Speech and Information Structure
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Prosody – Introductory
THE PHONOLOGY OF RHONDDA VALLEYS ENGLISH. (Rod Walters, University of Glamorgan, 2006) 4. PROSODY – INTRODUCTORY (Readers unfamiliar with the prosodic terms used will find explanations in the Glossary.) 4.1 Aims of RVE Research Prosody (stress, rhythm, intonation etc) contributes strongly towards the ‘melody’ of Welsh English accents. Chapter 5 will attempt to describe the main features of RVE prosody. Like t'Hart, Collier, and Cohen of the Institute for Perception Research in Eindhoven (1990: 2-6), the approach will be primarily ‘from the phonetic level of observation’.35 Comments will be made concerning the functions / meanings of the prosodic forms identified, but the researcher is very aware that the links between meaning and prosody are seldom straightforward: (1) discerning the meaning of an utterance is a matter of pragmatic interpretation in which many factors beside prosody need to be taken into account (propositional content of the lexis-grammar, full context of the situation, speakers’ body language etc) (2) several prosodic features, e.g. voice quality, loudness and intonation, may be operative at the same time and therefore difficult to disentangle (3) the same prosodic feature may be involved in ‘doing’ more than one thing at the same time – for example a given pitch movement may be simultaneously involved in accentuation and demarcation (4) nearly all prosodic features – including pitch level – are subject to gradient variation and can be used to carry signals that many analysts would consider paralinguistic rather than linguistic (cf discussion in Ladd 1996: 33-41). Due to such factors, suggestions as to the meanings of RVE prosodic forms will be tentative and restricted to discourse functions such as the segmenting, structuring and highlighting of information. -
Prosodic Processes in Language and Music
Prosodic Processes in Language and Music Maartje Schreuder Copyright © 2006 by Maartje Schreuder Cover design: Hanna van der Haar Printed by Print Partners Ipskamp, Enschede The work in this thesis has been carried out under the auspices of the Research School of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), Groningen Groningen Dissertations in Linguistics 60 ISSN 0928-0030 ISBN 90-367-2637-9 RIJKSUNIVERSITEIT GRONINGEN Prosodic Processes in Language and Music Proefschrift ter verkrijging van het doctoraat in de Letteren aan de Rijksuniversiteit Groningen op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, dr. F. Zwarts, in het openbaar te verdedigen op donderdag 15 juni 2006 om 13:15 uur door Maartje Johanneke Schreuder geboren op 25 augustus 1974 te Groningen Promotor: Prof. dr. J. Koster Copromotor: Dr. D.G. Gilbers Beoordelingscommissie: Prof. dr. J. Hoeksema Prof. dr. C. Gussenhoven Prof. dr. P. Hagoort Preface Many people have helped me to finish this thesis. First of all I am indebted to my supervisor Dicky Gilbers. Throughout this disseration, I speak of ‘we’. That is not because I have some double personality which allows me to do all the work in collaboration, but because Dicky was so enthusiastic about the project that we did all the experiments together. The main chapters are based on papers we wrote together for conference proceedings, books, and journals. This collaboration with Dicky always was very motivating and pleasant. I will never forget the conferences we visited together, especially the fun we had trying to find our way in Vienna, and through the subterranean corridors in the castle in Imatra, Finland. -
Locutionary, Illocutionary and Perlocutionary Acts, Which J.L
Locutionary, Illocutionary and Perlocutioary Acts Between Modern linguistics and Traditional Arabic Linguistics Hisham Ibrahim Abdulla ABSTRACT The present paper is part of a larger project to investigate the hypothesis that traditional Arab linguists were well acquainted with some of the main ideas and concepts of modern pragmatics. In this paper the researcher tries to find out whether Arab linguists were familiar with one of the major tenets of speech–act theory, namely, the analysis of a speech act (SA) into locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary acts, which J.L. Austin used in his analysis of speech acts. It is a commonplace assumption in the history of modern linguistics that speech-act theory and its key features were Įrst proposed by AusƟn in the middle of the 20th century. The aim of this paper is to question that assumption; therefore, the problem or the question that the researcher undertakes to answer is whether Arab linguists of the past knew speech acts and were able to analyse them before modern linguists and philosophers like Austin , and consequently to see whether these aspects of the theory have a longer history than is assumed in the literature. The first part of the paper gives a survey of the above concepts as they appear in modern linguistic literature in the west . The second part deals with the Arabs' contribution to the same concepts and aspects of the theoryin an attempt to show their familiarity with them centuries before modern linguists. The method the researcher uses to achieve his aim is quoting˺ from traditional books of Arab and Muslim linguists (rhetoricians and jurisprudents ) . -
