FOR TOMORROW
ne hundred years ago how the bequest ofWill Hogg might Texas approached a new become a reality. century with hope that the Thus, the concept of mental hygiene newly-elected governor could help to as a focus began to germinate. make life better for all people. That man Now fifty years have passed. What do was James Stephen Hogg. they mean? In terms of people, it is more One half centurv later Governor than half a lifetime. For an organization, Hogg's daughter, Ima, \'isualized the the firm start ofa long-term effort. need for a better Texas, for humane care James Stephen Hogg taught his for the mentally ill, for pre\'entive mental children that wealth was a legacy to be health measures on behalf of children .... shared. His son, Will C. Hogg, cared Miss Hogg believed she " ... was about the University of Texas. His brought up to respect all the privileges daughter, Miss Ima, was aware of the one may enjoy in America, and I was inner pain and the silent hurts of many taught that every citizen has an obligation people. to serve humanity according to his talents Throughout the half century the basic and privileges." premise of the Hogg family has held firm That was the beginning. Will Hogg, - to sef\'e, in meaningful fashion, the the Governor's oldest son, had died and people of the state. left in his will the wish that his monies would go to the Uni\'ersity ofTexas. But for what purposes? For lectureships? To the medical school? Serendipity played a part. Miss Ima, on her wav to the dedication of the McDonald Obser\'atory on May 5, 1939, happened to ride in the same automobile as Dr. Homer Rainey, then president of the University of Texas. The two talked enthusiastically of the University and its needs. The drive to the Davis Mountains was just long enough for them to discuss Will C. Hogg, original donor of the Hogg Foundation
1 Depression years ofthe )30s took their toll on the human spirit. Conflict) recession) unemployment in following years resulted in similar erosion ofthe psyche) in homelessness) and in despair. THE NINETEEN FORTIES
he Hogg Foundation was conceived out of the depression. years of the 19 30s, years which had taken a toll on the social, emotional, and physical stamina ofpeople in this country. Hope had begun to replace despair, as President Franklin D. Roosevelt counseled people to exchange fear for courage and belief in the future. The Hogg Foundation, a part of the University ofTexas, grew out of the beliefs of the Hogg family. It began operation because ofWill and Ima Dr. Robert L. Sutherland, a sociologist, headed the Hogg Hogg's gifts of a $2,500,000 bequest, the Foundation from its inception in 1940 until he retired in largest ever received by the University at 1970. His leadership gave the Foundation its focus and its imperus. that time. The new Foundation, with sociologist Robert Lee Sutherland as its head, set out to bring the message of mental hygiene and the potential of human beings to people throughout the state. The Foundation was housed in the University Tower with the director and one full-time secretary. The annual budget for 1940-41 totaled $18,000. The first 18 months were devoted to educating people about the meaning of mental health. Foundation consultants became a new breed of "circuit riders" who made from three to five talks and meetings in a day in country towns and urban centers. They brought with them
3 "a practical program ofmental hygiene ... States entered the war. American lives to bring about mental health for every day were altered. Military camps were set up people." in small towns. Men went to war, and Booklets concerning family life and wives went to work in the factories. problem solving were purchased and Warehouses were converted to arms given to people who attended lectures. plants. Rationing began. Other publications were mailed, and a Some children, left alone for the first small readership was built up. Thus, the time, began skipping school and hanging Foundation's Mental Health Education out with other youngsters. Soon they program had its beginning. were staying out late at night, shop lifting, drinking, or committing other delinquent acts. ((Please do me the special favor to The Hogg Foundation moved swiftly. keep in touch with your younger Consultants were enlisted to help with the brothers that they may know they schools and family life organizations in are at all times loved and never trying to meet the problems of the young overlooked or forgotten. )) people. Bob Sutherland worked with the Texas State Selective Service Board to Letter from James Stephen Hogg to Ima. March 1902. develop a plan for screening the potential soldiers for mental strength Between 1940 and 1941 consultants and stability. had met with 135,000 persons at some 656 sessions. Dr. Sutherland had by himself reached nearly 50,000 people by talking to more than 300 groups. But Adolph Hitler, who had seemed so far removed from American life as he cut through Poland, Denmark, Belgium, the Netherlands, and France, now loomed Publications dealt with means as a menace at home. of problem solving. December 7, 1941, dawned to the tragedy of Pearl H~rbor. The United
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Veterans, returning from World War II, and families left behind had to learn to reknit relationships and to mold peaceful lives.
