DOCSLIB.ORG

Toitū Te Marae a Tāne

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Toitū Te Marae a Tāne Te whakatō tipu whakapaipai ngahere Forest enrichment planting Diverse and abundant plants and Today only 5% of Wellington’s original animals once cloaked the Wellington lowland broadleaf-podocarp forest and landscape from hilltops to sea. 1% of original coastal forest remains. Northern rātā was a common sight These remnants provide sanctuary for emerging through the canopy along the surviving native birds and insects with rimu, mataī, kahikatea, pukatea and are an important seed source for and tōtara. Below them stood a dense forest restoration and planting. cover of tawa, kohekohe, kāmahi, In the remaining old forest remnants, titoki, hīnau and kōwhai. The forest like Otari-Wilton’s Bush and the Botanic interiors were thick with climbers like Garden, the range of native plants and kiekie and supplejack, and the forest animals present is much diminished floor carpeted with ferns. Tieke, piopio, from what it once was. robin, kokako, stitchbird, banded rail, kiwi, weka, kererū, kākā and huia Council, community groups and would have called through the trees landowners throughout the city are and tuatara would have scurried in and working hard to re-establish a wider out of sea bird burrows feasting range of species in the regenerating on eggs. forests to bring back some of the rarer species that are special to Wellington. A history of logging, burn-off, clearance Planting a wider range of species for farming and development, and in regenerating forests is known as planting of macrocarpa and pines ‘enrichment planting’. Enrichment has resulted in a substantial loss of planting can both increase biodiversity Wellington's forests over time. as well as start to provide for more complex ecological relationships between plants and animals. Wellington City Council Nōhanga Habitat Typically, the structure of Wellington forests would have looked similar to the diagram below. Otari–Wilton’s Bush is one of the few areas where this structure remains, including a rich abundance of ferns and grasses covering the ground. The composition of the species changes depending on aspect, whether it is a valley floor or hillside, elevation, and whether the canopy is dominated by māhoe, tawa or kohekohe as well as proximity to the sea. Tawa dominated canopy with typical gully species Broadleaf- podocarp forest structure Emergent trees Kahikatea Tōtara Pukatea Northern Canopy Rimu Rātā layer Rewarewa Miro Kamahi Mataī Tawa Hīnau Sub-canopy Kānuka Pigeon Understorey Wood layers Māhoe Coprosma Seedlings and leaf litter layer 56 Restoration planting sites Te whakatō tipu Planting “Get to know and understand the whole ecosystem you are working in. It’s not just about getting plants in the ground, it’s about looking at ecological relationships, mix of species, pollination, habitat for rare species - all the things that mean a forest can sustain itself. Check out old photos, The aim of enrichment planting It is necessary to plant species visit the old remnant is to re-establish a more natural where there is no, or limited, composition of native plants by seed source close by. For species forests, talk to or join reintroducing absent species and where seed source exists, you other planting groups, increasing the number of species can help the natural process of through a site or local area. bird and wind seed dispersal or look for books and by controlling weeds to reduce Your site should already have shelter science papers that competition for space, light and from existing native shrubs and nutrients. Dropping seed into describe what the trees, and weeds and animal pests suitable locations may be all that is should be well managed so that forests used to look required to establish some species. young planted and regenerating like. Make a plan and seedlings can survive. There will As plants establish and start to likely be seedlings already naturally produce seed and the conditions stage your