Report on Mission Award of Newly 2000 Annual Meeting to Croatia Gold Medal elected members

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Academia Europaea

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TheTreeNewsletter of Academia Europaea • Issue 15 • August 2000 Academia statement on bandwidth persuades ministers

statement on the need for research and higher education but also transparent access to data. In spite of European investment in High to promote an area of major recent improvements to networking in ABandwidth for higher importance for European society and Europe, both within and between education and research, prepared jointly economic activity. countries, Europe continues to lag by the Academia Europaea and the substantially behind the state of European Science Foundation, was Joint Statement of the Academia development in the USA. presented to ministers early in 2000. Its Europaea and the European If this state of affairs is allowed to recommendations were firmly endorsed Science Foundation on the need continue, Europe will be left out of at the European Summit held in Lisbon for High Bandwidth Computer- major advances in research and in March. based Networking in Europe education.The negative impact will fall The statement was prepared at a not only on individual areas of research, workshop organised by the Academia Summary but will also affect important and ESF,held at Durdent Court near improvements in the methods by which Heathrow in November 1999 and The role of computer-based research and education are performed. attended by 25 selected persons networking has grown enormously in Advanced research computing has representing users, suppliers and public the past decade, and has transformed the provided an initial “pull” for the policy makers. Even before the final potential for research and education. development of technology and version of the statement had been This trend is expected to continue in a applications, and continuing lag in printed, drafts were being used by the dramatic fashion. It has led to new ways Europe could also have a negative Portuguese Presidency to prepare for of working in science which have led, impact on European industry.Therefore, the EU Summit. in turn, to the opening up of new lines European governments and institutions Endorsement by the Summit of all of investigation. It has also enabled must recognise the need to continue to the main recommendations in the widely dispersed groups to form fully sustain strong long-term investment in statement confirms that the Academia collaborative research communities, significant increases in the bandwidth of has acted in a timely and effective breaking down the barriers of distance their networks and in ubiquitous access fashion not only in the interests of and permitting wider and more to them.k

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that healthy networking contributes uThe current high bandwidth Key points to many other areas of the network already in place needs to economy.At the same time, as be maintained and developed. uNetworking (i.e. world-wide pressure for bandwidth increases Following the launch of TEN-155, communication between computer from these sectors, progressive the present European research systems) has become in recent years increases in bandwidth must also be backbone, planning has already a fundamental part of higher provided in order to protect the begun for the subsequent education and research.This trend is services available to research and expansion, known by the working expected to accelerate rapidly, education.Advanced methods of name of GÉANT. Due to the demanding regular increase in the organising distributed computing, transition between the EU’s Fourth bandwidth available for electronic known as computational and data and Fifth Framework Programmes, transmission. “grids”, will add further pressure. and various other factors, progress has been delayed.This emphasises uEnhanced networking not only uWhile the emphasis being placed the difficulties in operating within permits an increase in the volume on access by schools to electronic the short-term funding approach of or speed of transmission, but networking is welcomed, this the Framework Programme.All encourages the development of potentially enormous increase in parties, and especially the European totally new research methods and usage does carry some threat to the Commission, must face up to their directions and new developments in capacity available for higher responsibilities and reach a definite the delivery of higher education. education and research. Steps must conclusion in the coming weeks on This has been recognised in the be taken to provide the necessary the detailed mechanisms by which new Prodi initiative for e-Europe bandwidth required by these two the transition from TEN-155 to and the acceleration of Europe into communities while protecting the GÉANT will be handled, in order an “Information Society”.This needs of the research and higher that GÉANT can be fully initiative recognises the particular education sector. operational by November 2000. needs of the research and higher education community, which are uCongestion and poor network uDespite significant falls taking place reflected in the recent discussion performance may potentially occur in the unit cost of bandwidth, the document “Towards a European at any point on the transmission overall level of funding for research Research Area” from EU Research path invoked.Attention has to be and educational networking in Commissioner Busquin. High given to the capacity and quality of Europe still needs to grow for quite bandwidth networking is an the network infrastructure at all some time to come.This is in order essential prerequisite for these sites, such as university campuses, to meet the rapidly increasing concepts. where end-users work, as well as to demands for higher bandwidth and the capacity of the national network more access points.The potential uWhile Europe has made significant and the international connections. rewards for research in Europe advances in its networking capacity, clearly warrant this investment both both within and between countries, uEuropean researchers need good for research and the health of the it continues to lag well behind the intercontinental network overall economy. facilities available in the major connectivity. For this, a well- educational and research centres in organised distributed access to the the United States. If this situation is pan-European network backbone is allowed to continue, Europe could required which can provide the link find itself excluded from major new to North America and elsewhere. developments in research techniques. uBoth national authorities and the EU must recognise the need to uAs electronic communication secure a long-term commitment to comes to play a larger role in many invest in the provision of high areas of society (for example in e- bandwidth networks for Europe commerce, business and in the and to ensure that all regions have home) evidence is accumulating full access to them.

