahouses...............................................................31 4.1Brief introduction of modern teahouses................................................................................31 4.2Research and analysis of the current teahouse phenomenon.................................................33 4.2.1Time, place and method of the investigation..................................................................33 4.2.2The basis for choosing teahouses and the methods of investigation..............................33 4.2.3Data analysis of the fieldwork........................................................................................36 4.3Three types of teahouses which represent the current trend of teahouses.............................39 4.3.1Tea art house...................................................................................................................39 4.3.2Tea restaurant..................................................................................................................41 VII 4.3.3Teahouse with performances..........................................................................................41 4.4Summary................................................................................................................................43 5.Cultural tradition and innovation of modern teahouses...............................................................45 5.1The concept of tradition.........................................................................................................45 5.2The transmission of tradition on teahouses culture...............................................................46 5.2.1Material carriers..............................................................................................................47 5.2.2Practices..........................................................................................................................50 5.2.3Intangible wealth – cultural inheritance.........................................................................52 6.New Features of Modern Tea Culture, and the Endogenous and Exogenous Factors of the Changes in the Tea Drinking Tradition......................................................................................58 6.1New features in the current trend of tea culture....................................................................58 6.1.1The close combination of tea culture and economy.......................................................58 6.1.2Popularization.................................................................................................................59 6.1.3The cross-regional communication of tea culture ..........................................................61 6.1.4The diversified forms of tea art culture..........................................................................62 6.2The endogenous and exogenous factors................................................................................64 6.2.1Endogenous factors.........................................................................................................64 6.2.2Exogenous factors...........................................................................................................65 7.Conclusion...................................................................................................................................70 Bibliography...................................................................................................................................74 Appendix 1.....................................................................................................................................79 Appendix 2.....................................................................................................................................80
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