planting regenerating on the forest floor and for natural seed germination and over several years to a range of microclimates throughout seedling establishment improve, the site. If your site does not have the natural forest structure get the right mix of adequate shelter, check out other will gradually redevelop. Seed shelter and species.” sections for earlier stage planting, dispersers, like tūī, kererū and eg Restoration planting on inland kākā, will move from area to Joakim, Miramar hillsides, valleys and basins. area feeding and introducing other native species. Usually, enrichment planting does not require close spacing of plants – in fact, it is better to distribute the plants more widely within existing plantings. Look for suitable microsites and (Above) Bush rice think about the conditions that grass, establishing well on the the plants naturally prefer. forest floor. 57 Wellington City Council Te papa ngahere me ngā momo tipu kei raro iho i te kāuru o te ngahere Forest floor, understorey and sub-canopy species The forest floor includes a wide range of mosses, ferns, grasses, Tips for planting and ground covers and leaf litter restoring forest floor, dropped from taller canopy plants. understorey and sub- It is generally a shady and moist canopy species environment that provides the Control weeds such as Wandering conditions needed for native willie so that native seeds and fern seeds to germinate and grow. spore can germinate and grow A wider range of forest floor, without being smothered. Weed understorey and sub-canopy around young naturally regenerating shrubs can be planted once there is seedlings as well as planted seedlings. a canopy of taller trees providing shelter and lower light levels. Plant in between naturally regenerating seedlings. Plant in groups of about 3 plants in a triangular pattern so they shelter can each other. Mix species up so you don’t have a monoculture. Plant ground covers, herbs and ferns at around 0.5 metre spacings. Plant shrubs and smaller plants at around 0.1 metre spacings. Ferns are notoriously hard to grow but will naturally colonise bank and rock faces in damp shady situations. Try making small vertical cuts into sloping ground in suitably damp, shady places on your site to (Above, right) Ferns encourage fern development. Lay and seedlings fertile fronds from fern and tree colonising the damp ferns onto damp surfaces; hold them understorey on the valley floor in place with something heavy. (Right) Microsorum Once the canopy has reached a scandens with ripe height that can be walked under, spores - try pinning spore-laden fern fronds try establishing some of the wind spore side down, on the and frost tender species such as forest floor. Check first kawakawa or hangehange. to make sure the spore is ripe Ferns often colonise Wind-blown banks and rock spores faces in damp, shady situations; spores are blown onto these faces. Try making small vertical cuts into sloping ground in suitably damp, shady places on your site to encourage fern development. 58 Restoration planting sites Plant list for forest floor, understorey and sub-canopy species Enhancement forest planting – forest floor, understorey and subcanopy Planting site Life form Plant preferences & tolerances Abundance Māori/ Botanical Forest Under- Sub Life form Soil Light Frost Wind Common name name floor storey canopy moisture levels tolerant tolerant needs Microlaena Grass, Bush rice grass Semi-moist Shade Exposed avenacea • 0.4m ++ Fine-leaved Sedge, Semi- Carex banksiana Semi-moist Exposed hook sedge • 0.5m shade + Sedge, Semi Forest sedge Carex dissita Semi-moist Exposed • 0.5m shade ++ Carex Sedge, Semi- Trip-me-up Semi-moist flagellifera • 0.4m shade ++ Geniostoma ligustrifolium Shrub to Semi- Frost Hangehange Semi-moist var. • 2 m shade tender ++ ligustrifolium Kamu / Hook Sedge, Semi- Carex uncinata Semi-moist Exposed grass • 0.4m shade ++ Kakaha / Bush Flax-like Semi- Astelia fragrans Semi-moist Exposed flax • herb, 1m shade + Semi Coprosma Kanono Shrub Semi