Academia Europaea August 2000 3 Concepts of Time

12th Annual Meeting of the Academia Europaea, Prague, June 2000

Prague philosopher Jan Sokol set the theme for the 2000 Annual Meeting in his opening lecture “The Two Faces of Time”.The two faces he identified were scientific time, measurable and definable; focused, according to their disciplinary Ruelle analysed the role of entropy in and time experienced, a much more perspective, on one or other of these preventing the reversal of some slippery and difficult concept, with its twin foci: measurable time or macroscopic physical changes. Jan sense of tenses, past, present and future experienced time. Disciplines were Vondrak gave a comprehensive survey of events which can be realised together, deliberately mixed within single sessions, the measurement of time from its and the agonising disappearance of the to give breadth and wholeness to the historical beginnings to its present-day present into a single point of conference theme. Philosophy was sophistication, while Jürgen Mittelstrass nothingness.These two faces of time, followed by physics, then concentrated on the human experience one precise and the other impossible to geochronology, then psychology.A of time and the significance of this grasp, were to recur in many of the biologist gave the floor to an expert in process for revealing the nature of presentations. time measurement, himself followed by human beings. Jim Waterhouse explored The City of Prague provided a a cosmologist. Music, mathematics and the fascinating world of biological memorable and symbolic location, with genetics were also included.The rhythms (plenty of scope for subjective its beautifully preserved streets consensus of participants was that this questions!), Petr Horava raised representing many periods of European risky experiment had been brilliantly participants’ awareness of the latest history, and its famous astronomical successful, thanks to the adaptability of thinking about time in quantum clock lending a visual motif for the the speakers and their excellent sense of mathematics, and Martin Rees brought event.The Mayor of Prague, Jan Kasl, the interests of the audience. the proceedings to a climax with a reminded the Academia in his André Berger’s look into the past, time-history of the universe. welcoming address of the importance of explaining Ice Ages and other climatic In addition to these multi- the city in the astronomical discoveries variations by a masterful synthesis of the disciplinary symposia, the conference of Brahe and Kepler. Representatives of instabilities in the movements of the included three parallel specialist half-day the Czech Academy, the Charles Earth and the Sun, was balanced by Igor symposia in the fields of Biology and University and the Bohemian Learned Novikov’s speculations about time travel Medicine, Linguistics and Physics. Society also participated in the and the possibility of encountering one’s Many of the presentations will be welcoming ceremony.Ten “Burgen own past - mathematically viable, but is published in future editions of the scholars”, young post-docs selected by there more to be said? The historical Academia’s journal the European Czech members of the Academia for development of timing in music was Review.The meeting also included a their highest quality achievements, were beautifully illustrated by Pierluigi concert of Mozart, Schulhoff and also introduced, and participated fully in Petrobelli with perfectly selected Dvorak pieces played by the Kocian the meeting. examples, while Guido Barbujani Quartet in the Aula Magna of the The Erasmus Lecture was delivered applied the modern techniques of Charles University, and ended with a by Kristof Glamann of Copenhagen, on genetics to answer other historical magnificent reception in the Pantheon the linear model of time in History. He problems: how many human races exist, of the National Museum overlooking analysed the problems faced by the and how are Europeans related to Wenceslas Square. historian in handling external and others? (His answer was that the genetic The Academia expresses its internal time.The fundamental historical differences among Europeans are several appreciation for the support of the concepts of sequence, duration, setting times larger than differences between Czech Academy, Charles University and and frequency are themselves time- Europeans and other races). the National Museum, and especially to related parameters. The importance of milliseconds in Professor Jiri Niederle and Dr Tomas During two days of intensive and the human perception of meanings was Kucera, for their essential roles in the high quality presentations, the speakers explained by John Michon, while David planning and organisation.

August 2000 Academia Europaea 4 Science and Higher Education in Croatia

he Academia Europaea has team was impressed by the liveliness of been invited by the Croatian the population and the generally good TParliamentary Sub-committee conditions. In some laboratories and for Science, Education and Culture to institutes the quality of science was conduct an international assessment of unquestionably high, though in others a Science and Higher Education in long standing lack of investment was Croatia.An early fact-finding visit was plainly visible. Some industries were made in June 2000 by a small group to profitable, though there was a serious prepare for more focused studies at a lack of linkage between the industrial and research sectors.The team also encountered an excessive expectation of outside help and funding. Another striking feature was the strong tendency towards centralised management, particularly a close involvement of the Ministry in the detailed operations of the academic and research sectors.This centralised system is partly a reaction against earlier methods of distributed “democracy” which were seen to create their own problems.The Academia team (Left to right) Professors Inge Jonsson, Heinz considered that this centralised system The Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts Duddeck, Boris Kamenar and Arnold Burgen outside the Parliamet Building in Zagreb, Croatia powerless. Moreover, there is very little co-operation between the faculties in later stage.The team from the Academia research, in teaching, in academic Europaea was composed of Arnold appointments and even in simple Burgen of Cambridge, Heinz Duddeck matters such as purchasing. One of Braunschweig, Inge Jonsson of example is that each scientific and Stockholm and Peter Colyer, Executive technical faculty teaches its own courses Secretary. in mathematics - at least ten different The team held interviews at the departments of mathematics. Ministry of Science,Technology and Seven issues for examination in Higher Education; the Croatian greater detail were identified, if the Academy of Sciences and Arts; the modest amount of funding required can Arnold Burgen and Heinz Duddeck discuss a University of Zagreb; several research point on the steps of the Croatian Academy of be provided: the legal structure of institutes; and technology-based Sciences and Arts, Zagreb Croatia; the organisation of the companies throughout the country.An University; relationships between the audience was granted by President had an adverse effect on academic and University and industry; the need to Mesic of the Republic of Croatia, and a scientific freedom. handle public expenditures in research preliminary report was presented to the The University of Zagreb, while and education in a decentralised way; Parliamentary Sub-committee. experiencing centralised management the organisation of the research Although Croatia is experiencing from the Ministry, is itself divided into institutes; the role of the national severe economic difficulties through the over thirty autonomous faculties, which Academy; and the development of disruption of its traditional markets, the render the University itself almost innovative ideas.

