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Oil and Gas Resources of the Arctic Alaska Petroleum Province

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Oil and Gas Resources of the Arctic Alaska Petroleum Province Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska, 2005 U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1732–A Oil and Gas Resources of the Arctic Alaska Petroleum Province By David W. Houseknecht and Kenneth J. Bird Abstract coveries, along with the economic benefits of applying innova- tive exploration and production technologies, evolving indus- The Arctic Alaska Petroleum Province, encompassing try demographics, rising oil and natural-gas prices, and the all the lands and adjacent Continental Shelf areas north of the anticipation that northern Alaska natural-gas resources may Brooks Range-Herald arch, is one of the most petroleum-pro- become economic and marketable through a planned pipeline, ductive areas in the United States, having produced about 15 have stimulated a renewed intensity in leasing and exploration billion bbl of oil. Seven unitized oil fields currently contrib- activity. Until recently, this activity was focused mostly on ute to production, and three additional oil fields have been State onshore and offshore areas of the central North Slope, as unitized but are not yet producing. Most known petroleum well as the Federal offshore area immediately adjacent to the accumulations involve structural or combination structural- Federal-State boundary. Exploration in these areas has been stratigraphic traps related to closure along the Barrow arch, a mostly for oil in relatively large structural or combination regional basement high, which has focused regional hydrocar- structural-stratigraphic traps similar to that at the Prudhoe Bay bon migration since Early Cretaceous time. Several oil accu- field (fig. 1), where approximately 12 billion bbl of oil has mulations in stratigraphic traps have been developed in recent been produced and more than 3 billion bbl of reserves remains years. In addition to three small gas fields producing for local (table 1; Alaska Division of Oil and Gas, 2006). consumption, more than 20 additional oil and gas discoveries Discovery of the 500-million-bbl Alpine oil field in 1994 remain undeveloped. (fig. 1) on the Colville River delta and success at the nearby This geologically complex region includes prospec- Tarn oil field (>100 million bbl recoverable) stimulated inter- tive strata within passive-margin, rift, and foreland-basin est in exploration for stratigraphic traps. As a result, explora- sequences. Oil and gas were generated from multiple source tion since 1995 has progressed westward and southward from rocks throughout the region. Although some reservoired oils the main productive fairway into areas where new oil fields in appear to be derived from a single source rock, evidence for stratigraphic traps may be discovered. significant mixing of hydrocarbons from multiple source rocks The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of indicates a composite petroleum system. Both extensional and known petroleum accumulations in the Arctic Alaska Petro- contractional tectonic structures provide ample exploration leum Province and to review recent assessments of undis- targets, and recent emphasis on stratigraphic traps has dem- covered, technically recoverable, conventional petroleum onstrated a significant resource potential in shelf and turbidite resources. Those resources associated with continuous-type sequences of Jurassic through Tertiary age. (unconventional) petroleum accumulations, such as low- Recent estimates of the total mean volume of undiscov- permeability basin-centered gas, gas hydrates, and coal-bed ered resources in the Arctic Alaska Petroleum Province by methane, are not addressed. the U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Minerals Management Service are more than 50 billion bbl of oil and natural-gas liquids and 227 trillion ft3 of gas, distributed approximately Geologic and Tectonic Setting equally between Federal offshore and combined onshore and State offshore areas. The Arctic Alaska Petroleum Province extends about 1,100 km from the United States-Canadian border westward to the maritime boundary with Russia, and from 100 to 600 km northward from the Brooks Range to an arbitrary boundary at Introduction the approximate edge of the Continental Shelf (fig. 1; Bird, 2001). Although the edge of the Continental Shelf provides The Arctic Alaska Petroleum Province, one of the most a well-defined physiographic boundary for the province, this petroleum-productive areas in the United States, currently is edge does not represent a geologic limit to potential petroleum an exploration target for new additions to reserves. New dis- resources. The offshore part of the province is characterized 2 Oil and Gas Resources of the Arctic Alaska Petroleum Province by a relatively