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Étude Des Bases Chimiques Et Comportementales De La Formation Du "Visa" Colonial Chez Les Ponérines Du Genre Pachycondyla

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Étude Des Bases Chimiques Et Comportementales De La Formation Du UNIVERSITÉ PARIS XI THÈSE Présentée pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR EN SCIENCES DE L'UNIVERSITÉ PARIS XI Biologie du Comportement par Christophe LUCAS Étude des bases chimiques et comportementales de la formation du "visa" colonial chez les Ponérines du genre Pachycondyla Soutenue le 16 décembre 2002 devant le jury composé de: A. LENOIR Professeur ........................................................... Président (Université de Tours) R. BROSSUT Directeur de Recherche au CNRS ...................... Rapporteur (Université de Bourgogne) J. PASTEELS Professeur ........................................................... Rapporteur (Université Libre de Bruxelles – Belgique) D. FRESNEAU Professeur ........................................................... Examinateur (Université Paris XIII) (Directeur) J.M. JALLON Professeur ........................................................... Examinateur (Université Paris XI) (Directeur) D.B. PHO Chargé de recherche au CNRS .......................... Invité (Université Paris XI) d’honneur Mécanismes de Communication, NAMC, CNRS, UMR 8620 « La vie a plus d’imagination que n’en portent nos rêves. » C. COLOMB à Christelle, à mes Parents Remerciements Une thèse, c'est avant tout un parcours, un chemin, une aventure parsemée d'étapes, d'épreuves, de réflexions et de rencontres. Je ne voudrais oublier aucune des personnes qui ont participé de près ou de loin à l'avancement de ce travail. Je tiens tout d'abord à remercier mon mentor, le Docteur Dang Ba PHO, sans qui rien n'aurait été possible. Il a toujours été présent, armé de sa patience et de ses multiples connaissances pour orienter mes recherches dans la bonne direction. Ce travail n'aurait jamais pu voir le jour sans la présence du Professeur Jean-Marc JALLON qui non seulement a accepter de me voir débarquer dans son équipe avec des fourmis mais qui en plus a su apporter des critiques constructives pour me faire aller de l'avant. Malgré son emploi du temps constamment surchargé, il a toujours su s'intéresser à ce projet qu'il a pleinement soutenu. Toute ma reconnaissance au Professeur Dominique FRESNEAU que j'ai rencontré en 1995 lors d'un stage à Villetaneuse et qui déjà croyait en un projet commun. Il a toujours veillé à ce que je ne manque jamais de fourmis et il a su me transmettre sa passion pour les insectes sociaux. Je tiens à remercier le Professeur Serge LAROCHE et le Professeur Pierre JAISSON pour m'avoir accueilli au sein de leur laboratoire respectif. C'est un réel plaisir pour moi de pouvoir compter un remarquable expert des phéromones, le Professeur Rémy BROSSUT qui a accepté d'être rapporteur de cette thèse et dont le jugement me sera très bénéfique. Je suis particulièrement honoré de compter parmi les rapporteurs de mon travail, un éminent spécialiste des fourmis en la personne du Professeur Jacques PASTEELS, son sens critique enrichira ma réflexion. Travailler dans deux laboratoires en même temps a été une expérience très enrichissante. Je tiens à remercier tous ceux du "Sud": Claude, Renaud, Jacques, Christine, Bruno, Helena (bon courage!), Line et bien sûr tous ceux du "Nord" Stéphane, l'ex-sudiste Fabrice, Jérôme, Antoine, Alain et Marie-Claire. Une pensée aussi pour le très regretté Yvonnick. Je tiens à exprimer mon amitié sincère à J.L. DURAND qui a réussi l'incroyable pari de me faire apprécier les statistiques. Un merci tout particulier à C. PEETERS qui est l'homme sans lequel je n'aurais jamais travaillé sur les fourmis. Certains des articles présentés dans ce mémoire sont le fruit d'une collaboration avec des chercheurs étrangers, je tiens à remercier tous les membres des laboratoires d'Israël, du Brésil et d'Allemagne et tout particulièrement V. SOROKER pour son immense gentillesse et A. HEFETZ pour ses conseils. Je n'aurais jamais pu partir en vacances sans mes "techniciens fourmis" l'incroyable Thomas, l'indispensable Gaëlle, la gentille Sandrine et la sociologue Sophie. Cette liste ne serait pas complète sans Charlotte avec qui les premiers contacts furent difficiles mais finalement amicaux. Merci pour vos sueurs froides durant l'élevage. Merci à mes étudiants Cécile, Aurélien, Bertrand et Sophie à qui j'ai essayé d'insuffler ma soif de connaissances même si cela n'a pas toujours été facile. Je leurs souhaite de continuer dans la voie qu'ils ont choisie. Je tiens à remercier les militaires du BLTA le colonel A. BRILLOUET-BREYNE, le commandant A. JAOUEN, Mon capitaine G. BAUZERAND et l'adjudant chef COUSQUER qui, durant mon année de service national, ont su m'écouter et m'encourager en me donnant bien souvent des permissions "à titre exceptionnel bien sûr!" pour que je puisse continuer