Academia Europaea August 2000 5 Towards a European research area

European Commissioner A full copy of the Academia’s reply is The concept of a European Research Philippe Busquin invited the available on request to the office. 4Area must always keep in mind a Academia, along with other Some of the main points are set out greater Europe than the 15 member below. states plus the current candidate European organisations, to countries.Whilst recognising funding comment on his proposals for The Academia supports the realities, research programmes should a “European Research Area”. 1Commission’s emphasis on the wherever possible include other Following a debate in the importance of research, pure and European countries. Council in March 2000, a applied, as the basis of future economic success and quality of life. To create a truly integrated European working group was set up to We also agree that European research 5research area it is necessary that the finalise the Academia’s is too fragmented, failing to take higher education systems in the various response, which was presented advantage of scale or recognising that countries move towards greater to M. Busquin by the President the pressure from the research harmonisation.This requires a lot of community is for increased work at both undergraduate and at a meeting in April. international collaboration. Europe postgraduate levels. should have an overall research policy which is not merely an amalgamation The concept of “centres of of national policies. 6excellence” must be handled with very great sensitivity. Scientific excellence Whilst taking this positive is recognised by the scientific 2position, we are also aware of community, not awarded by a selection strong criticisms by the research process or competition.A task of higher community of the existing priority is to produce conditions in programmes and the way in which Europe that would enable every research they operate. Programmes are centre to function optimally, rather than perceived as being too ‘top-down’, too divide the research community into directive and showing insufficient various classes of excellence. It should be flexibility. recognised that the quality of any centre may change with time.The concept of a EU research programmes include “centre of excellence” should not be 3strongly applied research, some translated into a “large research centre”. research related to the statutory needs Many excellent centres, particularly in of the European Commission, and the Life Sciences, are quite small.A fundamental research. A single virtual centre connecting smaller groups approach to the decision-making by electronic means may in many cases about these programmes is not lead to a more flexible and efficient appropriate, and alternative non- structure politicised mechanisms are desirable, especially in relation to fundamental We place a particular stress on the research.This would help to reassure 7acquisition of the necessary linguistic the high percentage of researchers skills in the academic and research who have become disillusioned with communities. existing mechanisms.

August 2000 Academia Europaea 6

(Left to right) The Swedish Ambassador to France, Örjan Berner, Jacques Delors and Gold Medal Professor Stig Strömholm at the presentation of the Academia’s Gold Medal to M. Delors awarded to Jacques Delors

he Academia’s Gold Medal, cher Monsieur Delors, à Tawarded to those who have vous placer dans la displayed supreme commitment to “the deuxième catégorie, support and inspiration of European parmi ceux que les autorités et les Commissariat Général au Plan Monnet science”, was presented to Jacques organismes qui ont la mission et le au commencement des années 60, Delors, former French Minister and pouvoir de décerner des distinctions depuis votre premier porte-feuille de President of the European cherchent pour redoubler le lustre des Ministre en 1981, ont témoigné avec Commission, at a ceremony held at the pièces d’or, de vermeil ou d’argent netteté de l’importance que vous avez Swedish Embassy in Paris on 12 May dont ils disposent. donnée à l’éducation sur tous les 2000, by generous invitation of the Ceci n’est pas pour dire que niveaux, à la formation professionnelle Swedish Ambassador.The event was l’honorable Compagnie dont j’ai et à la recherche.Vous avez même mis attended by members of the Academia l’honneur d’être aujourd’hui le porte- main à la pâte en acceptant des postes and of the diplomatic and press corps parole manquerait entièrement de d’enseignant à l’Université Paris- in Paris. lustre. Elle compte parmi ses fondateurs Dauphine, en présidant la prestigieuse The President of the Academia, et ses membres un nombre pépinière d’Européens conscients de Professor Stig Strömholm, gave the considérable de savants et de leurs responsabilités qu’est le Collège following address before presenting the chercheurs de grand renom, français et d’Europe à Bruges, en dirigeant le medal. étrangers; parmi eux vous trouverez la Centre de recherches sur le travail et la Cher Monsieur Delors majorité des lauréats européens du prix Société, en fondant le Club Échange et Excellences, Nobel. Je suis fier de voir plusieurs Projets, en acceptant enfin la présidence Chers Confrères et Collègues, membres de la Compagnie parmi nous de la Commission internationale sur Mesdames et Messieurs, ce soir. Cette Académie a survécu l’éducation pour le vingt-et-unième Dans le baragouin académique et pendant 12 ans, non, pensons-nous, siècle et la présidence de l’association universitaire suédois - langue du pays sans rendre quelques services à la Notre Europe. dont l’Ambassadeur nous accueille science européenne, et cela dans une Les noms de ces deux derniers aujourd’hui avec tant d’hospitalité,et honnête pauvreté et même en faisant postes reflètent les deux éléments du pays où les insignes du doctorat face à des disgrâces politiques qui principaux de votre contribution à la comportent encore, entre autres objets, auraient effrayé de plus faibles. Si construction de notre Europe: un chapeau - c’est d’ailleurs un très nobles que soient donc nos jeunes l’éducation, dont la recherche constitue beau chapeau qui remonte à ces parchemins, nous avons trouvé, cher la continuation, et la foi en l’Europe et chapeaux espagnols du 16e siècle que Monsieur Delors, que vous manquiez à en son avenir.Vos dix ans de présidence nous voyons sur les têtes des derniers notre gloire, et nous avons voulu y à la Commission Européenne, votre Valois et de leurs courtisans dessinés porter remède en vous décernant la règne si l’on peut dire, ont été - et par Jean Clouet - eh bien, dans ce médaille d’or de la Compagnie, la voilà enfin le motif principal de la langage académique, on dit qu’il existe distinction la plus noble et la plus distinction que j’ai l’honneur et la joie deux catégories de personnes qui élevée qu’il soit en notre pouvoir de de vous remettre - ces années ont été reçoivent ce remarquable couvre-chef: donner. caractérisées par un climat intellectuel ce sont d’un côté ceux que le chapeux Un des avantages des personnes de et moral propice à la science, à la honore, d’un autre côté ceux qui votre catégorie, c’est que l’on peut être recherche et à l’éducation supérieure: honorent le chapeau. très bref en vous présentant et en ce sont les activités, et au coeur des Cette façon de parler demeure expliquant les motifs de la distinction. activités, les valeurs que l’Academia vraie à propos de tous les signes Vos travaux, depuis vos années à la Europaea a pour vocation de défendre extérieurs de la gloire, y compris bien- Banque de France dans l’après-guerre et de promouvoir. entendu les médailles. Je n’hésite pas, immédiat, depuis votre mission au

