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Rita Sofia Santos Anastácio UM CONTRIBUTO PARA A Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Biologia 2018 Rita Sofia Santos UM CONTRIBUTO PARA A CONSERVAÇÃO DA Anastácio BIODIVERSIDADE E PARA A GESTÃO DE RECURSOS NATURAIS Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Biologia 2018 Rita Sofia Santos UM CONTRIBUTO PARA A CONSERVAÇÃO DA Anastácio BIODIVERSIDADE E PARA A GESTÃO DE RECURSOS NATURAIS Tese apresentada à Universidade de Aveiro para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em Biologia, realizada sob a orientação científica do Doutor Mário Jorge Verde Pereira, Professor Auxiliar do Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro Este trabalho é dedicado a todas as crianças pequenas que fazem parte da minha vida que, tal como outras crianças neste planeta, esperam que lhes deixemos um património natural equilibrado e sustentável e que as ensinemos a estimar. Dedico-o, também, àquele menino que cantava a tabuada na floresta, enquanto a mãe trabalhava para que o staff da Opwall tivesse tudo limpo e asseado no “base camp” da área marinha, na expedição do México de 2016. Esse menino, que era oriundo de uma região do interior do México, tinha o grande desejo de ver tartarugas marinhas. Assim, fizemos-lhe a vontade, não por ter sido o seu aniversário, mas porque era dedicado, curioso e gostava de animais. Numa noite escura e com chuva o Jesus viu uma grande tartaruga verde a trepar pela praia. Depois aproximou-se dela, seguindo sabiamente as instruções do companheiro tortuguero e contemplou a deposição dos ovos no ninho. Ficou feliz aquele menino. Ficámos inspirados com a sua felicidade. Essa é a felicidade mágica que pode fazer a diferença pelo futuro da Conservação. o júri Presidente Prof. Doutor Amadeu Mortágua Velho da Maia Soares Professor Catedrático da Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal Prof. Doutor Brian James Rothschild Professor Emeritus da Universidade de Massachusetts Dartmouth, Estados Unidos da América Prof. Doutor Ulisses Manuel Miranda Azeiteiro Professor Associado com Agregação da Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal Prof. Doutor Bruno Branco Castro Professor Auxiliar da Universidade do Minho, Portugal Prof. Doutor Mário Jorge Verde Pereira Professor Auxiliar da Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal (orientador) agradecimentos São muitas as pessoas a quem quero agradecer. Sinto-me profundamente estimada por ter sido apoiada por tanta gente que me ajudou, que contribuiu, que me acompanhou nestes sete anos de trabalho. O meu primeiro agradecimento vai para o meu mentor, o meu “guru” da Ciência, o Professor Mário Jorge Pereira, que admiro pela coragem, pela capacidade de sonhar e arriscar. As suas ideias são inspiradoras e os seus ensinamentos preciosos acompanhar-me-ão pela vida fora. Agradeço aos companheiros de estudo, generosos pela partilha e dedicação à conservação e ao bem-estar humano: a Camila Santos, a Lúcia Palhinha, o Serafino Mucova, o José Manuel Gonzalez, e a Elisabete Peixoto (PmatE). Agradeço aos preciosos doutores do saber, que opinaram neste processo sempre que necessitámos: o Prof. Ulisses Azeiteiro, a Maria Manuel (Mané) Ranito, a Kathy Slater, o Ian Hendy, a Gemma Fenwick, o Prof. Luís Souto e o Prof. António Nogueira (porque acreditou, assim como o Prof. Mário, que seria possível fazer investigação e trabalhar ao mesmo tempo). Agradeço aos meus amigos que perguntaram “como vai o teu trabalho?” e me animaram para continuar, o Mário Soares (Marito), a Ana Santos, o Júlio Loureiro, a Patrícia Batista, a Marcolina Martinho, a Tânia Vieira, a Alexandra Moreira e o Bárbaro Santos. Agradeço aos amigos generosos que conheci no campo, em especial ao Jorge Reynaga (e aos seus sonhos “ronco-motorizados”), José Luís Miranda (“guru” das tartarugas), Gabriela Oropeza (minha querida Gabi), Nancy Argüelles e Claudia Guerrero. Agradeço aos moços e moça que guiei no campo (e que hoje estão formados), pela sua boa disposição: o Callum Muscroft, o Séan Byrne, o Tom Manktelow e a Ellie Hickey. Agradeço aos generosos que me auxiliaram com o Inglês dos artigos, a minha amiga Madalena Serronha, o João Francisco Castro, e o Diogo Vale. Agradeço à minha mãe, Ascensão Anastácio e ao meu pai, Joaquim Anastácio, pelo carinho e por me terem incutido sentido de responsabilidade e valores que estimo muito. Agradeço à D. Augusta Lemos e ao Sr.José Cardoso por nos acompanharem (a mim e ao Sérgio) com carinho. E agradeço ao Sérgio Lemos Cardoso, a melhor pessoa deste mundo e “além- tem”. Agradeço-te por potenciares a minha criatividade, por discutires Biologia comigo (mesmo não sendo da tua área), por me ajudares com a tua inteligência, por seres indubitavelmente parte ativa nesta pesquisa. Agradeço pela boa pessoa que és, de natureza meiga, generosa, compreensiva e de paciência