Priorities were for the military, and ness that many serious difficulties began civilian travel was difficult. The circuit in childhood and that child guidance riders were grounded, and mailings of clinics could be valuable preventive aids. "Lectures in Print" carried on the mes Creative approaches to the problems of sage to the public. the mentally ill were being developed, and AB World War II ended, the Hogg the schools were increasingly recognized Foundation faced the mental health needs as basic arenas for help with the mental of returning veterans and their families . health of future generations. Colleges asked for help in readjusting to peacetime problems; agencies needed financial and consultative aid to help with family difficulties and reorientation to peacetime living. The Hogg Foundation became concerned with the problems of the mentally ill. There was increasing aware
5 Beginning ofa family. A father and infant begin the bonding process, an act oflove 1Vhich helps to strengthen relationships for the future. The Hogg Foundation, throughout the years, has worked with many community groups in family life education and in specialized programs dealing with connections between parents and children. THE NINETEEN FIFTIES
he 1950s opened against a backdrop of both hope for the new president, Dwight D. Eisenhower, and national fear about "the bomb." The Hogg Foundation endeav ored to maintain a "forward look" and planned for the future with organizations throughout the state. A killing drouth halted the economy, and many projects slowed down or ceased. Education programs suffered because of the burgeoning numbers of young people and the low salaries of teachers, a factor alleviated partially by Foundation benefactor Ima Hogg: "I think anything that contributes to a wholesome life is mental health." (Interview mandated pay raises by the Legislature. with Dr. Sutherland, 1967.) A mellow period settled over the country. The era ofMcCarthyism had ended, and optimism began to rise among the general public. By the mid-1950s it was estimated that 1,000,000 Texans had been reached by Foundation-funded consultants, and 4,000 persons were on the mailing list. fl7 health workers, expansion ofstate and community services, extension of mental health education, development ofnew research projects, aid to mental health clinics, and strengthening ofcooperative efforts with other foundations in the Southwest.
ccDear Ima: I am anxious for you to spend Christmas with your brothers.
Dr. Wayne H. Holtzman, internationally known psychologist, Your influence over them) by reason would later become Foundation president. oftheir deep love for you) is potent and far-reaching ... )) A young psychologist, Dr. Wayne H. Letter from James Stephen Hogg to Ima. Holtzman, joined the Hogg Foundation November 1902. staff and initiated a vigorous research program. Grants were made for begin ning and innovative projects. This seed Needs of mentally ill persons contin money often generated large grants. For ued to spur the Hogg Foundation to example, $28,000 from the Hogg Foun innovative efforts. Working with groups dation brought the researchers in 12 like the Texas Research League, the different projects more than $2,000,000 Junior League, and the Junior Chamber in federal monies. of Commerce, the Foundation publicized, Over the years the Hogg Foundation via stories, pamphlets, and film, the plight has grown and, with it, the achievements ofmentally ill persons in Texas. ofWayne Holtzman who would assume A new pattern ofin-service education leadership in 1970. His outreach in in marriage and family counseling was psychology is worldwide and his guidance instituted by month-long seminars for Air of the Foundation forceful and directed. Force chaplains. The decade of the '50s was character The Board of Regents of the Univer ized by training ofprofessional mental sity ofTexas served as an oversight group
8 The mentally ill who were confined in state hospitals often remained for decades or for a lifetime. The Hogg Foundation worked with other groups to improve the plight of those so stricken. to the foundation, but there was a grow ment by the Foundation in planning, ing need for a professional advisory group policy, and program. Thus, a National which could give expert advice to involve- Advisory Committee (later Council) was established and first met in May of 1959. Ties to the academic departments of the University have increased over the years via faculty chairs held in the depart ments ofpsychology and sociology by Wayne Holtzman and Charles Bonjean, by staff members who teach courses and seminars, by faculty members who serve as advisors and consultants, and by graduate students working as research The Bexar County Community Center became one of the associates and evaluation fellows. early such centers earmarked for work in prevention and early intervention.