Academia Europaea August 2000 7 Social impacts of Virtual information Recommendations for show resistance to computer-based areas of non-competitive practice and of public policy interfaces.This may be an age-related the need to introduce specific measures n March 2000 the Academia Europaea problem, as younger people are generally to promote commercial competition in Iorganised, in association with the much more open to the routine use of the virtual domain. Heinz Nixdorf Stiftung of Germany and communication technologies. However, the UK’s “Virtual Society?” Programme, public authorities will have to be aware Academic research and a conference on the social impacts of of the need for dual information systems publishing virtual information.The conference was for a possibly lengthy transitional period. The nature of research is itself changing attended by sixty experts with interests as high-powered processing and ranging from public policy to the Impacts on the structure of computing “grids” become increasingly development of applicable goods and society available.These enhancements mean not services, and to research.The following The social levelling claimed for virtual only that traditional scientific tasks can Recommendations for public policy technology is still unproven. Evidence be performed more quickly and reliably, arose from the event. points to the new technologies being but also that totally new types of research more accessible to those already in a in previously inaccessible fields can be Private and public domains materially advantageous position. undertaken. Institutions which do not Electronic communications have have access to high powered facilities and changed the boundary between “private” Quality networking will begin to lose out to and “public”.The openness of the new The quality of much virtual information their rivals. communication systems is welcome in (websites, entertainment, games) is Publishing is one area, of particular some areas, such as entertainment, currently very poor.While this is interest to the academic community, education and e-commerce. Indeed regrettable, the problem is not limited to where the relative economics of printed many activities in these fields are electronic media - the same could also and electronic publishing have not yet developing specifically to meet the be said of printed material and stabilised.The apparent advantages of opportunities of open communication. “traditional” radio and TV broadcasts. electronic media are not being fully However, other areas may find the Public authorities should not try to realised, perhaps because of the necessity changed boundaries more difficult to determine artistic tastes, but will have to to continue simultaneously with both accept - in particular the areas of take action against any encouragement of printed and electronic media. government and research.The general illegal or anti-social behaviour. public will increasingly have access to The philosophy and ethics of these areas, which will have to introduce Costs and commercial virtuality new practices to accommodate the practices Philosophical debate about reality and interests of non-specialists. Improved Costs will be one among several non-reality has existed for many years, public access to previously closed areas is constraints on the use of virtual but the spread of electronic information generally to be welcomed if it leads to technologies. For the user, the costs introduces a new dimension to the greater responsiveness by public incurred whilst on-line are only one distinction between virtuality and reality. representatives and better decisions, factor - hardware costs may be even Several recent examples of children though the requirements of privacy at more significant and the provision of finding difficulty in distinguishing the personal, institutional and national public access points is a priority. For between the virtual and the real, levels will also have to be defined. creators of virtual information, the sometimes with tragic consequences, degree of “reality” which can be have been well publicised. New The public acceptance of introduced into virtual information is technologies introduce severe dangers technology also controlled by costs. that relationships will become de- Some current technologies may have the Virtual technologies are open to humanised, even in caring areas such as character of “solutions seeking abuse by monopolies.This may occur in medicine. However, the ability of some problems”. However, these are likely to the provision of hardware (through the people to relate more easily to “virtual” be overwhelmed by market pressures as deliberate design of incompatible information has potential benefits which the public identifies those applications of systems) or at the commercial level should not be ignored. Public authorities virtual technology which are most (through the promotion of the products have a responsibility to examine carefully acceptable. of a single supplier). Public authorities the continuing impacts of virtual Some individuals will continue to should be aware of these potential new information in these areas.

August 2000 Academia Europaea 8 “Science and Language”

The 13th Annual Meeting of the Academia, Rotterdam, 14-16 June 2001

of Babel which will be used as the logo of the Meeting, symbolising the diversity of languages and the need for he main theme of the Annual The Meeting will be held at the good co-ordination in a stable society. Meeting in 2001 will be Expo- and Congress building of the Accommodation will be available in T“Science and Language”. Erasmus University, where registration the Novotel just outside the campus Language is an important factor in all will take place on Thursday 14 June. (80 Euro for a double room), with disciplines and is developing all the The Opening Ceremony and the additional rooms also available in the time.The digital revolution is adding Erasmus Lecture will be at the Town city (125-150 Euro for a double room). new problems and new possibilities. Hall in the centre of Rotterdam.The The final programme and Four symposia topics have been main scientific programme will occupy registration information will be sent to identified, on Linguistics, Genetics, Friday 15 and Saturday 16 June. members early in 2001.The Information Technology, and Land-sea A visit to the Museum Boijmans registration fee for participants will be interactions. Mini-symposia organised van Beuningen will also be included - 100 Euro, and for accompanying by Sections will also be included in the this museum holds paintings by Pieter persons 50 Euro. Local students will programme. Breughel, including the famous Tower also be encouraged to participate.