moist shade Exposed grandifolia •• +++ to sun Shrub/ Semi- Frost Kawakawa Piper excelsum Semi-moist Exposed • small tree shade tender +++ Lowland Pseudowintera Small tree, Semi Semi moist When Exposed horopito axillaris • 7m shade + mature Māhoe / Melicytus Semi moist Semi Tree to 5m When Moderate Whitey wood ramiflorus • to dry shade ++ mature Sedge, Māpere / Razor Gahnia setifolia flowers to Dry Sun Moderate sedge • + 3m Flax-like Mīkoikoi / New Libertia Semi- shrub, Semi-moist Zealand iris grandifolia • shade ++ 0.7m Flax-like Mīkoikoi/ New Semi- Libertia ixioides shrub, Semi-moist Zealand iris • shade + 0.7m + use sparingly ++ use commonly +++ use plentifully yes • categorised 59 Wellington City Council Plant list for forest floor, understorey and sub-canopy species (cont.) Enhancement forest planting – forest floor, understorey and subcanopy Planting site Life form Plant preferences & tolerances Abundance Māori/ Botanical Forest Under- Sub Life form Soil Light Frost Wind Common name name floor storey canopy moisture levels tolerant tolerant needs Semi Porokaiwhiri, Hedycarya Tree to 8m Semi moist shade to When Moderate pigeonwood arborea • +++ sun mature Carpodetus Moist to Putaputawētā Tree to 5m Shade When Moderate serratus • semi moist ++ mature Lophomrytus Moist to Ramarama Tree to 5m Shade When Moderate bullata • semi moist ++ mature Round-leaved Coprosma Shrub 2 – Semi Semi moist When Moderate coprosma rotundifolia • 4m shade ++ mature Sedge, Semi- Speckled sedge Carex testacea Semi-moist • 0.4m shade ++ Semi Thin-leaved Coprosma Shrub to Semi moist shade to coprosma areolata • 3m ++ sun Tussock- Tūrutu / NZ Semi- Dianella nigra like herb, Semi-moist Moderate blueberry • shade +++ up to 0.5m + use sparingly ++ use commonly +++ use plentifully yes • categorised 60 Restoration planting sites Te kāuru o te ngahere me ngā rākau teitei e tipu tonu ana Canopy and emergent tall trees The forest floor includes a wide range of mosses, ferns, grasses, ground covers and leaf litter dropped from taller canopy plants. It is generally a shady and moist environment that provides the conditions needed for native seeds to germinate and grow.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Plant Charts for Native to the West Booklet
    26 Pohutukawa • Oi exposed coastal ecosystem KEY ♥ Nurse plant ■ Main component ✤ rare ✖ toxic to toddlers coastal sites For restoration, in this habitat: ••• plant liberally •• plant generally • plant sparingly Recommended planting sites Back Boggy Escarp- Sharp Steep Valley Broad Gentle Alluvial Dunes Area ment Ridge Slope Bottom Ridge Slope Flat/Tce Medium trees Beilschmiedia tarairi taraire ✤ ■ •• Corynocarpus laevigatus karaka ✖■ •••• Kunzea ericoides kanuka ♥■ •• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• Metrosideros excelsa pohutukawa ♥■ ••••• • •• •• Small trees, large shrubs Coprosma lucida shining karamu ♥ ■ •• ••• ••• •• •• Coprosma macrocarpa coastal karamu ♥ ■ •• •• •• •••• Coprosma robusta karamu ♥ ■ •••••• Cordyline australis ti kouka, cabbage tree ♥ ■ • •• •• • •• •••• Dodonaea viscosa akeake ■ •••• Entelea arborescens whau ♥ ■ ••••• Geniostoma rupestre hangehange ♥■ •• • •• •• •• •• •• Leptospermum scoparium manuka ♥■ •• •• • ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• Leucopogon fasciculatus mingimingi • •• ••• ••• • •• •• • Macropiper excelsum kawakawa ♥■ •••• •••• ••• Melicope ternata wharangi ■ •••••• Melicytus ramiflorus mahoe • ••• •• • •• ••• Myoporum laetum ngaio ✖ ■ •••••• Olearia furfuracea akepiro • ••• ••• •• •• Pittosporum crassifolium karo ■ •• •••• ••• Pittosporum ellipticum •• •• Pseudopanax lessonii houpara ■ ecosystem one •••••• Rhopalostylis sapida nikau ■ • •• • •• Sophora fulvida west coast kowhai ✖■ •• •• Shrubs and flax-like plants Coprosma crassifolia stiff-stemmed coprosma ♥■ •• ••••• Coprosma repens taupata ♥ ■ •• •••• ••
    [Show full text]
  • Polarised Light Microscopy: an Old Technique Casts New Light on Māori Textile Plants
