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Durham E-Theses Durham E-Theses Percy Bysshe Shelley's Poetic Conversations with Islam (1814-1818): Theological and Philosophical Contemplations ABICHOU, ALEXANDER How to cite: ABICHOU, ALEXANDER (2020) Percy Bysshe Shelley's Poetic Conversations with Islam (1814-1818): Theological and Philosophical Contemplations, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/13544/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Percy Bysshe Shelley’s Poetic Conversations with Islam (1814-1818): Theological and Philosophical Contemplations Alexander Abichou Submitted in Requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of English Studies Durham University 2020 Table of Contents STATEMENT OF COPYRIGHT ........................................................................................... i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION......................................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. iv INTRODUCTION: RECOGNISING ISLAM IN SHELLEYAN SCHOLARSHIP ....... 1 EMBEDDED SPIRITUALITY ............................................................................................ 8 THE DYNAMICS OF SHELLEY’S MYTHOGRAPHY ................................................... 10 SHELLEY’S ISLAM ........................................................................................................... 14 CHAPTER OVERVIEW ..................................................................................................... 24 PART ONE: 1814 Chapter 1 GODWINIAN QUIETISM OR HASHASHIN ENTHUSIASM? ISMAILI GNOSTICISM AS A PROTOYPE FOR SHELLEY’S COSMOLOGY OF VIOLENCE .................................................................................................................................................. 32 GOD AS NATURE............................................................................................................... 33 THE ORDER OF ASSASSINS IN ROMANTIC ORIENTALISM .................................... 36 A MIDDLE PATH BETWEEN PACIFISM AND INSURRECTION ................................ 44 ENTHUSIASM AND FANATICISM FROM ALAMUT TO ALHAMBRA ..................... 57 SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................... 62 Chapter 2 INTERANIMATIVE POETICS: METEMPSYCHOSIS AND TRANSCONSCIOUSNESS IN THE IMAMATE AND SHELLEY’S THE ASSASSINS .................................................................................................................................................. 65 THE SUCCESSIVE ECHOES OF INSPIRATION ............................................................. 68 RECOLLECTION AND REINTEGRATION ..................................................................... 75 CYLICAL BELATEDNESS AND MUNDANE TIME ...................................................... 82 SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................... 90 PART TWO: 1816 Chapter 3 THE APORETIC VEIL: ATTAINING MADNESS BY SUBMITTING TO PARADOX IN ALASTOR AND SUFISTIC POETRY ........................................................................... 97 LACANIAN NEUROSIS ................................................................................................... 101 SELFLESSNESS AS SUICIDE ......................................................................................... 110 DERRIDEAN BEWILDERMENT .................................................................................... 115 THE HAUNTING SILENCE OF SELF-EXPRESSION ................................................... 120 PRIVATE FANCY VERSUS PUBLIC LIFE .................................................................... 129 SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................ 133 Chapter 4 WANDERER’S WITHOUT GUIDES: LOGICAL DEDUCTIVISM AND INTUITIONISTIC INDUCTIVISM IN IBN TUFAYL’S HAYY IBN YAQZAN AND SHELLEY’S ALASTOR ...................................................................................................... 136 THE ROMANTIC SCIENTIST AND THE CHILD AT PLAY ........................................ 142 NARRATING THE SELF: CONFESSIONAL AUTBIOGRAPHY AND EMOTIONAL ALLEGORY .......................................................................................................................... 150 WORLD AS TEXT............................................................................................................. 160 ECSTASY, EUDAIMONIA AND EDUCATION ............................................................. 166 SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................ 176 PART THREE: 1818 Chapter 5 THE MENTAL BOOK OF FATE: ASH’ARITE OCCASIONALISM AND LUCRETIAN ATOMISM IN SHELLEY’S THE REVOLT OF ISLAM ........................ 180 ISLAMIC AND LUCRETIAN ATOMISM ....................................................................... 183 THE DEATH AND REBIRTH OF FORM ........................................................................ 192 SCEPTICISM OF CAUSALITY ........................................................................................ 198 SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................ 208 Chapter 6 SHELLEY’S JIHAD: PACIFICSM THROUGH POETRY AND SPIRITUAL TRANSSEXUALISM IN THE REVOLT OF ISLAM ....................................................... 214 THE CONQUEST OF MECCA AND THE DEPOSITION OF OTHMAN ..................... 219 WHAT CONSTITUTES HOLY WARFARE? ................................................................. 227 THE REASONS FOR FIGHTING AND THE METHODS OF REVELATION .............. 238 DOMESTIC REVOLUTION ............................................................................................. 245 SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................ 252 CONCLUSION: OVERCOMING CRITICAL ANXIETY OF THE INCOMMENSURABLE IN ROMANTIC ORIENTALISM .......................................... 255 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................ 279 STATEMENT OF COPYRIGHT The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without the author’s prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. i Acknowledgments I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Professor Mark Sandy for the assistance and direction he has offered me throughout this project. Mark has been continuously willing to discuss my ideas throughout their various incarnations and without his keen critical eye this thesis would not have achieved the level of lucidity and profundity it now possesses. This support was heightened by my secondary supervisor, the late Professor Michael O’Neill, whose expert knowledge of Percy Bysshe Shelley and remarkable insight into Romantic theology were priceless in shaping my research. kkkOutside of my doctoral research, I am grateful to Professor John Gardner (Anglia Ruskin) who believed in my initial vision as an undergraduate student and encouraged me to continue investigating the topic of Islam and Romanticism. Additionally, I will always remember Nora Crook for her excitable passion whenever discussing Shelley and her positive outlook regarding new avenues of thought. kkkOn a personal note, I am indebted to my family and friends for the enduring and valuable guidance they have afforded me during my academic career as their enthusiasm and conviction has constantly uplifted my spirits and instilled within me the fortitude to embark on, and complete, my thesis. I appreciate my mother’s ability to be a friend, a fellow academic and an impassioned supporter who is capable of assessing my work on all of the aforementioned levels. kkkI owe additional thanks to the Byron Society for funding the first year of my PhD, the BARS society for granting me the Stephen Copley Award and the English Studies Department for affording me research grants. I am also grateful to those who attended and hosted the engaging Romanticism conferences that allowed me to exchange my ideas. ii Dedication In loving memory of my grandmothers. My guiding stars from East to West. iii Abstract kkkMy thesis examines Shelley’s usage of Islamic tropes and Qur’anic symbolism in order to further poeticise his belief that through the revision and combination of mythic patterns poetry could produce
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