9 Agrowing older population brought awareness of the needs ofthose who had a paucity ofhuman or financial resources. The Hogg Foundation) through programs and publications) worked on alleviating some ofthe problems ofthe elderly. THE NINETEEN SIXTIES
he 1960s started with youthful promise. The Foundation expressed, through grants and consultation, increasing concern for the larger problems ofsociety. Much emphasis was placed on campus mental health where the "baby boomers" surfaced and became a vocal and often strident force, especially as troubles in Vietnam escalated. A young president, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, offered promise ofa challenging •'' . future as he stood on the inaugural platform on January 20, 1961, and Released from a mental hospital but not well enough to function in the community, patients found help by living in proclaimed " ... the torch has passed to a half-way houses. new generation ofAmericans." Activities of the '50s continued into the '60s for the Foundation. Special population groups, from ethnic minorities to the aged, were aided through Founda tion grants. Many of the implications of research findings needed testing, and a number of demonstration grants were awarded. Some of them were seed monies allowing new projects to begin, to test their strength, and to prove their value. Work with other foundations in the Southwest continued, and a Regional Foundation Library was established under the auspices of the Foundation Library Center ofNew York. Warehousing of the mentally ill 25-year-old ex-Marine student barricaded became a national issue. Blue ribbon himselfon the observation deck ofthe committees set up in Texas studied the Tower ofthe University's Main Building possibilities of change on behalfofper and shot and killed 15 persons and sons suffering from mental illness. They wounded 31 others before he was slain by worked for several years, their efforts police. Hogg Foundation staff members culminating in the enactment of House watched with horror the violent drama Bill 3, a comprehensive Community from their Mental Health Act, which was signed into barricaded law in April of 1965. offices three Chronic mental illness - a pervasive, floors down. ongoing problem which delivers lightning thrusts ofpain to some and slow and relentless erosion of spirit to others - has been ofprimary concern to the Hogg cc1 would Foundation staff for many years. How to give anything within help bring light into the dark corners of reason ... so that I could have the an unhappy mind has been the subject of advantage ofchaste and polished study, writing, and action. and instructive conversation.))
In the 1960s violence stormed the Letter !Tom Will Hogg to his mother. May 1895. country in thundering sounds of riots and protests, in lightning thrusts of murder and assassinations. Marches took place all Before the wounded had been re over the country. The young President leased from hospitals, the Hogg Founda fell in 1963, and Lyndon B. Johnson took tion and University officials began to over the helm. Less than five years later work on means ofprevention and better the nonviolent minister, Martin Luther services for people needing psychological King, was killed, and two months after help. Their efforts led to a reorganization that, Senator Robert Kennedy. of student counseling and formation of Between those national tragedies, the the University Counseling Center. University ofTexas was the scene of a Continuing efforts took place in aid mass killing on August 1, 1966, when a to young people, particularly in the form
12 Unrest characterized much of the '50s and '60s. Protests on behalf of minorities and against the Vietnam War were widespread. ofeducation. Such endeavors have re How to help youths mained a mainstay for Hogg Foundation find their way from the abyss efforts. Understanding that intervention in which they spend their days becomes an imperative for youth who are has become a challenge and a target for caught in cycles ofdefeat, the Foundation one ofthe Foundation's major grants has endeavored to intervene at critical over the years. points in young lives. Continuing thrusts In 1968 the Foundation moved from have been made in many areas, including the University Tower's 24th floor to two in the Fifth Ward in Houston where help stories of the now-named Will C. Hogg for young people threatened by poverty, Building. The Hogg family's work toward drugs, or low self-esteem has become an mental health was now realized on Mr. imperative. Will's beloved campus.
13 Growing numbers ofminorities highlighted the need for educational and mental health programs directed toward special populations. The Hogg Foundation made grants to programs which dealt with all ages. Consultants were called in to work with communities and with groups in an effort to increrue the achievements ofminority persons. THE NINETEEN SEVENTIES
roubles and triumphs at home and abroad heralded the beginning of the 1970s. Strife in Northern Ireland, conflict in the Middle East, civil war in Pakistan, and the withdrawal oftroops from Vietnam marked the battlefronts. President Richard M. Nixon's trip to China opened a new frontier for this country, and the moon landing ofApollo 15 gave renewed hope and impetus to the American people. Such hope was shattered by the forced "A giant step for mankind .. ." resignation of President Nixon, the attempted assassination of President Gerald Ford, and the arrival ofdouble digit inflation worldwide. President Jimmy Carter took over the helm, but public confidence in the U.S. ability to stem inflation undermined many of his efforts. The Hogg Foundation, too, con cerned itself with national issues, such as the frustrations ofawakened minorities, and other conflicts within society itself. In recognition ofthese emerging needs, grants were provided for mental health demonstration projects with Hispanic American and Black popula tions. A consultant went into Crystal City to help formulate a mental health thrust for children. Several projects on behalf of and the nation. Miss Hogg's was in the Black populations, preschoolers