    Polarised light microscopy: an old technique casts new light on Māori textile plants Rachel A. Paterson1, Bronwyn J. Lowe1*, Catherine A. Smith1, Janice M. Lord2, Roka Ngarimu-Cameron3 1Department of Applied Sciences/Te Tari Pūtaiao Whakahāngai, University of Otago/Te Whare Wānanga o Otāgo, PO Box 56, Dunedin/Ōtepoti 9054, New Zealand/Aotearoa 2Department of Botany/Te Tari Huaota o Otāgo, University of Otago/Te Whare Wānanga o Otāgo, PO Box 56, Dunedin/Ōtepoti 9054, New Zealand/Aotearoa 32806 State Highway 35, Hawai Bay, Opotiki 3197, New Zealand/Aotearoa Corresponding author: *[email protected] ABSTRACT Understanding the composition of an artefact has ramifications for advancing human history and behaviour knowledge, providing cultural information about trade, agricultural practices and adaptation to new environments. However, accurate plant identification from artefacts is problematic, since textile production, age, dirt and/or conservation treatments obscure morphological features, and specimen size and/or ethical considerations hamper modern analytical methods. This study tested the efficacy of polarised light microscopy (PLM) in the identification of New Zealand plant species commonly used in Māori textiles, and demonstrates that morphological and birefringent features observed using PLM have the potential to distinguish between- and within- plant genera. KEYWORDS Māori textiles, New Zealand flax, Phormium, Cordyline, Freycinetia, sign of elongation, modified Herzog test, plant material identification INTRODUCTION Accurate plant material identification is critical for advancing study of material culture, since an object’s composition provides an insight into its origin, additionally revealing important cultural information such as human interactions and emigration pathways (Schaffer 1981; Jakes et al. 1994). However, one of the main challenges for accurate identification of plant species in textile artefacts is the scarcity of distinct morphological features, evident from whole plants or individual leaves (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • La Citeset Le Bois
    La CITES et le Bois Ce guide couvre les principales espèces de bois réglementées par la Convention sur le commerce international des espèces de faune and de flore La CITES et le Bois sauvage menacées d’extinction (CITES). Il fournit des informations sur des questions clés relatives à la mise Guide d’espèces d’arbres inscrites aux Annexes CITES en application de la Convention pour ce groupe important de plantes. Rédigé pour des non-experts, il inclut des sections individuelles couvrant les espèces trouvées en quantités importantes dans le Madeleine Groves Madeleine Groves commerce, avec les details de leurs répartitions, utilisations, parties et produits dans le commerce, et leurs noms scientifiques et communs. et Des sections supplémentaires couvrant Catherine Rutherford l’identification et le mesurage du bois, des orientations en matière de documentation CITES, et des ressources clés. shop.kew.org/kewbooksonline ISBN 978-1-84246-637-7 Madeleine Groves Catherine Rutherford 9 781842 466377 La CITES et le Bois Guide d’espèces d’arbres inscrites aux Annexes CITES Madeleine Groves Catherine Rutherford © Office fédéral de la sécurité alimentaire et des affaires vétérinaires (OSAV), Confédération suisse. Illustrations et photographies © Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew sauf si autrement mentionné dans les légendes. Les auteurs ont fait valoir leur droit à être identifiés comme étant les auteurs de ces travaux conformément à la loi du Royaume-Uni de 1988 en matière de « Copyright, Design & Patents ». Tous droits réservés. Aucune partie de la présente publication ne peut être reproduite, stockée dans un système de récupération, ou transmise, quelle que soit la forme, ou par un quelconque moyen électronique, mécanique, photocopie, enregistrement ou autre, sans le consentement écrit de l’éditeur, sauf en conformité avec les dispositions de la loi du Royaume-Uni de 1988 en matière de « Copyright, Design & Patents ».
