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Minor and Trace Elements in Human Bones and Teeth

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Minor and Trace Elements in Human Bones and Teeth XA0054839 MINOR AND TRACE ELEMENTS G.V. lyengar and L Tandon 3 1/25 FOREWORD As part of a Co-ordinated Research Project (CRP) on Comparative International Studies of Osteoporosis Using Isotope Techniques, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has recently supported some studies of trace elements in human bones. In connection with this work, the need became apparent for an up-to-date literature review of minor and trace elements in human bones. The authors of this report were commissioned with the task of doing this, and were also requested to extend their review to cover human teeth. Their report is reproduced in this form mainly to make it available to the participants in the abovementioned CRP. However, it is hoped that the report will also be of interest to a wider audience. The IAEA would like to express its thanks to the authors. Any comments on the report would be welcome; they should be sent directly to the authors* with a copy to the IAEA's Section of Nutritional and Health-Related Environmental Studies. Addresses for correspondence: G.V. Iyengar Biomineral Sciences International Inc. 6202 Maiden Lane Bethesda,MD 20817 USA L.Tandon 505 Oppenheimer Drive #503 Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA Section of Nutritional and Health-Related Environmental Studies International Atomic Energy Agency P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna AUSTRIA TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 1 2. Basis for data collection 1 3. Bone 2 3.1 Bones in the human body 2 3.2 Characteristics of bone 2 3.3 Methods for sampling bone 4 3.4 Methods for processing bone 4 4. Tooth 5 4.1 The human teeth 5 4.2 Characteristics of tooth 5 4.3 Methods for sampling tooth 5 4.4 Methods for processing tooth 6 5. Analysis 6 5.1 Analytical methods 6 5.2 Reference materials for bone and teeth 7 5.3 Preparation of bone and teeth for measurement 7 6. Elemental composition of bones 8 6.1 Major and minor elements 8 6.2 Trace elements 9 7. Elemental composition of teeth 12 7.1 Major and minor elements 13 7.2 Trace elements 13 8. Discussion 16 8.1 Limitations of the data compiled 16 8.2 Major and minor elements in bones and teeth 16 8.3 Trace elements in bones and teeth 16 9. Concluding remarks 18 10. References 19 ANNEXES (Data compilation) Table 1: Range of Mean Values for Major, Minor and Trace Elements in Human Bones 23 Table 2: Range of Mean Values for Major, Minor and Trace Elements in Human Teeth 25 Table 3: Major, Minor and Trace Elements in Human Bones 31 Table 4: Major, Minor and Trace Elements in Human Teeth 69 Figures 88 References (for compiled data) 93 1. INTRODUCTION Bone is a major compartment of the skeletal system. It is a living, dynamic structure which provides a supporting and protective framework for the body. Bone provides a reservoir of calcium and phosphate and also has functions in magnesium metabolism. The core contains marrow, which serves as a reservoir of nutrients and produces several types of blood cells. Bone consists of 35 % mineral salts (chiefly calcium and phosphorus), 20 % organic matrix (of which 95 % is collagen), and 45 % water. About 99 % of body calcium is found in bone. Besides numerous organic constituents, bone is also a major pool for some trace elements. Trace elements such as F, Sr, Pb and U are predominantly found in bone, and are generally termed as bone seekers. Bone is an example of a biological sample that presents numerous difficulties in obtaining a specimen for chemical analysis. This problem is acute when investigations are to be conducted to determine total skeletal content of a given analyte. First of all, the basic process of sampling bone can be a very difficult task. With humans, this problem is compounded due to medico-legal implications. Not withstanding these obstacles, the question of which particular bone qualifies to be a representative sample of the skeleton as a whole (if at all) is a debatable point. Even if some assumptions are made to answer this question, the sub- compartments of a bone sample, namely cortical, trabecular and the marrow and their relative proportion and significance in relation to bone as an organ, present intricate situations in making definitive decisions. Choice of multiple types of bones is of course the best solution but it is beset with logistical aspects of procuring many bone specimens depending upon the scope of the investigation. Therefore, it is not surprising that reliable chemical composition data, particularly for minor and trace elements, are scarce. This is also substantiated by the fact that there are only a couple of certified bone reference materials available for validating analytical methods. However, a survey of the scientific literature shows that some analytical work has been expended to establish the elemental composition profile of bone. The