to adults, form of the Ima Hogg Foundation were clustered under a program entitled established in 1964 and activated at her "A Black Concern for Competence." death. It is earmarked for the benefit and Other grants ranged from small ones mental health ofchildren in the Houston to study the behavioral and physiological Harris County area. Dr. Sutherland's effects ofcrowding in prisons to a project leadership and contributions in the fields directly focused on nearly 4,000 Hispanic oforganized philanthropy and mental and Black students with college potential. health sparked recognition and implemen Self-questioning was an integral part tation ofhundreds ofprograms to benefit of the Foundation's program. How to the people ofthe state. react to requests and still be a planned change agent and how to break down walls between disciplines concerned the My greatest hope for the Hogg professional staff. Foundation is ((Just to keep on ... Graduate students from departments keep doing your good work ... of psychology, sociology, education, and carry out its program.)) social work joined the Foundation. As research associates and interns, they IncerYiew with Miss Hogg and Dr. Sutherland. May 1967. worked on evaluation ofvarious Founda tion emphases. "The Human Condition" radio program, which began in 1973, contin Following Dr. Sutherland's death, a faculty chair in his name was endowed in ued its 10-year journey with the Univer the University ofTexas School ofSocial sity's Longhorn Radio Network, reaching Work. In addition, the Hogg Foundation some 150 stations. initiated the biennial Robert L.Sutherland The last half of the 1970s reflected seminars. Important scholars occupy the the deaths of two giants in the field of Chair for one-year periods. The seminars mental health - Miss Ima, 93, in 1975 in deal with vital social issues and bring London and Bob Sutherland, at the end together scholars and researchers to help of 1976, at the age of 73. with problem solving. Both left indelible marks on Texas
16 Peaceful demonstrations took place on almost every college campus.
Under Dr. Holtzman's leadership, Thus, the decade research took a more prominent spot in ended with both the Foundation's activities. Both self Prologue and study and outside research became inte Promise. gral to the Foundation's program. By the end of the 1970s the executive committee had grown to seven, support staff to 16. During 1979-80 grants totaled $707,164.62.
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Needs ofindividuals and ways ofbuilding toward a positive future have always been a hallmark of Hogg Foundation programs. Strong families become the basis for stable communities. Here) a father and daughter head toward a bright future. THE NINETEEN EIGHTIES
he 1980s belied the promise ofthe '70s. Projected and actual governmental budget cuts impacted heavily on social service agencies. The feminist movement became a force for consideration. Grants were made to support women's shelters and to fund studies of abused and neglected women, including the elderly. The decline in oil prices and in the stock market in the mid-80s changed the way of life for thousands ofTexans. The economy slowed down, and so did federal Families work together to heighten relationships and im prove their individual lives. and state funding for mental health. Programs dealing with special popu lations such as services for racial and ethnic groups, the aged, high-risk infants, and the disabled were in jeopardy. Mid-century in the life of a person or an organization often calls for reflection and analysis. As the Hogg Foundation neared its half-century mark, such exami nation took the form of self-appraisal and action programs. One of the studies done by research associates was designed to identify the various agencies which are called upon by high users of services - persons who bounce from agency to agency and often spend many days in the county jail and the state hospital. Prisons can also be sources of study Many older people suffer from loneli and rehabilitation. Prison terms can ness and a sense ofisolation. sometimes incarcerate entire families. Put all of these factors together, and Spouses on the "outside" lose their we find Foster Grannies giving infusion of support systems; children suffer from a familial love at the same time that they sense ofshame or abandonment. relish the joy of being needed ... by chil In a federal prison in Fort Worth, dren of battered mothers, by babies Texas, behind the foreboding walls, a suffering from gross illness or effects of bright room exists. Games, toys, and prematurity. books are everywhere. Visitation is per The Grannies offer stimulus, safety, . mitted. Children play. In this cheerful and love without condition . room parents and young ones can reknit Looking toward the future, the the raveled edges of their relationships. Foundation began to take a more active And husbands and wives can rekindle, role than formerly. This action grew out even tentatively, that vital sense of touch of suggestions made by its National with a loved one. Advisory Council, whose members felt Special attention went, also, to the that the Foundation should take greater growing older population in Texas and initiative in addressing significant prob the country, to the needs of the frail lems of the day. elderly, and to the devastation felt by The Foundation executive staff many of them. decided to build on ongoing thrusts of The Hogg Foundation has given help the Foundation over the years - concern to a program which sponsors a day care for the mentally ill and for children and facility. Here the elderly can find com adolescents. Thus, three commissions panionship, stimulus, and a sense of were set up. The first dealt with Commu belonging to the world. nity Care of the Mentally Ill; the second Lack of family cohesion remains a with Children and Their Families; and the basic problem. In another Foundation third with Adolescents and Young Adults. sponsored program mutual help becomes Each Commission has been chaired by a focus . Wives are sometimes battered, a person knowledgeable in the field. and children suffer the aftershock of Meetings have been held over a three-year emotional explosion. period and have resulted in publications,