    [Show full text]
  • A Quantitative Assessment of Shoot Flammability for 60 Tree and Shrub Species Supports Rankings Based on Expert Opinion
    CSIRO PUBLISHING International Journal of Wildland Fire 2016, 25, 466–477 http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/WF15047 A quantitative assessment of shoot flammability for 60 tree and shrub species supports rankings based on expert opinion Sarah V. WyseA,B,G, George L. W. PerryA,C, Dean M. O’ConnellD, Phillip S. HollandD, Monique J. WrightD, Catherine L. HostedD,E, Samuel L. WhitelockD, Ian J. GearyD,F, Ke´vinJ.L.MaurinD and Timothy J. CurranD ASchool of Environment, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019 Auckland 1142, New Zealand. BRoyal Botanic Gardens Kew, Wakehurst Place, RH17 6TN, UK. CSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019 Auckland 1142, New Zealand. DEcology Department, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, Lincoln 7647, Canterbury, New Zealand. EWai-Ora Forest Landscapes Ltd, 48 Watsons Road, Harewood 8051, Christchurch, New Zealand. FDepartment of Geology, University of Otago, PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054, New Zealand. GCorresponding author. Email: [email protected] Abstract. Fire is an important ecological disturbance in vegetated ecosystems across the globe, and also has considerable impacts on human infrastructure. Vegetation flammability is a key bottom-up control on fire regimes and on the nature of individual fires. Although New Zealand (NZ) historically had low fire frequencies, anthropogenic fires have considerably impacted indigenous vegetation as humans used fire extensively to clear forests. Few studies of vegetation flammability have been undertaken in NZ and only one has compared the flammability of indigenous plants; this was a qualitative assessment derived from expert opinion. We addressed this knowledge gap by measuring the flammability of terminal shoots from a range of trees and shrubs found in NZ.
    [Show full text]
  • Pollination in New Zealand
    2.11 POLLINATION IN NEW ZEALAND POLLINATION IN NEW ZEALAND Linda E. Newstrom-Lloyd Landcare Research, PO Box 69040, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand ABSTRACT: Pollination by animals is a crucial ecosystem service. It underpins New Zealand’s agriculture-dependent economy yet has hitherto received little attention from a commercial perspective except where pollination clearly limits crop yield. In part this has been because background pollination by feral honey bees (Apis mellifera) and other unmanaged non-Apis pollinators has been adequate. However, as pollinators decline throughout the world, the consequences for food production and national economies have led to increasing research on how to prevent further declines and restore pollination services. In New Zealand, managed honey bees are the most important pollinators of most commercial crops including pasture legumes, but introduced bumble bees can be more important in some crops and are increasingly being used as managed colonies. In addition, New Zealand has several other introduced bees and a range of solitary native bees, some of which offer prospects for development as managed colonies. Diverse other insects and some vertebrates also contribute to background pollination in both natural and agricultural ecosystems. However, New Zealand’s depend- ence on managed honey bees makes it vulnerable to four major threats facing these bees: diseases, pesticides, a limited genetic base for breeding varroa-resistant bees, and declining fl oral resources. To address the fourth threat, a preliminary list of bee forage plants has been developed and published online. This lists species suitable for planting to provide abundant nectar and high-quality pollen during critical seasons.
    [Show full text]
  • Realistic Alternatives to Radiata Pine in New Zealand – a Critical Review
    REALISTIC ALTERNATIVES TO RADIATA PINE IN NEW ZEALAND – A CRITICAL REVIEW J.P. Maclaren Piers Maclaren & Associates Ltd Report No. 90 May 2004 FOREST AND FARM PLANTATION MANAGEMENT COOPERATIVE CONFIDENTIAL TO PARTICIPANTS OF THE FOREST & FARM PLANTATION MANAGEMENT COOPERATIVE This report was produced specifically for the Forest and Farm Plantation Management Cooperative, and has had limited peer review. It is an unpublished report, and must not be cited as a literature reference. C O N T E N T S EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...........................................................................................................7 PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................9 SCOPE ......................................................................................................................................10 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................10 THE APPROACH USED .........................................................................................................11 Quantity of Product ...............................................................................................................12 Price per Unit ........................................................................................................................13 Growing Costs.......................................................................................................................14 Land
    [Show full text]
  • A Selected Bibliography of Pohutukawa and Rata (1788-1999)
    [Type text] Preface Stephanie Smith, an experienced librarian and Rhodes Scholar with specialist skills in the development of bibliographies, was a wonderful partner for Project Crimson in the production of this comprehensive bibliography of pohutukawa and rata. Several years ago the Project Crimson Trust recognized the need to bring together the many and diverse references to these national icons for the benefit of researchers, conservationists, students, schools and the interested public. We never imagined the project would lead to such a work of scholarship, such a labour of love. Stephanie, like others who embrace the cause rather than the job, has invested time and intellect far beyond what was ever expected, and provided us with this outstanding resource. I urge all users to read the short introduction and gain some of the flavour of Stephanie’s enthusiasm. Project Crimson would also like to acknowledge the contribution of Forest Research library staff, in particular Megan Gee, for their help and support throughout the duration of this project. Gordon Hosking Trustee, Project Crimson February 2000 INTRODUCTION: THE LIVING LIBRARY [The] world around us is a repository of information which we have only begun to delve into. Like any library, once parts are missing, it is incomplete but, unlike a library, once our books (in this instance biological species) are lost they cannot be replaced. - Catherine Wilson and David Given, Threatened Plants of New Zealand. ...right at their feet they [Wellingtonians] have one of the most wide-ranging and fascinating living textbooks of botany in the country. Well - selected pages anyway. Many of the pages were ripped out by zealous colonisers, and there are now some big gaps.