The Annual Nomination and Election cycle A new approach The annual cycle decided by the Council is as follows: End of May to elections to Deadline for nominations by Members to Section Chairpersons. the Academia June - September Assessment by the Section Committee. The Council recently created a sub-group to advise on End of September the “Rejuvenation” of the Academia. Following the work Deadline for Section Chairpersons to of this group, the Council has taken the following send their nominations to the office. decisions concerning the election process. Autumn Meeting of the Nominations • The membership target should be an annual process, enabling the Subcommittee. raised from the previous informal figure members and Sections to be aware of Winter of 2000 to 2500.This will eliminate any regular dates for the receipt of Election by the Council. Newly elected sense that the membership, currently nominations and other stages in the members informed. Annual Meeting around 1900, is approaching its limit, election process. Newly elected members publicly and will give fresh impetus to new Candidates should be permitted to • welcomed. nominations. complete the factual parts of their own This cycle will be implemented • At least 50% of all future candidates nomination form (personal details, from 2001 onwards.As a submitted by the Sections should be career record, publications), once they transitional measure, a further below the age of 55, with a particular have been nominated by a member. If round of nominations will take preference for candidates below the age preferred, nominators could continue to place in late 2000, for which of 50. Older candidates will continue to retain the previous practice under nominations by the Sections be elected if they remain academically which candidates were not aware they should be received at the office by active. were being considered for membership. the end of October 2000. • The Nominations and Elections • New members should be welcomed Nomination forms are available on procedure should be consolidated into personally during the Annual Meeting. request to the office.

Academia Europaea August 2000 9 New members of the Academia Europaea

HUMANITIES I BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES

Margarethe Billerbeck Professor of Classical Philology, Lars Bäckman Professor of Cognitive Psychology, University of Fribourg, Uppsala Switzerland Gian Caprara Professor of Psychology, Università di Robert Evans Professor of Modern History, Roma “La Sapienza” Anne Cutler Scientific Director, Max-Planck-Institut Ole Feldbaek Professor of History, University of für Psycholinguistik, Nijmegen Copenhagen Chris Frith Professor of Neuropsychology, Alexander Fursenko Chairman of the Division of History, University of London Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Pio Enrico Ricci Bitti Professor of Psychology, University of Petersburg Bologna Jonathan Israel Professor of Dutch History, University Johannes Siegrist Professor of Medical Sociology, of London University of Düsseldorf Wolfgang Lebek Professor of Classical Philology, University of Cologne SOCIAL SCIENCES Vivian Nutton Professor of the History of Medicine, University of London Hans Blotevogel Professor of Social & Economic Asko Parpola Professor of Indology, University of Geography, Gerhard Mercator Helsinki Universität, Duisburg Winfried Schulze Professor of Modern History, Michel Crozier Emeritus Professor of Sociology, University of Munich Harvard, and Director of Research, Gabriel Tortella Professor of Economic History, CNRS, Paris University of Alcalá, Madrid Abram De Swaan Professor of Sociology, University of Amsterdam HUMANITIES II Peter Flora Professor of Sociology, University of Mannheim Bernard Aikema Professor of Art History, Katholieke Mogens Koktvedgaard Professor of Law, University of Universiteit, Nijmegen Copenhagen Piero Boitani Professor of Comparative Literature, Erkki Koskela Professor of Economics, University of Università di Roma “La Sapienza” Helsinki Theo D’haen Professor of English and American Hans van Ginkel Rector of The United Nations Literature, Leiden University University,Tokyo Gilles de Van Professor of Italian Literature, Charles Withers Professor of Historical Geography, Université Paris III University of Edinburgh Anders Jeffner Secretary General of the Swedish Research Council for the Humanities MATHEMATICS & INFORMATICS and Social Sciences, Stockholm Ruth Kempson Professor of Linguistics, University of Alexander Beilinson Professor of Mathematics, University London of Chicago Roger Parker Professor of Music, University of Petr Hájek Professor of the Institute of Computer Cambridge Science, Czech Academy of Sciences, Roger Stalley Professor of the History of Art,Trinity Prague College, Dublin Hermann Maurer Professor of Computer Science, Graz Gabriele Stein Professor of Linguistics, University of Marko Tadic Professor of Mathematics, University Heidelberg of Zagreb Antony Tatlow Professor of Comparative Literature, Trinity College, Dublin