20 In this effort, persons who have suffered long from mental illness are
TEXAS CH/I.DH.EN stimulated back to life. Here people who have often endured explosive inner pain and fears are able, in this simulated home environment, to emerge tentatively from their imprisoned selves. They begin to learn or to relearn how to work and how to relate to other people. They find the gentle art offriendship, the pleasures of daily coping, the delights ofaccomplish ment. The Commission on the Mental Health Commission publications reflect the three-year studies un ofChildren and Their Families represents dertaken by Hogg Foundation invited participants. the continuing concern for the upcoming generation. Taking a broad view of the interactive radio and television pilots, and societal factors that impact on children, recommendations for action. this Commission recommends a variety of The Commission on Community Care preventive programs which can enhance ofthe Mentally Ill represents a long-time the quality oflife of both children and involvement of the Foundation. Its scope their families . is to help plan a mental health system of Many tiny people in our society suffer care that functions effectively at both the deprivation before they can speak. Many state and local levels. A number ofgrants parents, eager to give their children life's awarded by the Foundation reflect the delights, are themselves bound by lack of thrust of the Commission. knowledge ofchild development. A cooperative grant of the Hogg The CEDEN program, replicated in Foundation, along with the Robert Wood other places in the state, demonstrates Johnson Foundation and the Austin how gentle teaching and example can Travis County Department of Mental build strengths in small children and can Health/ Mental Retardation, was a fore spur confidence in their parents. Child runner of this Commission. and parent learn and laugh together.
21 Sometimes life begins and almost ends at birth. Babies, barely big enough to breathe, somehow hold on tenuously to existence. They manage to travel the long path to normalcy while their parents, helpless, stroke the bird-like limbs and try to maintain hope.
In one program with premature infants and their families, hope is often rewarded as the little ones emerge into the sunlight ofexistence and take their places in their families. Parents are helped, via a Foundation grant, to aid their infants and to maintain their own mental health and participation as family Grief and compassion are demonstrated in the gigantic quilt created in memory of the thousands who have died from members. AIDS.
The third Commission, on Mental Health ofAdolescents and Young Adults, Children having children. Who studied the effects of many self-damaging suffers most, the young person without behaviors of teenagers and the tragic the skills of mothering, without the consequences ofsuch actions. Special strengths ofadulthood, without the joys attention and recommendations are ofchildhood or the small youngster geared toward advocating programs that uncertain of the path to walk, unaware of help young people make a positive transi the model to be followed? tion from adolescence to adulthood. Girl Scout leaders in a western part of Many concerns of this Commission the state decided to open opportunities have focused on adolescents who become for young mothers. One week out of the mothers before they become adults. To summer, camp is made available for the find a way in which the defeating pattern teenagers and their little ones. could be changed, several programs have Here the mothers learn and relearn been attempted. what it is to be young, to laugh with one
22 another, to unsaddle themselves from year-history of the Hogg Foundation, responsibility. At the same time they are building on Miss Ima's concern for the taught the skills of parenting and means mentally ill and her lasting commitment ofcoping with events. They learn to love to children. their children, who also open up to life In addition to the Commissions, four and to laughter. major conferences have been sponsored Another program geared toward or co-sponsored during the Hogg youth with babies takes place in an urban Foundation's SOth anniversary year. setting where schooling is the focus. In "Mental Health Research in Texas: addition to academic skills, the girls learn Retrospect and Prospect" was the focus of nutrition and child care. They and their the Seventh Robert Lee Sutherland babies receive medical service; the young Seminar on Mental Health. About 200 women are taught means by which they researchers reviewed strengths of and can enter a world ofcompetence. problems in current mental health re In addition to the three Commissions, search, discussed ways of broadening and a Special Task Force on Severely Emo tightening collaboration, and worked on tionally Disturbed Children and Adoles developing strategies to enhance the cents worked on ways ofaddressing the quality and amount of mental health needs ofsuch young people. research in Texas. These children are often removed New faces from all over the world from life, children for whom the joy of served as the focus for a Houston confer living sifts like dry sand between their ence sponsored by the Hogg Foundation fingers. Through fear or anxiety or bitter and the World Federation for Mental hostility they place themselves out of the Health. Houston was chosen as the site reach ofothers, where they need not pay because ofits number of refugees and for too much caring with too much pain. immigrants now struggling to live in a In one urban program, the violent new land. and the withdrawn, the seriously mentally The third conference, in El Paso and ill, come together in a program where co-sponsored with Grantmakers in structure and love serve as an ointment to Health, focused on health and mental soothe pain and help to heal wounds. health issues on the United States/ The Commissions capped the fifty Mexico border.
