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William Turner: Weltanschauung of an Elizabethan Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 8-1975 William Turner: Weltanschauung of an Elizabethan Dennis J. Clarke Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons Recommended Citation Clarke, Dennis J., "William Turner: Weltanschauung of an Elizabethan" (1975). Master's Theses. 2420. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/2420 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WILLIAM TURNER: WELTANSCHAUUNG OF AN ELIZABETHAN. by Dennis J. Clarke A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment y ■ . of the Degree of Master of Arts Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan August 1975 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS With special thanks to all those who gave of their time and effort in assisting me to complete this work, especially the readers and the typist; and, with special indebtedness and gratitude to Doctor John R. Sommerfeldt, without whose limitless energetic drive and profound interest this thesis would never have materialized. Dennis J. Clarke iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. 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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeob Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 t Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. \ MASTERS THESIS M-7497 I CLARKE, Dennis J. ! WILLIAM TURNER: WELTANSCHAUUNG OF AN | ELIZABETHAN. t Western Midiigan University, M.A., 1975 I History, medieval | Xerox University Microfilmsf Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 Y Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CAROLYN "Amantium irae amoris integratio est." ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I LIFE AND PUBLICATIONS..................... 1 II KILL OR CURE................................ 15 Style and Folklore.................. 15 The Thin Red Line ................... 22 III WILLIAM TURNER: DOCTOR AND DIVINE...... 38 BIBLIOGRAPHY................. 61 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER I LIFE AND PUBLICATIONS This thesis is an investigation of the Weltanschauung of William Turner, a sixteenth-century English scientist and religious reformer. The investigation will be based on Turner's biography and works, especially his last herbal published in 1568. This is not a study of William Turner as a notable figure in the history of science. Nor is it an investigation into the man as a celebrated figure in the history of the Reformation in England. It is, however, the study of a well-rounded individual and how he blended the many influences in his life and in his occupations into his love of sixteenth-century England. Paul H. Kocher reports in the commonly accepted relationship between science and religion in Elizabethan England into which Turner implicit­ ly fits. He wrote: God sows in man’s soul certain innate principles which allow him to earn accurate and valid know­ ledge of the physical world. The Fall did not radically impair this power. Then men do well when they use the gift to discover the giver, and to act his will. They should see behind nature’s order the face of God. Loving their neighbors as themselves, they should engage in science not out of pride or thirst of intellect but in the spirit of charity, turning their dis­ coveries to the good of their fellow man. Sci­ ence should never become an end in itself, never cut free from this religious frame of reference. For if it did, the consequence of dealing exclu- 1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. sively with second causes would be neglect of the whole realm of spirit under God. Then would fol­ low materialism^ then atheism, the final horror.^ William Turner was a native of Morpeth, Northumber­ land, and was born during Henry VIII*s reign, possibly be- O tween the years 1509 and 1515. His father is supposed to have been a tanner. Nothing is known of his early educa­ tion, but he did attend Pembroke College, Cambridge under the patronage of Thomas, Lord Wentworth.4 Pembroke also produced many other notable British botanists such as Nehemiah Grew, one of the greatest English botanists of the seventeenth century.^ At Cambridge Turner was closely associated with the Reformation. He was an intimate of Nicholas Ridley (after e wards bishop of London and martyr under Queen Mary ), and through his friendship with Ridley, learned Greek and the mysteries of tennis and archery.^ Turner was elected Jun­ ior Fellow of his college in 1531, Joint Treasurer in 1532 ^ Paul H. Kocher, Science and Religion in Elizabethan England (New York, 1969), p. 322. Agnes Arber, Herbals (Cambridge, 1938), p. 119. ^ Eleanour Sinclair Rohde, The Old English Herbals (New York, 1971), p. 75. ii William Turner, Herbal (Cologne, 1568), part II, p. i . ^ Arber, p. 119. 5 Sir Lesley Stephen et al., Dictionary of National Biography (London, 1938), XVI, 1172-75. ? John Strype, Ecclesiastical Memorials (Oxford, 1824), III, 385-86. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. had a title for orders from the college in 1537, and was Senior Treasurer in 1538.® During his studies at Pembroke Turner attended the preachings of Hugh Latimer (later bis­ hop of Worcester and Marian martyr9). Turner was to fight for the reformed faith throughout his life, both with pen and by word of mouth.19 It is not known how long Turner held his fellowship, possibly until his marriage with Jane the daughter of George Ander, alderman of Cambridge.11 Turner left Cambridge in 15H0, travelling about, and 12 preaching in various places. For preaching without license, he suffered imprisonment for a time.^-9 After his release he left England and travelled in Italy, Ger­ many, and Holland.14, He wrote in his herbal that he visited Apulea, Lake Como, and Ferrara; and at Bologna he studied botany under Luca Ghini (Italian botanist and physician, 1 <+90-1556)-15 Either in Bologna or in Ferrara ® Sir Lesley Stephen et al., XIX, 1290. 9 Ibid., XI, 612-20. Arber, p. 120. 11 Sir Lesley Stephen et al., XIX, 1292. 12 Ibid., XIX, 1290. Arber, p. 120. I1* Sir Lesley Stephen et al. , XIX, 1290. 19 Gaetano de Sanctis, Enciclopedia Italians (Rome, 1950), VII, 360. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 1 6 he took the degree of doctor of medicine. From Italy he went to Zurich, where he formed an intimate and lifelong friendship with Conrad Gesner, a famous sixteenth-century 17 Swiss naturalist. Gesner had a high opinion of Turner, and wrote of him, "Fifteen years ago, or about then, an Englishman returning from Italy greeted me. He was excel­ lent both in medical things and very many other disciplines of doctrine and other things that are difficult to remem­ ber."^® Turner also corresponded with the German botanist 1 q Leonhart Fuchs. Leaving Zurich, Turner visited Basel in 154 3 and 20 Cologne in 1544. He spent considerable time studying the flora of the Rhine country. Eventually he went to East Friesland and became physician to the "Erie of Emden." He was in correspondence with "Maister Riche and maister 16 Rohde, p. 76 17 Sir Lesley Stephen et^ a l . , XIX, 1290. I p De herbis lunariis, 1555: "Ante annos 15, aut cir- citer cum Anglicus ex Italia rediens me salutaret is fuerit vir axcellentis turn in re medica turn allis plerisque disciplines doctrinae aut aliis quisquam vix satis memini." Taken from Rohde, p.
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