A Drosophila Melanogaster Poszt-Meiotikus Spermatogenezisében Szerepet Játszó Gének Vizsgálata

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A Drosophila Melanogaster Poszt-Meiotikus Spermatogenezisében Szerepet Játszó Gének Vizsgálata A Drosophila melanogaster poszt-meiotikus spermatogenezisében szerepet játszó gének vizsgálata Ph.D. értekezés Vedelek Viktor Témavezető: Dr. Sinka Rita Biológia Doktori Iskola Szegedi Tudományegyetem Természettudományi és Informatikai Kar Genetikai Tanszék Szeged 2016 Tartalomjegyzék Tartalomjegyzék ...................................................................................................................................... 2 Rövidítések jegyzéke ............................................................................................................................... 4 1. Bevezetés ............................................................................................................................................. 5 1.1 A Drosophila melanogaster alkalmazása, mint genetikai modellszervezet .................................. 5 1.2 A Drosophila spermatogenezise .................................................................................................... 6 1.2.1 A spermatogenezis korai szakasza ......................................................................................... 9 1.2.2 A meiotikus ciszták, kerek spermatidák ................................................................................. 9 1.2.3 A poszt-meiotikus fejlődés első szakasza, a megnyúlás ....................................................... 10 1.2.4 A poszt-meiotikus fejlődés későbbi szakasza, az individualizáció ........................................ 11 1.3 A mitokondriumok szerepe a spermatogenezis során ................................................................ 12 1.3.1 A mitokondriumok szerkezeti változásai és annak szabályozása a Drosophila spermatogenezise során ............................................................................................................... 12 1.4 A glutamát anyagcsere ................................................................................................................ 14 1.5 Fehérjelebontás a spermatidák individualizációja során ............................................................ 16 1.5.1 Az ubikvitin proteaszóma rendszer ...................................................................................... 16 1.5.2 Tesztisz-specifikus protein degradációban szerepet játszó fehérjék ................................... 17 1.6 Az archipelago gén ...................................................................................................................... 20 2. Célkitűzés ........................................................................................................................................... 21 3. Anyagok és módszerek ...................................................................................................................... 22 3.1 Felhasznált Drosophila törzsek, klasszikus genetikai vizsgálatok ................................................ 22 3.2 Molekuláris biológiai módszerek ................................................................................................. 23 3.2.1 DNS izolálás .......................................................................................................................... 23 3.2.2 Transzpozon remobilizálás molekuláris ellenőrzése ............................................................ 23 3.2.3 Transzgének létrehozása ...................................................................................................... 24 3.3 Génexpressziós vizsgálatok, RT-PCR és q-RT-PCR ....................................................................... 25 3.4 RNS in situ hibridizáció ................................................................................................................ 26 3.5 Immunfestés, mikroszkópia ........................................................................................................ 27 3.6 Elektronmikroszkópia .................................................................................................................. 28 3.7 Statisztikai elemzések, bioinformatika ........................................................................................ 28 4. Eredmények ....................................................................................................................................... 30 4.1 A Minos transzpozon inszerciója a CG4434/bb8 génben hímsterilitást eredményez ................. 30 4.2 A bb8 gén egy glutamát dehidrogenázt kódol ............................................................................ 32 4.3 A bb8 gén expressziója és a Bb8 fehérje lokalizációja tesztiszben .............................................. 36 2 4.4 Késői spermatogenezis hiba okozza a bb8ms mutánsok sterilitását ............................................ 