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11684727 02.Pdf PART II COUNTRY REPORTS COUNTRY REPORT Summaries of the Country Reports ASEAN Countries Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam +3 Countries China Japan Korea Summary of Country Report: Brunei Darussalam 1. Production A limited quantity of rice (about 200 tons or about 0.6% of total consumption) is produced by small farmers in the interior region. The output is usually kept for their own consumption. Many schemes were attempted in the past, to increase domestic rice production, including the importation of farmer to cultivate rice in Brunei D. and investing in the production of rice in other countries. These alternatives had proved to be less efficient than import. 2. Imports Almost all the rice consumed in Brunei Darussalam is imported. Most of rice imported is the high quality fragrant rice from Thailand. However, there are some diversification from this traditional source. The import of rice is conducted through the Government-to-Government (G-to-G) arrangement, especially, with Thailand. Other sources of supply include Singapore and Vietnam. The import is controlled and managed by the State Store under the Department of Information Technology and State Store, Ministry of Finance. 3. Consumption Brunei Darussalam has 350,000 population and most of the people are in the urban. The per capita income is about US$ 24,000 in the year 2000. The per capita consumption of rice is about 94.8 kg in 1998 and 108.6 kg in 1999. The total consumption of rice is about 36,000 tons in the year. 4. Reserve Policies The import of rice is controlled and regulated by the State Store. The State Store will determine the quantity and schedule of rice to be delivered by the exporters. At the same time, the quantity release of rice in the market is regulated through the release from the State Store stock. The State Store has a target of 3 months supply of rice in stock + reserve. There are some fluctuations in the stock level but it will fall below this target level. In the case of emergency, the State Store can readily mobilise the reserve from its stock to a specific location. Rice balance (Unit: 1,000 tons) Supply Demand Year Beginning Local Ending Production Import Total Export Total Stock Consumption Stock 1997/1998 12.6 0.3 33.0 45.9 33.2 - 12.7 45.9 1998/1999 12.7 0.1 32.0 44.8 30.9 - 13.9 44.8 1999/2000 19.6 0.2 34.2 54.0 35.9 - 18.0 54.0 Source : Department of Agriculture, Brunei Darussalam 1 Summary of Country Report: Cambodia 1. Production The nation level self-sufficiency in rice has been achieved since 1995/96. However, rice production system is vulnerable to the changes of climate conditions and to the insect/disease, due to obsolete cultivation technology and poor agricultural infrastructure. The destroyed ratios of rainy season rice from 1995 to 2000 were 9%, 15%, 8%, 7%, 4% in order. Paddy area in 1999/2000 is 1.9 million ha. It has not yet recovered to the level (2.5 million ha) in the 1960s. 2. Imports and Food aid Through the informal border trades, local markets are integrated with Thailand or Vietnam. Consequently, fragrant broken rice constantly flows into the country from Thailand according to the preference of city consumers. On the other hand, there is a chance of rice inflows from Vietnam depending on rice prices in the Mekong Delta in Vietnam, i.e. situation of Vietnam’s rice export. Japan provided the in-kind support to WFP activities in Cambodia and it accounted for about 50% of the distributed volume of rice in 1998 and 1999. 3. Consumption Although there has been an overall rice surplus, 20 % of rural population were under the food poverty line (1997). Per capita rice consumption has been set at 151.2 kg as a result of the FAO/WFP mission since 1996. 4. Exports Annual rice export was 3,000 tons to 16,000 tons from 1999 to 2001 and Singapore was a major destination accounting for 57% of total volume based on the data of Ministry of Commerce. Large volume of paddy is exported though informal border trades to Vietnam and Thailand every year. The Cambodia government permitted the export without an export license for both of milled rice and paddy in July 2001. 