UNIT 3.
SPAIN IN THE XIX CENTURY
1. The end of the Old Regime 1.1 Carlos IV and the War of Independence 1.2 Galicia during the War of Independence 2. Fernando VII 2.1. Politics 2.2. The Independence of the American colonies 3. Isabel II 4. The Revolutionary Sexennium 5. The Restoration
1 SPAIN IN THE 19th CENTURY (SEEN THROUGH ART)
Art can be a great way to understand our history. Every period of our History has been reflected by painters, sculptors, photographers or film- makers. Let´s have a look at Spain in the 19th century with the help of our friends (the artists)
TASK 1. BRAINSTORM
Let´s check what you remember from unit 1.
We can say that the transition from the Old Regime to Liberalism happens in Spain during the 19th century. Try to relate these features with either the Old Regime or the Liberalism
Absolute Monarchy Parliament Constitution Equality (same rights for everybody) Different rights and duties for every state No middle classes Sovereignty resides in the nation
TASK 2
In pairs, try to arrange this biography of Goya.
GOYA´S BIOGRAPHY….TEXT IN PARTS
The French occupation in 1808 inspires him two major works (The 2nd of May and The 3rd of May) and the series of engravings “The Disasters Of War”
He started painting cartoons for the Royal Tapestry Factory (in Madrid) during the reign of Charles IV. They were scenes about the customs of the Spanish people like The parasol, The snow or La gallina ciega
After a serious illness, Goya became deaf. In 1819 he went to live to a house called “La Quinta del Sordo”, where he painted the expressionist Black Paintings. At that time, Fernando VII was reigning and he had restored the Ancient Regime.
2 Francisco de Goya was a great painter who cannot be classified into any style. He was a great pioneer, an artist fond of changes and innovation. He studied in the Academy (San Fernando Royal Academy), so his first works belonged to the neoclassical style, but he tried new techniques and themes in a unique way of painting
Between 1820 and 1823, Liberals forced the King to govern Spain following the Constitution. But in 1823, Fernando VII restored Absolutism and persecuted Liberals. In 1824, Goya had to exile to France where he painted his last work, the Milkmaid of Bordeaux
In 1800, he became the painter of the Court. There, he portrayed the members of the nobility (The Duchess of Alba), ministers and afrancesados (Jovellanos, Godoy) and of course, the Royal Family (The family of Charles IV)
TASK 3
Watch the video (20:00-23:00) and complete the sentences with the information you get from it.
In _____Goya painted “The Miracle of Saint Anthony”, at Madrid’s church of ______
His best customers at that time were______
He became a friend of the Duchess of Alba because______
One painting in particular gave rise to the speculation that the they were lovers:______
According to the video, Goya and the Duchess of Alba were not lovers but______
3 TASK 4
Watch this chapter of the film (26:50-28:50) and complete these sentences with the suitable word. Choose them from the list below
Goya is now the painter of the______This portrait of the Royal Family is a______one The figure of the king lacks______Queen Maria Luisa is highlighted because she is the real______in Spain Goya appears______the group This painting was ______by Velazquez’s “Las Meninas”
Power inspired court honest behind dignity
TASK 5 (29:30-34:36)
Watch the video and answer the questions:
Can you name the technique used by Goya in “Los Caprichos”? What about the theme?
The most important engraving of the series is entitled______
The meaning of this engraving is not clear, but it is related to an 18th century movement called______
“The burial of the sardine” can be seen as a reflection of the Spanish society. One of the following words can be used to describe 18th century Spanish society: Reason superstition science modernization
The Inquisition was______the Enlightenment
The Inquisition censored two works by Goya. Which ones?
4 TASK 6
- Watch the video ( 34:36-39:12) and complete the sentences with the suitable word
Charles IV was overthrown by his son______in March 1808 Napoleon took Madrid in May 1808 and his brother______was crowned King of Spain After the French occupation, the War of Independence started. It was a very cruel war, reflected by Goya’s work______Two very important paintings by Goya reflected the revolt of the people of Madrid against the French army: the______and the______Goya didn’t paint these works in 1808, but some years later, in______In 1812 Goya painted the “Colossus”, which is a metaphor for____ In 1814, after the War of Independence, king______returns
5 TASK 7 Charles IV and his family
Watch this painting and answer the questions
a) Who is the most relevant character in the painting? b) Can you describe the King and the Queen? c) What are the members of the Royal Family wearing? d) Where do you think that the picture was painted? e) Where does the light come from? f) Do you think that they feel proud of being portrayed? g) Can you spot the painter among the family? Where is he?
6 TASK 8: The 2nd of May 1808 Watch the painting and answer the questions
a) What are the main differences between the French soldiers and the Spanish rebels? b) What can you see in the background? And in the foreground? c) Can you describe the picture in one word?
7 TASK 9 The 3rd of May 1808
- Watch the painting and answer the questions.
a) Why do you think they are being shot? b) Look at the main character. Could you describe his appearance and the expression of his face? c) What is the role of the light in this picture? d) Where does the execution take place? e) Can you divide the painting into two parts?