August 2000 Academia Europaea 10 PHYSICS & ENGINEERING SCIENCES Martin Claussen Professor and Head of Climate Systems, Inst. für Alexander Bradshaw Scientific Director, Max-Planck-Institut Klimafolgenforschung, Potsdam für Plasmaphysik, Garching Bruno D’Argenio Professor of Geology, Geomare Brian Cantor Professor of Materials, University of Sud, Naples Oxford Ghislain de Marsily Professor of Geology, Laboratoire Lászlo Pál Csernai Professor of Theoretical and de Géologie Appliquée, Université Computational Physics, University of Paris VI Bergen Véronique Dehant Professor and Head of Time, Earth Tom Kibble Professor of Theoretical Physics, Rotation and Space Geodesy, Imperial College, London Royal Observatory of Belgium André Martin Physicist Emeritus at CERN, Joseph Egger Scientific Director, Switzerland Meteorologisches Institut der Jan Nilsson President Emeritus, University of Universität München Gothenburg Roy Gabrielsen Professor of Structural and Mikko Paalanen Professor and Director of Low Petroleum Geology, University of Temperature Laboratory, Helsinki Bergen Dagmar Schipanski Thüringian Minister of Science, David Gee Professor of Orogen Dynamics, Research and Art, Erfurt University of Uppsala Charles Townes Professor of Physics, Berkeley, Jan Glinski Director of the Institute of University of Technology Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Paavo Uronen Rector of Helsinki University of Sciences, Lublin Technology Georgui Golitsyn Director of A.M. Obukhov Paul Vandenplas Director of Plasma Physics, Royal Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Military Academy, Brussels Russian Academy of Sciences, Joseph Vandewalle Professor of Physical Chemistry, Moscow Charles University, Prague Alan Green Professor of Applied and Environmental Geophysics, ETH CHEMICAL SCIENCES Zurich James Hansen Director of the NASA Goddard Wilhelm Keim Director of the Institute of Institute for Space Studies, New Technical Chemistry,Technische York Hochschule,Aachen Marc Javoy Professor of Earth Science, Jean Pierre Majoral Co-Director of the Laboratoire de University of Paris VII Chimie de Coordination, Eugenia Kalnay Professor of Meteorology, Toulouse University of Maryland Henryk Ratajczak Director of the Centre Vladimir Keilis-Borok Professor, International Institute of Scientifique de l’Académie Earthquake Prediction Theory Polonaise, Paris and Mathematical Geophysics, Yuri Tretiakov Head of Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lomonosov Moscow State Moscow University Dieter Kley Professor of Atmospheric Rudolf Zahradnik Professor of Physical Chemistry, Chemistry, University of Charles University, Prague Wuppertal Antoine Labeyrie Director of the Observatoire de Haute Provence, France EARTH & COSMIC SCIENCES Hervé Le Treut Head of Climate Modelling, Laboratoire de Météorologie Jacques Angelier Professor of Structural Geology, Dynamique, Université Paris VI Université Pierre et Marie Curie, William Lowrie Professor of Geophysics, ETH Paris Zurich Nicholas Arndt Professor, Laboratoire de Günter Lugmair Director of Cosmochemistry, Geodynamique des Chaines Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Alpines, Grenoble Mainz Martin Beniston Professor of Geography, Konrad Mauersberger Director of Max-Planck Institut University of Fribourg, für Kernphysik, Heidelberg Switzerland Lawrence Mysak Professor of Meteorology, McGill Catherine Cesarsky Director General, European University, Montreal Southern Observatory, Garching Anatoly Nikishin Professor of Stratigraphy, Moscow State University

Academia Europaea August 2000 11 Atsumu Ohmura Professor & Chairman of CELL BIOLOGY Geographisches Institut, ETH Zurich Ueli Aebi Professor and Chairman, Müller Joseph Pedlosky Professor of Oceanography,Woods Institute for Structural Biology, Hole Oceanographic Institution, Basel Massachusetts David Baltimore President, California Institute of Ulrich Platt Professor of Environmental Technology Physics, University of Heidelberg Konrad Basler Professor of Molecular Biology, David Price Professor of Geology, University University of Zurich of London Rosa Beddington Head of Mammalian Roberto Sabadini Professor of Physics of the Earth, Development, National Institute University of Milan for Medical Research, London Susan Solomon Professor Adjunct,Atmospheric Michael Dexter Director of The Wellcome Trust, and Ocean Sciences, NOAA, London Boulder, Colorado Carl-Henrik Heldin Director of the Ludwig Institute Erwin Suess Professor of Marine Enviromental for Cancer Research, Uppsala Geology, GEOMAR, Kiel Marc Kirschner Professor of Cell Biology, Harvard Agustin Udias Professor of Geophysics, Medical School Universidad Complutense de Renato Paro Professor of Molecular Biology, Madrid University of Heidelberg Antony Watts Professor of Marine Geology and Ralf Pettersson Director of Ludwig Insitute for Geophysics, University of Oxford Cancer Research, Stockholm Sergei Ziltinkevich Professor of Meteorology, Uppsala André Sentenac Head of Biochemisty and Molecular University Genetics, CEA/Saclay, Gif-sur- Anton Ziolkowski Professor of Petroleum Yvette Geoscience, University of Director of the Sanger Centre, Edinburgh Cambridge BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Richard Treisman Head of the Transcription Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London Martin Billeter Emeritus Professor, Institute of Molecular Biology, Zurich Alexey Bogdanov Head of Nucleoproteins,A. N. PHYSIOLOGY & MEDICINE Belozersky Institute, Moscow Bernard Dujon Professor of Genetics and Raymond Ardaillou Emeritus Professor of Physiology, Molecular Biology, Université Hôpital Tenon,Paris Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris Xavier Bertagna Professor of Endocrinology, Pavel Georgiev Head of Genetic Processes, Hôpital Cochin, Paris Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Uwe Heinemann Director of the Johannes-Müller Academy of Sciences, Moscow Institute of Physiology, Berlin Alain Israel Head of Molecular Biology, Ulrich Pohl Professor of Vegetative Physiology, Institut Pasteur, Paris University of Munich Josef Jiricny Director of the Institute of George Radda Chief Executive, Medical Medical Radiobiology, University Research Council, London of Zurich András Spät Professor of Physiology, Ada Kruisbeek Professor of Molecular Semmelweis University, Budapest Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute,Amsterdam ORGANISMIC & EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY César Nombela Cano President of the Council of Scientific Research, Madrid Jacques Blondel Director of Research, Centre Timothy Richmond Professor for Crystallography of d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Biological Macromolecules, ETH Evolutive, Montpellier Zurich Elias Fereres Professor of Engineering and Erling Seeberg Professor of Medical Microbiology, Ecology, University of Cordoba University of Oslo Yvon Le Maho Director of the Centre d’Ecologie Nathan Sharon Professor Emeritus of Biological et Physiologie Énergétiques, Chemistry,Weizmann Institute, Strasbourg Israel Lars Walløe Professor of Physiology, University Stephen West Head of Genetic Recombination, of Oslo Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London