narrow (100 km wide) shelf in the Beaufort Sea 1994). Contractional deformation in Tertiary time created the (Scherr and Johnson, 1998) and a broad (600 km wide) shelf fold-and-thrust belt that extends northward from the Brooks in the Chukchi Sea (Sherwood and others, 1998). The prov- Range and is expressed topographically as the foothills belt ince is bounded on the south by the Brooks Range-Herald arch (Moore and others, 1994). orogenic belt and offshore to the north by the passive conti- nental margin of the Canada Basin (fig. 1). The principle geologic features of the Arctic Alaska Stratigraphy Petroleum Province are summarized in figure 1. The Chukchi and Arctic platforms are remnants of a late Paleozoic through Although the stratigraphic record of the Arctic Alaska early Mesozoic south-facing (present coordinates) continental Petroleum Province extends into the Precambrian, rocks with margin. These features are separated by the Hanna trough, a a potential for petroleum accumulations are dated at Missis- north-trending structural sag characterized by extensional nor- sippian and younger (fig. 2). The traditional grouping of the mal faulting, in which thick layers of sediment accumulated rocks into tectonostratigraphic sequences, as proposed by mostly during the Devonian(?) and Mississippian and into the Lerand (1973) and modified by later investigators, emphasizes early Mesozoic. Sherwood and others (1998) considered the tectonic history, provenance, and genetic relations. This sec- Hanna trough to be a failed rift. The Barrow arch and adjacent tion briefly describes the tectonostratigraphic sequences north hingeline fault zone formed during Jurassic to Early Creta- of the Brooks Range. ceous rifting. The oceanic Canada Basin and flanking passive The Franklinian sequence mostly includes Devonian and margin resulted from this rifting event. At the southern margin older sedimentary rocks representing diverse origins and a of the Arctic and Chukchi platforms and overlapping in time complex geologic history. These rocks have been buried and with rifting to the north, an arc-continent collision created metamorphosed beyond the thermal stage of oil preservation the Brooks Range, the adjacent Colville foreland basin, and, across most of Arctic Alaska, and so they are considered to be presumably, the Herald arch orogenic belt (Moore and others, economic basement. North Chukchi inge P Canada Basin Basin H lin A e S ( o c e a n i c ) fa u S lt I z V o H E B n Beaufort Sea a a e r M n ro n w A a A R G rc I N t t r ic A o rch Chukchi u platform g p h latf PB 100 m HERALD Chukchi Sea mit o orm North li f co ntr ac AF 1 0 0 2 A r e a tio nal v NPRA stru res ARCH C o l i ctu l l e ( f o United States r e l a i n ANWR n d ) a s B C a n a d a RANGE BROOKS R u s s i a United States Hope Basin 0 100 200 Trans-Alaska Pipeline System KILOMETERS Figure 1. Arctic Alaska Petroleum Province, showing locations of principal geologic features. AF, Alpine oil field; ANWR, Arctic National Wildlife Refuge; NPRA, National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska; PB, Prudhoe Bay oil field. Modified from Bird (2001). AGE (m.y.) SW Gubik Fm. NE Known and EXPLANATION potential oil Sagavanirktok Fm. source rocks Nonmarine rocks CENOZOIC Sagavanirktok Fm. ? Canning Marine shelf 66 Prince Creek Fm. Canning Fm. Marine slope and basin Tuluvak Fm. Schrader Bluff Fm. Condensed marine shale Nanushuk Fm. Seabee Fm. Hue Shale BROOKIAN CRETACEOUS Torok Fm. Carbonates Fortress GRZ GRZ Mountain Metasedimentary rocks Fm. Pebble shale unit * Lower Cretaceous unconformity Kuparuk Fm. Granite 146 Hiatus or erosion JURASSIC Kingak Shale Kingak 200 Sag River Ss. Shublik Fm. BEAUFORTIAN Shublik TRIASSIC Etivluk Group Sadlerochit 251 Group PERMIAN 299 PENNSYLVANIAN ? Lisburne 318 Lisburne Group MISSISSIPPIAN Endicott Group Endicott ELLESMERIAN (gas) 359 . PRE- . .. .. .. .. .. Basement. .. MISSISSIPPIAN .. .... .. .... .. .. Setting Tectonic and Geologic FRANKLINIAN < MEGASEQUENCES * Allochthonous rocks Figure 2. Generalized stratigraphic column for the Arctic Alaska Petroleum Province, emphasizing petroleum-prospective rocks and their tectonostratigraphic subdivisions and reflecting major stages in tectonic development of the region. GRZ, gamma-ray zone of the Hue Shale. 3 4 Oil and Gas Resources of the Arctic Alaska Petroleum Province The Mississippian through Triassic Ellesmerian sequence These voluminous deposits filled the Colville foreland basin, consists of carbonate and shallow-marine to nonmarine silici- overtopped the rift shoulder (Barrow arch), and built the pas- clastic deposits. On the Arctic platform, Ellesmerian strata are sive margin that forms the present continental terrace north continental-shelf deposits that accumulated on a south-facing of Alaska. The Brookian sequence consists of a complex passive margin. From a northern pinchout or erosional
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