à élever mes fourmis et à suivre les colloques scientifiques. Il y a aussi les personnes que l'on rencontre par hasard et qui vous font confiance C. DERBIN qui m'a donné sa fibre d'enseignant, L. VINCENT qui m'a permis d'obtenir plus d'indépendance et mon parrain à l'union internationale pour l'étude des insectes sociaux, A. ROJO DE LA PAZ. Qu'ils sachent que je les remercie profondément. Bien évidemment, je n'oublierai sous aucun prétexte mes parents et ma belle famille qui m'ont toujours énormément soutenu et qui m'ont toujours encouragé. Ils ont compris les nombreux sacrifices que j'ai dû faire pour mon travail et ils n'ont jamais relâché leur attention à mon égard. Mon frère et mes grands parents qui sont tellement fiers de mon travail. Enfin, je ne saurais trouver les mots justes en ce qui te concerne, toi, celle qui partage ma vie et qui sait si bien me faire partager la sienne, Christelle, je te remercie tout simplement d'être présente. TABLE DES MATIÈRES INTRODUCTION GÉNÉRALE ______________________________________1 Formicidae ....................................................................................................................2 Eusocialité ....................................................................................................................4 Reconnaissance de parentèle ........................................................................................8 Phéromones .................................................................................................................10 Hydrocarbures .............................................................................................................12 "Visa" colonial: "Gestalt" ou modèle génétique individualistique ?............................14 Objectif général ...........................................................................................................16 METHODOLOGIE GÉNÉRALE (compléments) _______________________20 Analyses statistiques ....................................................................................................20 CHAPITRE I: Description et différentiation de trois espèces proches du genre Pachycondyla ________________________________________22 Résumé de l'article 1..................................................................................................22 Article 1: A multidisciplinary approach to discriminating different taxa in the species complex Pachycondyla villosa (Formicidae) .................................23 Matériel et méthodes .......................................................................................24 - Fourmis .........................................................................................................24 - Analyses statistiques .....................................................................................24 - Préparation des échantillons pour la Microscopie Electronique à Balayage ...................................................................................................24 - Extraction et caractérisation des hydrocarbures cuticulaires .....................24 - Electrophorèses d'isozymes ..........................................................................25 Résultats ..........................................................................................................25 - Morphologie .................................................................................................25 - Biométrie ......................................................................................................25 - Analyses chimiques ......................................................................................26 - Electrophorèses d'isozymes .........................................................................29 Discussion ......................................................................................................29 Annexes .....................................................................................................................34 1a: Caryotypes ................................................................................................34 1b: Autres critères de distinction: réponses comportementales, profils chimiques de la PPG et quantités d’hydrocarbures ..................................37 CHAPITRE II: Test comportemental du rôle des hydrocarbures impliqués dans la reconnaissance coloniale _____________________________44 Résumé de l'article 2.................................................................................................44 Article 2: Specific recognition behaviours elicited by cuticular hydrocarbons in ants: a new ethological test ...................................................................45 Matériel et méthodes ......................................................................................50 - Espèces étudiées ..........................................................................................50
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