5. Reserve Policies Except for ASEAN Food Security Reserve (AFSR), there is no measure accompanied by clear numerical target as a national reserve. About the half of the obligate amount in AFSR is reserved by the government through GTC, another half is done by commercial rice millers. Rice balance (Unit: 1,000 tons) Paddy Seed & Available volume Demand Annual balance Loss Production Feed Paddy Milled rice (milled rice) (milled rice) 1996/97 3,458 242 346 2,870 1,779 1,618 162 1997/98 3,415 239 341 2,834 1,757 1,653 104 1998/99 3,510 246 351 2,913 1,806 1,776 30 1999/00 4,041 283 404 3,354 2,079 1,819 261 2000/01 4,026 282 403 3,342 2,072 1,981 91 Source : Agricultural Statistic, MAFF 2 Summary of Country Report: Indonesia 1. Production From 1984 to 1998, rice production rose by just 1.7% annually, barely sufficient to keep pace with population growth. However, promotion of production (subsidy for fertilizer etc.) is decreasing except irrigation project, this condition lead to constipation of production increasing. Reducing subsidy is protecting farmers from feeble ability of farmers’ production depending upon subsidy freak. Import of rice with low price defect grower’s price and informal import of rice decrease farmer’s motivation for producing. Under control of the government, the banks of private sector have achieved a new credit system for farmers since December 2001. 2. Import and Food aid Low-grade rice and high-grade rice should be imported continuously through the government policy. Bulog’s main activity changed to the distribution of supporting rice to the poverty through the government scheme (OPK, RASKIN). There are large numbers of poor and near-poor consumers, for whom rice provides the main source of calories and protein in the diet, and who cannot afford to buy adequate amounts of rice when prices would be high. Production was approximately 51 million tons of paddy in 2000. Tariff of imported rice is Rp.430/kg. 3. Consumption Consumption per capita is slightly decreasing. It was 130.0 kg in 1999 (BCS). 4. Export No export transaction for rice. 5. Reserve Policies The strategic directions are stable production, Increase of percentage of rice self-sufficient, Stable import quantity. There is a system to control and monitor the national stock of the rice by Bulog (National Reserve is 68,000 tons). It is supposed that balance of supply-demand for rice is on the borderline being in deficit side. National Food Security Committee is the final organization for reservation and for stock control including with import quantity through Bulog’s data. Bulog is holding 1 to 2 million tons of milled rice as buffer stock included with ASEAN Food Reserve. The government’s policy is not to classify the rice between the ASEAN food reserve and the national food reserve. Rice balance (Unit: 1,000 tons) Supply Domestic Use Annual Year Production Loss, Seed Import Total Food Total balance Paddy Milled rice & Other 1997 49,377 31,206 782 31,988 26,371 5,617 31,988 0 1998 49,237 31,118 6,076 37,194 31,593 5,601 37,194 0 1999 50,866 32,147 4,183 36,330 30,544 5,786 36,330 0 2000 51,179 32,345 1,512 33,857 28,034 5,822 33,856 1 2001 50,080 31,661 1,396 33,057 27,351 5,707 33,058 -1 Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Population data, BCS and data on production & availability to consume (2001) 3 Summary of Country Report: Laos 1. Production In the last five years, the output of rice increases from 0.85 million tons to 1.32 million tons, an increase of about 55%. This remarkable achievement is attained through the increase in planted area and the improvement of yield. The main production areas are in the central and south regions where more land is still available for rice cultivation. With better infrastructure such as irrigation and road, this rate of production growth can be sustained for the next few years. 2. Imports Laos imported rice a small quantity of rice in the north in spite of the surplus in the south. The transportation cost from the south to the north is high. It would be cheaper to use the road network in Thailand. The market takes care of this by exporting rice from the south and importing rice in the north. A large proportion of imported rice into Lao is for purpose of food aid, e.g., during the flood in 1995/1996. 3. Consumption With the 50% increase in production and no report on export, it implies that per capita consumption of rice in Lao has increased enormously during the past 5 years. The level of consumption is about 180 kg/cap/year or about 0.5 kg/cap/day. This is supported by the household survey which put the per capita consumption at 358 kg in paddy basis. However, the consumption for feed and seeds are property taken into account, the direct consumption may not be as high. If the proper statistic is account for the export, it is likely that the level of rice consumption in Lao is at best staying the same or even declining.
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