August 2000 Academia Europaea 12 Annual Business Meeting, Prague, 15 June 2000

he 2000 Annual Academia’s prize-awards and publishing Pavia and Professor Risto Näätänen Business Meeting of the programme were continuing. of Helsinki to serve on the Council in TAcademia was held in place of two retiring members. Prague in the course of the Treasurer’s Report Annual Scientific Meeting.The The Treasurer, Professor David Development of a European meeting was attended by Spearman reported that the 1999-2000 Academy? about sixty members of the accounts showed a deficit of £25 865, The President informed the Meeting Academia. which was entirely due to the non- that the French Science Minister had payment, for technical reasons, of an proposed that a European Academy of President’s report expected contribution to a conference. Science and Technology should be The President described the activities of Donations for General Purposes given a formal role in the assessment the previous year, including several showed a decline, but members’ and evaluation of European conferences and the workshop on High voluntary contributions had doubled. programmes. One possibility under Bandwidth requirements for Europe The Academia had received its first examination was that the Academia which had been particularly influential bequest. Europaea might form the basis of this on ministerial decisions in the EU.The A copy of the Annual Report and independent, consultative body.The President also described advice given to Accounts is available from the office on Board and Council believed that the the European Commissioner in the request. Academia could meet the requirements context of the European Research Area, which had been identified, and and further activities in preparation. Appointments and re-appointments discussions with the French authorities One hundred and twenty new The President announced several were continuing.This matter was likely members had been elected during the appointments and re-appointments of to feature prominently in the year.The Council was placing special officers (given below).The members forthcoming French Presidency of the emphasis on the need to elect younger present conducted a written ballot and EU. candidates and women candidates.The elected Professor Alessandro Cavalli of Officers of the Academia Europaea everal Officers of the Academia Professor Peter Day of London Shave recently been re-appointed for and Oxford has been appointed a further term, or new appointments Treasurer, replacing David Spearman have been made. who has stepped down after eleven years in this position. The President, Professor Stig The Annual Meeting of members, held Strömholm of Uppsala, has been in Prague in June 2000, elected re-appointed for a second term. Professors Alessandro Cavalli of Professor Ian Butterworth of Pavia and Risto Näätänen of London has been re-appointed as a Helsinki to serve on the Council, in Vice-President for a second term. place of Pietro Rossi and Heikki Solin Professor Werner Rathmayer of who have completed their terms of Konstanz has been appointed as a office. Vice-President in place of Jürgen Professor Strömholm thanks Professor Mittelstrass who has completed his two The other Officers of the Academia Spearman (right) for his years of service as treasurer of the Academia terms of office. remain unchanged.

Academia Europaea August 2000 13 Donations to the

Academia “I will live and

Donations by members have doubled Express or Diners. in the past year. Even so, the You will need to supply the card die with this opportunities for the Academia to number, the expiry date and (for undertake new initiatives would be Switch only) the Issue number. substantially improved if more members testimony: contributed the recommended Ties with the Academia logo voluntary contribution of 80 Euros Silk ties with the Academia logo and a (£50 sterling) per year. fine stripe in gold, against a blue Payments to the Academia by credit background, may be purchased from that I loved card, for purchases or conference the office, price 23 Euros (£15). bookings as well as donations, may now Payment may be made by credit card be made by telephone or written (telephone or written orders) or by good studies instruction direct to the office.We are cheque denominated in Euros, sterling able to accept MasterCard,Visa, or French francs. Maestro or Switch but not American and a good

Members are invited to contact the conscience; office for further information that I never concerning the following conferences in preparation: invaded

Council of Europe conference, Collaboration and Ownership in the “Science and Technology in Europe - Digital Economy (CODE), Cambridge, another man’s Prospects for the 21st Century”. 4-6 April 2001.The Academia is Gdansk, 9-11 October 2000. working with the Arts Council of Professor van der Molen will England in the planning and liberty, and represent the Academia. organisation of this event, which will focus on legal and cultural aspects of the “Reconstructing science in the open use of software. that I Adriatic and Ionian countries”,a workshop organised jointly by the Humanities and European Values.The Academia and the UNESCO office possibility of holding this event in preserved my in Venice,Winter 2000/2001. Autumn 2001 is being actively explored.

Imaging and Models of Brain Excellence in Higher Education, own.” Function, Heidelberg, 15-17 March Stockholm, 31 May - 1 June 2002. 2001, organised by the Physiology This conference, organised jointly with and Medicine Section in association the International Academy of Seneca 1st century AD with the Tschira Foundation. Education, will be sponsored by the Wenner Gren Foundation.A working group has been formed and has made preliminary plans.