8 TASK 10 Con razón o sin ella (Disasters of war)
Look at this engraving and try to describe the feelings of Goya towards the War of Independence
9 TASK 11 MAP COMPREHENSION
Look at the map about the War of Independence and mark TRUE or FALSE and say wether the following statements are true or false:
a) The Spaniards were helped by England in this war b) Bailen was a French victory c) Spain and Portugal were allies and fought against France d) The Spanish army was defeated at Talavera e) Cataluña was the first Spanish region to be freed
Map http://www.sabuco.com/historia/images/Guerra%20de%20la %20Independencia.jpg
10 TASK 12 Fernando VII/Louis XIV
Louis XIV of France can be considered the best example of an Absolute Monarch. If we compare these two portraits, we can discover the ideology of Fernando VII. a) Write a sentence to explain this b) The Constitution of 1812 established the basic ideas of Liberalism. Do you think that Fernando VII would agree with those ideas? Why? c) We can conclude that, after the War of Independence, Fernando VII restored ______
TASK 13
Complete the following sentences about the War of Independence:
a) The Spanish War of Independence started in____and ended in_____.It was a war between______. The Spanish allies were______and______. Some of the most important battles were______. When the war finished______
11 TASK 14 The Milkmaid at Bourdeaux
Goya painted this last work in 1824, some days before his death. He was living in France at that moment. Can you imagine why?
- Which political changes forced Goya to flee to France? - What kind of people would do the same?
12 TASK 15 The South American Independence
Read the text, watch the map, and complete the chart about South American Independence
“By 1800 Spain and Portugal still ruled vast colonies in America. Some colonies tried to break free, but none succeeded. When Napoleon invaded Spain and Portugal, the colonies decided to fight for independence. The main fight against Spanish rule was led by Simon Bolivar from Venezuela and José de San Martin from Argentina. In 1816, San Martín led his country to gain independence from Spain. In 1817, San Martin and O ´Higgins defeated the Spanish army at the battle of Chacabuco (Chile). Chile became independent in 1818. Bolivar´s fight was longer and more difficult. He was defeated several times by the Spaniards but in 1819 he surprised the Spanish army at the battle of Boyoca (Colombia). A series of victories began. Two years later he freed Venezuela and, in 1822, he freed Ecuador and Panama from Spanish rule. Meanwhile, in 1821, Iturbide declared the independence of Mexico. In 1824, Peru and Bolivia were liberated. He tried to create a great state similar to the United States of America, called the Republic of Gran Colombia, but he didn’t succeed”
YEAR NEW INDEPENDENT COUNTRIES LEADER
1816 1818 1819 1821 1822 1824
13 14 TASK 16. The Queen
Write the following sentences below the right picture: - She was the eldest daughter of Fernando VII. - He was the brother of Fernando VII - His father proclaimed her queen, changing the Salic Law for this purporse. - He did not agree with his brother´s decission and started a war against his niece. - She was supported by the Cortes, the Liberals and the Army. - He was the leader of several wars named after him (“Carlistas”).
TASK 17. Read the following text and answer the questions:
Isabel II
Isabel was crowned as queen in 1833. Then, Liberals reached the power; but they became splitted into Moderates – more conservatives- and Progressives- those who supported the Constitution of 1812. The Constitution allowed the Queen to designate the government, and she and her mother always preferred the Moderates. So, the Progressives usually came to power by force (pronunciamientos). Different Constitutions were written during this period.
15 Progressive Constitutions (1837) Moderate Constitution (1845)
Constitutional Monarchy Constitutional Monarchy
Sovereignty: the people Sovereignty: the king and the people
Restricted suffrage Very restricted suffrage Catholicism but tolerance Catholicism of the state
The Progressives made an important economic reform called desamortización. As the state needed money, the Church lands were confiscated and sold by auction. Nevertheless, they were not bought by peasants, but by speculators, local nobles and friends of the government. The State obtained money to continue Carlist wars, but the poor lost the opportunity to acquire rural lands. In Galicia, the desamortizacións did not have a big effect on the land property, as the investors were not interested in the agricultural development. This affected the progress of new techniques and improvements of the Galician countryside. By 1860, the political system was not able to cope with the problems of the Spanish society. Some new ideas appeared, such as Democracy (which asked for universal suffrage), Republicanism (which asked for the abolition of the monarchy) and Anarchism. The social situation was unstable, and there were many workers and student riots. In 1868, Generals Prim and Serrano led an uprising, and forced the Queen to leave Spain. This marked the beginning of a time called “Sexenio Revolucionario” (1868-1874)
a) True or false? If the sentence is false, correct it: - Isabel II was Queen of Spain from 1833 to 1863. - She always preferred a Conservative government. - Queen Isabel II ruled the country under the Constitution of 1812. - During all her reign, people supported Queen Isabel II.
b) Answer briefly the following questions: - Which were the reasons for the desamortización? - What was the desamortización? - Did the desamortización give advantages to the low classes?