40 4.5 A bb8ms mutánsok mitokondrium morfológiai hibákat mutatnak, és megamitokondriumokat képeznek............................................................................................................................................ 46 4.6 P-elem inszerció az archipelago (ago) génben sterilitást eredményez ....................................... 52 4.7 Az ago génexpresszójának jellemzése ......................................................................................... 54 4.8 Az mCherry-Ago tesztisz-specifikus kifejeződési mintázata ........................................................ 55 4.9 Az agoms allél hímsteril fenotípusának jellemzése ...................................................................... 58 4.10 Lehetséges Ago kölcsönható partnerek, és célfehérjék ............................................................ 65 5. Az eredmények értékelése ............................................................................................................... 71 6. Köszönetnyilvánítás ........................................................................................................................... 83 7. Irodalomjegyzék ................................................................................................................................ 84 8. Összefoglaló ....................................................................................................................................... 92 9. Summary ............................................................................................................................................ 96 10. Függelék ......................................................................................................................................... 100 10.1 Felhasznált oligonukleotidok jegyzéke .................................................................................... 100 10.2 Jelmagyarázat és keresztezési sémák:..................................................................................... 102 3 Rövidítések jegyzéke 3’UTR – 3’ Untranslated Region (3’ Nem hSel-10 – human Suppressor/Enhancer of Transzlálódó Régió) Lin-12 5’UTR – 5’ Untranslated Region (5’ Nem IC – Individualizációs komplex Transzlálódó Régió) imp – IGF-II mRNA-binding protein ago – archipelago ISH – In Situ Hibridizáció Arp2/3 - Actin-related protein 2/3 complex Klhl10/Cul3/Roc1b – E3 enzimkomplex bb8 – big bubble 8 Mcl – Induced myeloid leukemia cell c-Jun – AP-1 transcription factor subunit differentiation protein c-Myc myelocytomatosis cellular MyoV – Miozin V oncogene MyoVI – Miozin VI ctp – cut up ntc – nutcracker Cul1 – Cullin1 Ntc-SCF – Nutcracker SKPA Cullin1 E3 Cul3 – Cullin3 enzyme complex Cyt-c-d – Citokróm-c-distal PBS – Phosphate Buffered Saline puffer DAPI – 4’, 6-diamidino-2-fenilindol PCR – Polimeráz láncreakció DIG – Digoxigenin PLK-1 – Polo-Like Kinase 1 dj – don juan Poe – Purity of essence DJ-GFP – Don Juan-GFP qRT-PCR – Real Time quantitative Reverse dmfrn/mfrn – mitoferrin transcription PCR (valós idejű, reverz DNS – dezoxiribonukleinsav transzkripció kapcsolt kvantitatív E3 ligáz – E3 ubikvuitin ligáz polimeráz láncreakció) EC – Elongációs komplex RBR – RING between RING eGFP – Enhanced Green Fluorescent RING – Really Interesting New Gene Protein HECT – homology to E6AP C terminus EMS – Etil Metil Szulfonát RNS – ribonukleinsav F1 – Első generáció Roc1b – Regulator of cullins 1b F2 – Második generáció SCF- SKP, Cullin, F-box típusú E3 ubikvitin FBW7 - F-box and WD repeat domain- ligáz containing 7 SkpA – SKP1-related A GABA – Gamma amino vajsav Soti - Scotti Gdh – Glutamát dehidrogenáz SREBP-2 – Sterol Regulatory Element- (Drosophila) Binding Protein 2 GLUD1 – Glutamát dehidrogenáz 1 TAE – Tris, acetát, EDTA puffer (ember) TUNEL – terminal deoxynucleotidyl GLUD2 – Glutamát dehidrogenáz 2 transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end (ember) labeling hAgo – human archipelago TV3 – testis vektor 3 hCDC4 – human cyclin dependent kinase 4 Vps28 – Vacuolar protein sorting 28 Wasp - Wiscott-Aldrich syndrome protein 4 1. Bevezetés 1.1 A Drosophila melanogaster alkalmazása, mint genetikai modellszervezet A gyümölcslégy vagy ecetmuslica (Drosophila melanogaster) az egyik legjobban ismert genetikai modellszervezet. Drosophilát laboratóriumi vizsgálatokhoz először William Castle harvardi csoportja használt 1901-ben (Kohler 1994), azonban a Drosophila kutatások, és ezzel a modern genetika megalapozója Thomas Hunt Morgan volt. Morgan 1933-ban kapott Nobel díjat a kromoszómák öröklődésben betöltött szerepének kimutatásáért. Herman Muller (Morgan tanítványa) pedig az 1920-as években végzett kísérleteivel mutatta ki a gamma- sugárzás mutagén hatását, amelyet 1946-ban Nobel díjjal jutalmaztak. Ezek a felfedezések megalapozták a Drosophila használatát a kutató laboratóriumokban, így az elmúlt 100 év
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