    [Show full text]
  • CITES and Timber (PDF)
    This guide covers the main timber species regulated CITES and Timber by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). It provides information CITES and Timber on the key issues regarding the implementation of the Convention for this important group of plants. A guide to CITES-listed tree species Written for the non-expert, individual sections cover the species found in significant trade, with details on their distribution, uses, traded parts and derivatives, and scientific and common names. Madeleine Groves Madeleine Groves Additional sections cover timber identification and measurement, guidance on CITES documentation and key resources. and Catherine Rutherford shop.kew.org/kewbooksonline Madeleine Groves Catherine Rutherford CITES and Timber A guide to CITES-listed tree species Madeleine Groves Catherine Rutherford © The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2015 Illustrations and photographs © Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, unless otherwise stated in the captions The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written permission of the publisher unless in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988. Great care has been taken to maintain the accuracy of the information contained in this work. However, neither the publisher, the editors nor authors can be held responsible for any consequences arising from use of the information contained herein.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Pest Plants
    R3567 CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT AND RESTORATION PLAN FOR RAROTONGA CLOUD FOREST ECOSYSTEMS, COOK ISLANDS CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT AND RESTORATION PLAN FOR RAROTONGA CLOUD FOREST ECOSYSTEMS, COOK ISLANDS Contract Report No. 3567 January 2016 Project Team: Tim Martin (Wildland Consultants) - Report author Jamie MacKay (Wildland Consultants) - Technical advice, pest mammals Nick Ranger (Wildland Consultants) - Technical advice, invasive plant control methods Steve Rate (Wildland Consultants) - Peer review Fred Brook - Identification of landsnails Auckland Museum Natural History Department National Environment Service, Cook Island Government Prepared for: National Environment Service Cook Islands Government Avarua Rarotonga EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This document provides a plan to protect and enhance the cloud forests of Rarotonga so that their indigenous ecosystems, habitats for endemic species, and water supply functions are preserved in perpetuity. Montane habitats of the interior of Rarotonga, southern Cook Islands, are critical to the health and well-being of the island’s people, and its indigenous biota. The steep mountain slopes, isolated and at least partly protected by their extreme terrain, support one of the best remaining examples of montane rainforest in the tropical Pacific, and are critical habitat for many of the island’s endemic species. For these reasons, the montane and cloud forests of Rarotonga are internationally significant. Rainfall increases dramatically with altitude, and cloud forest on the mountain summits intercepts, filters, and releases water that supplies the island’s streams, that are the sole water supply for the island. Cloud forest habitats, with their abundance of non-vascular plant species such as lichens, can also increase water yield relative to other vegetation types, as lichens can absorb water from moisture-laden air, in the absence of precipitation.
