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A Comparison of General Anesthesia Versus Axillary Brachial Plexus Block for Hand and Wrist Surgery in the View of Patient Satisfaction

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A Comparison of General Anesthesia Versus Axillary Brachial Plexus Block for Hand and Wrist Surgery in the View of Patient Satisfaction Anesth Pain Med 2014; 9: 19-23 ￭Clinical Research￭ A comparison of general anesthesia versus axillary brachial plexus block for hand and wrist surgery in the view of patient satisfaction Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gachon University of Medicine and Science Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea Mi Geum Lee, Hong Soon Kim, Dong Chul Lee, Wol Seon Jung, and Young Jin Chang Background: We evaluated whether the analgesic superiority of regional block over general anesthesia improves patient satisfaction. Methods: Patients were anesthetized with either general anesthe- INTRODUCTION sia (GA) (n = 30) or axillary brachial plexus block (BPB) (n = 30). GA was standardized to include induction with propofol and alfen- Both axillary brachial plexus block (BPB) and general tanil and maintenance with desflurane in an oxygen/nitrous oxide anesthesia (GA) have been extensively employed in upper limb mixture. BPB was performed using an axillary perivascular appro- surgery. BPB is preferred over GA due to several analgesic ach, and 1.5% lidocaine 20 ml with epinephrine (1 : 200,000) and 0.5% levobupivacaine 20 ml were injected. Pain scores and num- advantages; superior postoperative analgesia, reduced periope- bers of times pushing the patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) button rative opiate consumption, decreased postoperative nausea and were measured preoperatively and at 2, 6, and 24 hours after the vomiting, shorter post-anesthesia care unit stay, and shorter end of surgery. On the first day after the operation, one of our hospital stay [1-3], and superior postoperative analgesia is one researchers visited the patients to document their opinions of their anesthetic experiences and their satisfaction scores. of the great merits of BPB even taking into account the Results: Group BPB had lower visual analog scale scores at 2 possibility of neurological injury after regional anesthesia [4,5]. hours and 6 hours postoperatively. Numbers of times pushing the There have been few reports on the benefits of BPB PCA button was also lower in Group BPB within the first 2 hours compared to GA from the clinicians’ point of view [6,7], and and between 2–6 hours postoperatively. However, patient satisfac- tion scores were not statistically different between the two groups no previous reports have explored patient satisfaction, thus, the (84 ± 11 vs. 88 ± 12, P = 0.177). aim of this study was to investigate the perioperative analgesic Conclusions: BPB provided superior analgesia after upper limb outcomes and patient satisfaction. surgery compared to GA, but for a complete understanding of patients’ satisfaction, detailed consideration of factors such as sedation would be necessary. (Anesth Pain Med 2014; 9: 19-23) MATERIALS AND METHODS Key Words: Axillary brachial plexus block, General anesthesia, Patients scheduled for upper limb surgery to the wrist and Pain, Sedation. hand of expected duration of ＜ 90 min, were enrolled in the study, after ethical approval was received and participants provided written informed consent. Patients were 18 years of age or older and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Received: September 24, 2013. physical status I or II. Exclusion criteria included contraindi- Revised: 1st, October 27, 2013; 2nd, November 4, 2013. Accepted: November 19, 2013. cations to regional anesthesia, multiple injuries, intolerance to Corresponding author: Hong Soon Kim, M.D., Department of Anesthe- non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), chronic pain siology and Pain Medicine, Gachon University of Medicine and Science history, and pregnancy. Data were collected from January 2012 Gil Medical Center, 1198, Guwol-dong, Namdong-gu, Incheon 405-760, Korea. Tel: 82-2-460-3400, Fax: 82-32-469-6319, E-mail: khs@gilhospital. to March 2013. com The GA group (n = 30) received standardized anesthesia, It was presented The 90th Annual Meeting of the Korean Society of which included lidocaine 0.5 mg/kg, propofol 1.5 mg/kg, Anesthesiologists, November 2013, Kangwon Land Convention Center, μ Jeongseon, Korea. rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg and alfentanil 500 g. A supraglottic 19 20 Anesth Pain Med Vol. 9, No. 1, 2014 airway (i-gelTM, Intersurgical Ltd., Wokingham, England) was block. We considered loss of sensation in a surgical part of inserted based on patient size (＜50 kg, size 3; 50–90 kg, size the hand or wrist and inability to raise the arm as “surgical 4; and ＞ 70 kg, size 5). Anesthesia was maintained with anesthesia”, and we did not include the cases of insufficient oxygen/nitrous oxide (1 : 1) and desflurane 5–7 vol% titrated block (need for an additional injection for ulnar nerve block [1 to effect. An additional dose of either 250 μg (＜60 kg) or patient], and additive intravenous injection of opioid due to 500 μg (≥60 kg) of alfentanil was administered when pain [3 patients]) in this study. We injected midazolam 2–3 patients’ systolic blood pressure increased ＞ 15 mmHg above mg