usefulness of such analytical information depends upon whether or not analytical quality control was exercised at least to some degree so that an evaluation of the results can be undertaken to identify reference values. Arguments, similar to that of bone can also be extended to human teeth, with the exception that some of the medico-legal implications are less restrictive than those surrounding human bone sampling. The purpose of this report is to screen literature information on the elemental composition data for human bone and teeth and to identify reference range of values where data permit such conclusions. This report will also include a concise assessment of the sampling practices in use, and measurement techniques that are applicable for elemental analysis of bones and teeth. 2. BASIS FOR DATA COLLECTION There have been a few sources, [1-4] which have attempted to shed some light on the activities taking place in understanding the elemental composition profile of bones. Of these, the publication of The Reference Man by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) [1] marks an important milestone in the elemental composition of the human body. This excellent source documents analytical results generated during the years 1950-1970 (mainly) for human tissues including bone, carried out in the mainly in the 60s. However, limitations arising from inadequacies of methodologies practiced at the time ICRP-23 was published were recognized by the analytical community and efforts continued to generate accurate data to improve existing information as well as to cover fresh grounds for those elements for which data were not available. An account of part of that analytical improvements has been summarized in a compilation [5] by expanding the scope of elemental coverage. Since then, further improvements have taken place in analytical approaches, especially with the availability of certified reference materials (CRM) for analytical quality control and therefore, generally speaking the status of trace element analysis in tissue samples is at a stage where reasonably reliable results are being generated. Moreover, many investigations are designed to reflect interdisciplinary perspectives [6] and this has further enhanced the overall quality and validity of the sampled specimen. Finally, sustained application of analytical techniques such as the Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) has spurred the field of biological trace element research. Hence a fresh evaluation of the literature results is useful to scrutinize the situation and explore the possibility of evaluating reference values. 3. BONE 3.1 Bones in the human body The human skeletal system and associated major groups of bones are shown in Figure 1. Temporal, vertebra, ribs, sternum, humerus, ilium, ulna, femur and tibia are examples of sources used to obtain autopsy or biopsy samples. Tibia is a readily accessible bone. Similarly, rib samples are sought at autopsy. Iliac crest is usually the sampling site of choice for histologic examination of trabecular bone. 3.2 Characteristics of bone Bone is composed of osseous tissue, a tissue made hard by the deposition of inorganic substances in a process known as calcification. Other segments of this system are teeth, bone marrow, periosteum and all cartilage of the body. Periarticular tissue, also referred to as connective tissue is situated at joints such as hip and knee and is firmly attached to the bone structure. It is difficult to separate it from the bones during dissection and therefore, sometimes becomes part of the skeletal weight and partly contributes to the variations observed in skeletal weights. Bone as a tissue represents an organic matrix the bulk of which is made up of the protein collagen. The inorganic matter consists mainly of deposits of calcium phosphate. On the other hand, bone as an organ comprises of red and yellow marrow, cartilage periosteum, blood and the bone tissue. Based on the hardness, porosity and the content of soft tissue present in them bone tissue is commonly divided into two compartments: compact (cortical) bone and trabecular (spongy and porous) bone. However, not all bones can be strictly classified as compact or trabecular since some types are intermediate in porosity and difficult to classify. The compact bone is the hard dense part surrounding the outer walls of all bones, and it is predominant in the shafts of the long bones. Bone forming cells called the osteoblasts, synthesize the organic matrix (osteoid), tissue which undergoes mineralization. The trabecular bone is a spongy formation seen at the interior of flat bones and at the ends of long bones. It is highly porous (being soft and consisting mainly of bone marrow). It is also referred to as osseous tissue of the trabeculae, and if the matter also includes the soft tissue part then it is referred to as spongiosa. Some investigators use the terminologies such as cancellous (spongy) bone and petrous (hard or the compact) bones.
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