    [Show full text]
  • East Polynesian Species of Freycinetia Gaudichaud (Pandanaceae )1
    East Polynesian Species of Freycinetia Gaudichaud (Pandanaceae )1 BENJAMIN C. STONE Departm ent of Botany, University of Mala y a, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Abstract- Three species of Freycinetia (F. arborea, F. impavida, and F. baueriana) are found in Eastern Polynesia , defined as the Hawaiian , Marquesan , Society , Cook , Austral , and Tubuai Archipelagoes , and New Zealand . These have been known under variou s names , which are cited in synonymy. The species F. baueriana exists as two subspecies , one in Norfolk Island, one in new Zealand. Key to species, full liter ature citations , typification , and nomenclature are presented. Introduction Plants of the genus Freycinetia Gaudichaud, woody lianas of the family Pandanaceae, are frequent in the high islands of Polynesia . They are known to occur in the Society Islands , the Marquesas, the Hawaiian Islands, the Cook Islands, and in New Zealand. For the purposes of this account , Eastern Polynesia is rather arbitrarily defined to include the above-mentioned localities , while the Samoan Islands , the Tonga Group, and the islands in the Phoenix, Tokelau , Tuvalu , Horn, Kermadec, and Kiribati groups are excluded. Freycinetia typically occurs on the high , basaltic islands , and not on low coral atolls; but it may occur on old uplifted and weathered limestone . The region considered here is determined by the distribution and biogeographic relationships of the species of Freycinetia to be considered, which alone or together may be found in the localities herein referred to as " Eastern Polynesia ." Materials studied in this work are cited, and have come from, the herbaria whose codes, as stipulated in the Index Herbariorum , are mentioned below .
    [Show full text]
  • Freycinetia Banksii
    Freycinetia banksii COMMON NAME Kiekie SYNONYMS Freycinetia baueriana subsp. banksii (A.Cunn.) B.C.Stone FAMILY Pandanaceae AUTHORITY Freycinetia banksii A.Cunn. FLORA CATEGORY Vascular – Native ENDEMIC TAXON Yes ENDEMIC GENUS No ENDEMIC FAMILY No STRUCTURAL CLASS Lianes - Monocots NVS CODE FREBAN Fruit of Freycinetia banksii. Photographer: Wayne Bennett CHROMOSOME NUMBER 2n = 62 CURRENT CONSERVATION STATUS 2012 | Not Threatened PREVIOUS CONSERVATION STATUSES 2009 | Not Threatened 2004 | Not Threatened DISTRIBUTION Endemic. New Zealand: North and South Islands to about the Clarence river in the east and Fiordland in the west. More common in the wetter Freycinetia banksii (Kiekie). Photographer: parts of the South Island. Wayne Bennett HABITAT Coastal to montane forest, usually in wet sites although once established it can tolerate very dry conditions. Often coastal in karst country where it may form huge tangles that make access extremely difficult. FEATURES Densely branched, somewhat brittle, woody, climber producing numerous, weakly ascending to ascending dense cane-like stems from which roots freely emerge. Stems up to 40 mm diameter, deeply marked with scars of old leaves, usually branched in upper third, often somewhat interlacing such that the stems form dense tangles. Leaves densely tufted toward stem ends, spirally arranged; lamina 1.5-2 x 0.15-0.25 m; sheathing bases pale, otherwise dark green to green, usually yellow spotted, blemished or striped, strongly pleated, long attentuate, triangular in transverse section, margins and midrib distinctly though finely scabrid to spinulose. Inflorescences of 1-8 spadices, each simple and solitary in axil of 2-4 foliaceous bracts at stem apex; bracts thick, succulent towards base, white to purplish, edible (sweet tasting).
    [Show full text]
  • Restoration Planting in Taranaki
    CONTENTS Part one: Getting started Introduction .................................................................... 2 Ecological Regions and Districts of Taranaki .................... 3 Plan of Action ................................................................. 4 Part two: Target ecosystems Vegetation patterns .........................................................9 What to plant and where ...............................................11 Coastal Spinifex duneland ..........................................................13 Harakeke–raupo–kuta wetland .......................................14 Saltmarsh ribbonwood–oioi estuary shrubland ..............15 Taupata–kawakawa–harakeke/wharariki shrubland ........16 Coastal herbfield ...........................................................17 Tainui forest ...................................................................18 Karaka-tawa–puriri forest ...............................................19 Coastal–semi-coastal Kahikatea–pukatea swamp/semi-swamp forest .......... 21 Kohekohe–karaka–puriri forest .......................................22 Semi-coastal–lowland Manuka–Gaultheria–wharariki shrubland .......................23 Tawa forest .....................................................................24 Tawa–pukatea forest ......................................................25 Lowland Tawa–kamahi forest .......................................................27 Hard beech and black beech forest ................................28 Waitaanga area silver beech–kamahi forest....................29
    [Show full text]