infinita. palavras-chave Biodiversidade, conservação, gestão, futuro, conflito humano-animal, tartarugas marinhas, Loxodonta africana, gestão de ecossistemas, Microsistemas Eletromecânicos (MEMS), vedação virtual, livre circulação de vida selvagem, biologia reprodutiva de tartarugas marinhas, Chelonia mydas, Eretmochelys imbricata, áreas protegidas, alterações climáticas, metas para o desenvolvimento sustentável (SDG’s), educação para a sustentabilidade, curriculum para educação em ciência. resumo A área da Conservação em Biologia tem como principais objetivos cuidar e encontrar meios de supervisão constante dos componentes dos ecossistemas. A eterna vigilância exige ao biólogo um olhar cada vez mais abrangente e interdisciplinar, não só dos processos específicos que ocorrem no mundo natural, mas também da procura de respostas para a gestão (dentro daquilo que é possível) desse mesmo mundo natural. O presente estudo focou-se em pesquisar um conjunto de indicadores informativos sobre o status dos serviços dos ecossistemas e de elementos da diversidade biológica de uma área no norte de Moçambique, que compreendeu a “Messalo Wilderness Area” e as praias da Ilha de Vamizi. Aplicou-se, assim uma metodologia “bottom-up”, em que o exercício de diagnóstico implicou o envolvimento dos “stakeholders” locais, e.g. na auscultação de carências, benefícios vivenciados, e de soluções para conflitos com a vida selvagem. O diagnóstico confirmou uma área de riqueza biológica considerável, pressionada pelo número crescente de habitantes no local, e de habitantes temporários oriundos, por exemplo, da Tanzânia. Como resposta à necessidade de gerir os recursos locais de forma mais eficaz, com vista à sua preservação mas também ao alívio da pobreza local, foi elaborado um plano de gestão para a “Messalo Wilderness Area”. Conta-se entre as espécies emblemáticas ameaçadas na região, as tartarugas marinhas, Chelonia mydas e Eretmochelys imbricata, assim como os seus habitats de nidificação; e o elefante africano, Loxodonta africana, que compete com o Homem diretamente por recursos naturais (água em períodos de estação seca, e alimentos com invasão e destruição de propriedade /campos de cultivo). Como contributos para conservação da espécie emblemática em terra e por ser um problema grave identificado pelos locais desenvolveu-se e testou-se uma solução tecnológica de sinalização de elefantes. Os sensores mostraram resultados positivos para os objetivos estipulados: uma solução mais barata e não invasiva para a mitigação do conflito Homem-elefante. Como contributos para conservação das espécies emblemáticas na costa, nos seus habitats de nidificação, realizou-se um estudo da biologia reprodutiva das tartarugas marinhas nidificantes na ilha de Vamizi, tendo-se gerado os indicadores de nidificação para esta região de Moçambique, e que permitiram comparações com outras regiões do Índico e do Globo. Das análises efetuadas chegou-se à conclusão que seria fundamental melhorar a monitorização das tartarugas marinhas, tendo-se desenvolvido uma aplicação tecnológica para o campo, o “software Turtles”, que foi testada num estudo piloto com sucesso. Trata-se de um contributo com implicações a nível global, e que altera a metodologia de campo. Os dados recolhidos e analisados de Vamizi pré software mostram taxas de eclosão e de emergência de juvenis elevados (acima dos 80% para as green e para as hawksbill), conferindo à ilha um destaque/estatuto de boa incubadora de tartarugas marinhas. A análise de ADN mitocondrial revelou, também, um considerável número de haplótipos para a região (11 para as green e 14 para as hawksbill), pelo que o estudo aprofundado de outras amostras de outros habitats próximos (de nidificação e de desenvolvimento) revelarão interconectividades e padrões de dispersão geográfica com relevância para a definição de uma “Regional Management Unit” mais sólida. Os resultados demonstram a necessidade de alargar as medidas de conservação das tartarugas marinhas na região, com intensificação dos programas de monitorização nas praias nidificantes, de monitorização da atividade dos pescadores nos habitats de desenvolvimento dos juvenis, e na colheita de amostras para análises moleculares e cruzamento dessa informação com dados de outras partes do Índico Oeste. Dado que a redistribuição de espécies marinhas em consequência da interferência das atividades antropogénicas com os ciclos biogeoquímicos, é uma constatação anunciada por estudos científicos, criar uma “consciência ecológica”, ou uma cultura do “cuidar” torna-se uma meta a atingir em termos globais. Assim, o desenho de um plano curricular para o ensino das Ciências, que colmatem essa necessidade de uma forma inequívoca é, também apresentado à comunidade, como base para debate. keywords Biodiversity, conservation, management, future, human-animal conflict,
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