16 TASK 18. Work in groups of five: try to put in order the following sentences:
a) In 1874, the pronunciamiento of the General Pavía and the dissolution of the Cortes brought the I Spanish Republic to an end. Alfonso XII, Isabel´s son, was named king. b) When he left Spain, the Cortes, in an extraordinary assembly, decided to declare the first Spanish Republic. c) In 1869 Liberals proclaimed the first Democratic Constitution of Spain. It included universal suffrage (for males older than 25), and declared a parliamentary monarchy. d) It lasted twenty-three months, between February 11th, 1873 and December 29th, 1874, and it had five presidents. Among its main ideals were the modernization of Spain and the improvement of workers life. e) In 1870, the Parliament chose a new king , Amadeo I, prince of Savoy (Italy). He tried to rule the country, but he came up against many problems: a new Carlist war, the war in Cuba and the continuous quarrels between republicans and conservatives that forced frequent changes in the Government. In 1873 he abdicated. f) But the Republic had to deal with the old problems (war in Cuba and the third Carlist war) and with a new one (the cantonalist rising of the South). The country fell into a complete chaos.
Now, complete the following chart:
Type of government Main characteristics and problems 1870-1873
1873-1874
TASK 19. Try to match the following words with their definition:
Bourbonian Restoration System where the local powerholders or bosses (usually powerful rich landowners) controlled political life by fixing elections. Turno pacífico It meant not only the return of the monarchy, but also a return to old times. Caciquismo System where the king appointed alternatively a prime minister of each party, and the new prime minister won the elections.
17 Now read this text and check if you were right: The Restoration The so-called Bourbonian Restoration meant not only the return of the monarchy, but also the return of the nobility. In fact, it was a return to old times. There was little industrialization and the country belonged to powerful landowners. Peasants and the working-class lived a miserable life. The Restoration was based on a new moderated Constitution (1876), which was quite conservative. It established restricted suffrage, sovereignty shared between the king and the Cortes, and tried to join all Spaniards. This Constitution survived until 1923. The ruling political system was created by Cánovas del Castillo, a politician determined to end the pronunciamentos and revolutions. He invented a two-party system which would allow a Liberal party, led by Sagasta, and a Conservative party, led by Cánovas himself, to alternate in power. It was done according to a system called turno pacífico: the king appointed alternatively a prime minister of each party, and the new prime minister won the elections. It was institutionalized electoral corruption where the leaders of both parties decided in advance who was to be the new president. The few men who were allowed to vote, only chose what was already determined. The turno pacífico was supported by Caciquismo, a system where the local powerholders or bosses (usually powerful rich landowners) controlled political life by fixing elections. They ordered their neighbours who to vote to, and nobody dared not to do it. Their socio-economic power often remained intact, and they were a constant obstacle to democratic and progressive reforms in Spain. This situation injured the political system and provoked the unrest in the politicians. King Alfonso XII died in 1885, but this fraudulent system kept being used, in order to protect his widow, María Cristina. She was the regent until 1902, when her son Alfonso XIII of Spain assumed the power.
TASK 20. True or false? a) The Bourbonian Restoration was a constitutional monarchy. b) The Restoration took modernization and welfare to Spain. c) The turno pacífico was accepted by all politicians. d) The turno pacífico was a political corruption, as the new prime minister was in fact chosen before the elections. e) The Caciques were regional politicians . f) The Caciques were sometimes stronger than politicians. g) The turno pacífico came to an end when King Alfonso XII died. h) When King Alfonso XII died, his wife María Cristina was crowned Queen of Spain.
18 i) Alfonso XIII was named King of Spain in 1902.
TASK 21. Complete the following chart about the Spanish constitutions in the 19th century:
Constitution 1812 1845 1869 1876 Sovereignty
Suffrage
Religion
Ideology
TASK 22. Work in pairs. Make a timeline of the Spanish kings and queens during the 19th century.
1788 1902
TASK 23. Make a timeline with the different types of governments in Spain during the 19th century. Use a different colour for each type.
1788 1902
19 TASK 24. Match the word with its definition:
Congress of Verona Castillian Parliament Afrancesado Armed forces organized in small groups Making surprise attacks and acting independently Constitution Troops formed by students and teachers during the War of Independence Pronunciamiento One of the main battles in Galicia during the War of Independence Patriotas Meeting where France and Austria offered military help to Fernando VII against Liberals. Prince of Asturias Rule, supreme power Juntas Voluntary resignation from being king or queen Sovereignity Nickname of Fernando VII Batallón literario Supporters of revolutionary and enlightened ideas Cortes Opposed to king José I Guerrilla Principles according to which a country is organized The desired king Title of the heir to the thone Abdication Women cannot inherit the throne Salic Law Assembly Reconquista Military uprising
TASK 25. Words to play with in groups (definitions): Moderates, Progressives, Carlist Wars, regent, cacique, turno pacífico, desamortización, First Spanish Republic.
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