23 A final conference pulls together persons working on the three Commis sions for discussion of means ofimprov ing policies and mental health services fo the chronically mentally ill, children and their families, and adolescents and youth Grantmaking activities continue to h the primary activity of the Hogg Founda tion. Grants during fiscal 1988-1989 totaled $1,730,0ll for the Will C. HogE and Ima Hogg Foundations, a leap from the initial $18,000 budget. The leap has been more than mon etary. Seed grants from the Hogg Foun dation have grown into programs impact Our future - reaching upward toward tomorrow. ing hundreds of persons ofall ethnic groups and all ages. Working with other foundations and organizations, the Foundation has attempted to be a partner The School ofTomorrow, established in the strengthening ofhuman beings as initially in four Texas cities, calls on major they, too, look toward the future. Hogg Foundation resources and an initial Finally, as a culminating project, the five-year commitment totaling about two Hogg Foundation has initiated the most million dollars. Involving school person ambitious effort ofits existence - an nel, parents, community volunteers, and ongoing program reflecting again Miss enlisting the aid oforganizations con Ima's hope and the Foundation's com cerned about children, the School of mitment on behalf ofchildren. The Tomorrow can well be an arrow for the concept of the School ofTomorrow is future of the Hogg Foundation as it to give an array of both preventive and works - for tomorrow. treatment services using the neighbor hood schools as the locus for delivery.
24 EXECU11VE STAFF STAFF Dr. Wayne H. Holtzman Mary T. Banks Thomas E. Joiner f'mWalt Administnri\·c Associate Evaluation Research Fellow Dr. Clwks M. Bonjcan Barbara Carter Scott S. Keir Vi
Material for this publication was adapted from the script CREDITS ofa multimedia presentation, For Tomorrow, prepared for Research Assistant-Kathryn K. Gilben the Hogg Foundation's SOth Anniversary commemora· 1. Hogg Foundation; 2. Michele Houston; 3. (t) E.C. Barker tion. Dr. Robert D. Brooks was Producer, Director, and TeX2.S History Center, U.T. Austin; (c) logo-Hogg Foundation; Narrator. David Nancarrow was Stage and Lighting (b) Oldsmobile; 4. Hogg Foundation; 5. (t) General Tire & Rubber Co.; (c) Austin History Center, Austin Public Library; (b) Director. Executive Producer was Wayne H. Holtzman, The Saal6cld Publishing Co.; 6. TexaStock/Michacl 0 . Sullivan; and Patrick Downey was Associate Producer. 7. (t&bl) Hogg Foundation·; (br) source unknown; 8. Hogg Foundation; 9 . (t&b) E.C. Barker Texas History Center, U.T. Austin; 10. Michele Houston; 11. (t) Austin History Center, SCRIPT WRITER Austin Public Library; (b) LBJ decal-source unknown; (br) Ben Kruger Smith Sizt1ml.tiy Evening Post, Curtis Publishing Co., NY and Philadcl· phia, PA; 12. natural color postcard by E.C. Kropp Co.• Milwaukee. WI; 13. (t ) AP/Wide World Photos; (r) Hicks EDITOR Funeral Home, Hope, AR; 14. Any Baby Can, Inc., San Antonio, Charlene Warren TX; 15. (t)N.A.S.A., Houston, TX; (b) Hogg Foundation/ Jeanne Somers; 17. (t) Hogg Foundation; (b) source unknown; 18. DESIGNER TexaStock/ Michacl D. Sullivan; 19. TcxaStock/ Michael D . Adkins Graphic Design Sullivan; 21. Hogg Foundation/ Duane Osborn; 22. AP/Wide World Photos; 24. Michele Houston
Every effon has been made to obtain permission for use ofall graphics. In cases where, due to passage of years, business operators or photographers arc no longer available to grant permission, the Hogg Foundation expresses appreciation for use of those graphics.