intravenously only in cases in which the doctors requested baseline or in cases of heart rate ＞ 90 beats/min. An intra- it for sedation. A PCA pump was connected to all patients of venous patient-controlled analgesia pump (PCA; Accufuser Plus Group BPB when the patients were transferred to the ward. Ⓡ , Wooyoung Medical Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea) was connected During the preoperative visit for written informed consent, a before the onset of surgery. The PCA solution contained doctor explained the two anesthetics, and offered the choice of Ⓡ fentanyl citrate (Fentanyl , Guju Pharma Co., Ltd, Seoul, one of the two anesthetics to patients. At the same time, the Ⓡ Korea) 10 μg/kg and ketorolac tromethamine (Keromin , Hana anesthesiologist explained the use of the PCA button, and Pharm Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea) 1.5 mg/kg mixed with normal recommended to the patients to push the button when they felt saline in a total volume of 100 ml and was administered for pain following the surgery. In the case of patients experiencing Ⓡ two days postoperatively (flow rate 2 ml/hr–bolus 0.5 ml– additional pain even after that, diclofenac (Dicknol , Ⓡ lockout time 15 min). Ondansetron (Ondant , Hanmi Pharm Myungmoon Pharm Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea) 90 mg was Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea) 4 mg was also injected intravenously. injected intravenously in both groups. We excluded the cases At the end of surgery, pyridostigmine 0.2 mg/kg and in which patients did not use the PCA due to nausea and glycopyrrolate 0.008 mg/kg were administered, and the i-gel vomiting. was smoothly removed. Before the operation, the patients in both groups received The BPB procedures (n = 30) were performed via a blind, explanations about the documentation of the visual analog scale perivascular approach by either one of two anesthesiology (VAS) scores (preoperatively and at postoperative 2, 6, and 24 residents (each had performed more than 20 transarterial hours) and the numbers of times pushing the PCA buttons (in axillary blocks, and they were closely supervised by experien- three sections: section 1, end of surgery to postop 2 hours; ced regional anesthesia staff). The total volume of the local section 2, postop 2–6 hours; section 3, postop 6–24 hours). On anesthetic mixture was 40 ml (1.5% lidocaine with 1 : the first day after the operation, one of our researchers visited 200,000 epinephrine 20 ml mixed with 0.5% levobupivacaine the ward to collect the above data. At that time, the researcher 20 ml). The technique for performing the BPB was as follows; inquired about the reasons for patient satisfaction or the patient’s arm was extended and abducted exposing the dissatisfaction with their anesthetic method, and asked patients axilla. The elbow was flexed at 90 degrees. The axillary artery to rate their satisfaction level (0–100). The anesthetic was palpated in the proximal axilla with gentle pressure, and procedure, pre-op visit and post-op visit were assigned to punctured using a scalp vein needle until arterial blood was different anesthesiologists in each case. noted in an extension tube open to air. The needle was For each patient, we recorded age, gender, weight, height, advanced until the blood flow ceased. At this point, 17 ml of ASA physical status classification, operation time, type of the drug was injected in 3 ml increments after intermittent surgery, hospital days, number of patients who required negative aspiration. The needle was then withdrawn into the injections of diclofenac. artery such that arterial blood was visualized flowing in the Statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical tubing while open to air. The needle withdrawal was stopped Package for Social Sciences software (SPSS 12.0 for Windows; when the blood flow ceased. At this point, another 17 ml was SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Except for the number of injected after negative aspiration. After completion of the patients (n), gender, ASA status and type of surgery, all the block, digital pressure was held over the artery for 5 minutes. measured values were denoted with mean ± SD. All patients were given a proximal subcutaneous injection A Chi-squared test was conducted for the gender, ASA along the medial aspect of the distal axilla with 6 ml of the status, type of surgery and the number of patients who same solution in an attempt to provide tourniquet analgesia. required injections of diclofenac. In addition, a Student’s An alcohol swab was used to evaluate the sensory nerve unpaired t-test was conducted for the comparison of age, Mi Geum Lee, et al：Patient satisfaction with BPB 21 Table 1. Patient Demographic Characteristics and Perioperative Data Group GA (n = 30) Group BPB (n = 30) P value Age (yr) 42 ± 13 44 ± 14 0.485 Gender (M/F) (n) 16/14 22/8 0.108 Weight (kg) 67 ± 10 70 ± 11 0.395 Height (cm) 165 ± 8 170 ± 9 0.044* ASA (I/II) (n) 21/9 20/10 0.781 operation time (min) 51.53 ± 23.67 51.9 ± 23.2 0.948 Type of surgery (n) (fracture/non-fracture surgery) 8/22 10/20 0.673 Hospital days (day) 4.27 ± 1.20 4.8 ± 2.8 0.367 Patients of injecting diclofenac (n) 19 10 0.02* Intraoperative alfentanil (μg) 973 ± 362 - - Intraoperative midazolam (mg) - 2.7 ± 0.5 - Values are numbers of patients and mean ± SD.
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