August 2000 Academia Europaea 14 Section Chairpersons and Committees

The Chairpersons and committees of the Academia’s twelve Sections are listed below.

Section: Chairperson: Committee Members:

Humanities I Heikki Solin François Crouzet (History,Archaeology, Klassillisen Filologian Laitos Gerhard Oberhammer Classics, Oriental Studies) Helsingin Yliopisto Lord Renfrew PL4, (Yliopistonkatu 3) Raoul van Caenegem FIN-00014, Helsinki

Humanities II Göran Hermerén Manfred Bierwisch (Linguistics, Literature, Department of Medical Ethics Erika Fischer-Lichte Philosophy, Musicology, Stora Grabrödersgatan 16 Douwe Fokkema Art History) S-222 22 Lund Dagfinn Føllesdal SWEDEN Max Lütolf Mihaly Szegedy- Maszak Barbara Wright Clas Zilliacus

Behavioural Sciences Michael Marmot Dept. of Epidemiology & Public Health International Centre for Health & Society University College London 1-19 Torrington Place London WC1E 6BT UNITED KINGDOM

Social Sciences Guido Martinotti Jean Blondel Istituto Superiore di Sociologia Elina Haavio-Mannila c/o CNPDS Konstantinos Kerameus Piazza Castello 3 Walther Manshard 20121 Milan Adalberto Vallega ITALY

Mathematics and Informatics Peter Swinnerton-Dyer Jaco de Bakker The Dower House Dines Bjørner Thriplow Manfred Broy Royston David Cox Herts SG8 7RJ Hans Föllmer UNITED KINGDOM Lars Hörmander László Lovasz Yuri Manin Robin Milner Maurice Nivat Pal Revesz

Academia Europaea August 2000 15

Section: Chairperson: Committee Members:

Physics and Engineering Sciences (including Materials Science) Norbert Kroo Ian Butterworth Hungarian Academy Robert Dautray of Sciences Heinz Duddeck Roosevelt tér 9 Vladimir Kljuev H-1051 Budapest William Mitchell HUNGARY Herbert Walther Peter de Witt Huberts

Chemical Sciences Jerzy Haber Peter Day Institute of Catalysis and Torbjörn Norin Surface Chemistry Frigyes Solymosi ul. Niezapominajek 30239 Cracow Günther Wilke POLAND

Earth and Cosmic Sciences Sierd Cloetingh Enric Banda Faculty of Earth Sciences André Berger Vrije Universiteit Paul Crutzen De Boelelaan 1085 Jean Dercourt 1081 Amsterdam Jean-Claude Duplessy NETHERLANDS Kerstin Fredga Camiel de Loore

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Moshe Yaniv Institut Pasteur Riccardo Cortese Dept. des Biotechnologies Michel Lazdunski 25 rue du Docteur Roux Tomas Lindahl 75724 Paris Cedex 15 Margarita Salas FRANCE Gottfried Schatz

Cell Biology Mary Osborn Edoardo Boncinelli Max Planck Institute for Bertil Daneholt Biophysical Chemistry Richard Flavell Am Fassberg 11 Kim Nasmyth D-37077 Göttingen Rolf Zinkernagel GERMANY

Physiology and Medicine Ole Petersen Raymond Ardaillou University of Liverpool Carlos Belmonte Department of Physiology Theophile Godfraind P.O. Box 147 Barbro Johansson Crown Street Oleg Krishtal Liverpool L69 3BX Harald Reuter UNITED KINGDOM Klaus Thurau David Williams

Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Werner Rathmayer Friedrich Ehrendorfer Universität Konstanz Gotthilf Hempel Fakultät für Biologie Carlos Herrera Universitätstrasse 10 Richard Southwood 7750 Constance Rüdiger Wehner GERMANY

August 2000 Academia Europaea 16

The Academia Europaea The Academia Europaea was founded in 1988 as an independent organisation of European scholars. It covers the whole range of disciplines, from the humanities to the technical and medical sciences. It is an academy for all of Europe, dealing with European problems, and with an emphasis on the interdisciplinary approach. It has a membership of 1900 leading scholars from thirty five European and seven non-European countries. It held plenary meetings in London (1989), Strasbourg (1990), Heidelberg (1991), Budapest (1992),Uppsala (1993), Parma (1994), Kraków (1995), Barcelona (1996), Gent (1997), Basel (1998), Copenhagen (1999) and Prague (2000). The 2001 meeting will be held in Rotterdam.

Officers Telephone, President: Stig Strömholm Vice-Presidents: Henk van der Molen, Ian fax and postal codes Butterworth,Werner Rathmayer Treasurer: Peter Day Please note that the telephone, fax and postal codes for the Academia office Council: Enric Banda, John Bergsagel, have recently changed.The following telephone and fax numbers must be Arnold Burgen,Alessandro Cavalli, used immediately.The new postal code should also be used immediately, Marie-Lise Chanin, Sierd Cloetingh, though the previous code will continue to be effective for a further period. Jerzy Haber, Lev Kisselev, Urs Meyer, The full address of the office is: Risto Näätänen, Birgitta Nedelmann, Ole Petersen, Peter Swinnerton-Dyer, Academia Europaea Denis Weaire 31 Old Burlington Street Executive Secretary: Peter Colyer London W1S 3AS Telephone: (+44) (0) 20-7734 5402

Fax: (+44) (0) 20-7287 5115 Academia Europaea E-mail: [email protected] ~19 88~

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