Chapter Ii Framework of Theories
CHAPTER II FRAMEWORK OF THEORIES In this chapter, the writer describes theories used in this writing. The researcher uses pragmatics approaches as the theory. The theory is necessary since it will be the basic foundation in conducting this research. 2.1 Pragmatics Study There are some definitions by the experts or by linguists about Pragmatics. It is the study of meaning as delivered by a speaker (or a writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader) (Yule:1996). Yule also divides the meaning of pragmatics in several definitions as follows: 2.1.1 Pragmatic is the study of speaker meaning It means that the utterances that are expressed by speaker are more than what is said. It is nothing to do with the structure of the utterances but the speaker intended meaning which is conveyed through their utterances. The hearer has to find it in order to be communicative. 2.1.2 Pragmatics is the study of how more gets communicated than it is said In this case, hearers have to investigate the invisible meaning that speakers try to convey. The hearer has to be capable to see and understand the invisible meaning in order to be more communicative. 2.1.3 Pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning Speakers have to consider what they want to say regarding on with whom they are talking with, where, when and the situation. It is because the context influences the interpretation of the hearer. The hearer has to have share knowledge in order to be more communicative. 2.1.4 Pragmatics is the study of the expression of relative distance It has to be different in which you speak to your peers than your parents. -
On the Theoretical Implications of Cypriot Greek Initial Geminates
<LINK "mul-n*">"mul-r16">"mul-r8">"mul-r19">"mul-r14">"mul-r27">"mul-r7">"mul-r6">"mul-r17">"mul-r2">"mul-r9">"mul-r24"> <TARGET "mul" DOCINFO AUTHOR "Jennifer S. Muller"TITLE "On the theoretical implications of Cypriot Greek initial geminates"SUBJECT "JGL, Volume 3"KEYWORDS "geminates, representation, phonology, Cypriot Greek"SIZE HEIGHT "220"WIDTH "150"VOFFSET "4"> On the theoretical implications of Cypriot Greek initial geminates* Jennifer S. Muller The Ohio State University Cypriot Greek contrasts singleton and geminate consonants in word-initial position. These segments are of particular interest to phonologists since two divergent representational frameworks, moraic theory (Hayes 1989) and timing-based frameworks, including CV or X-slot theory (Clements and Keyser 1983, Levin 1985), account for the behavior of initial geminates in substantially different ways. The investigation of geminates in Cypriot Greek allows these differences to be explored. As will be demonstrated in a formal analysis of the facts, the patterning of geminates in Cypriot is best accounted for by assuming that the segments are dominated by abstract timing units such as X- or C-slots, rather than by a unit of prosodic weight such as the mora. Keywords: geminates, representation, phonology, Cypriot Greek 1. Introduction Cypriot Greek is of particular interest, not only because it is one of the few varieties of Modern Greek maintaining a consonant length contrast, but more importantly because it exhibits this contrast in word-initial position: péfti ‘Thursday’ vs. ppéfti ‘he falls’.Although word-initial geminates are less common than their word-medial counterparts, they are attested in dozens of the world’s languages in addition to Cypriot Greek. -
Contrastive Modelling of the Intonation of Recapitulatory Echo Interrogative Sentences in Modern American English and Cuban Spanish
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Nottingham ePrints Garcia Romero, Gilberto (2013) Contrastive modelling of the intonation of recapitulatory echo interrogative sentences in modern American English and Cuban Spanish. MA(Res) thesis, University of Nottingham. Access from the University of Nottingham repository: http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13527/1/AN_INTONATIONAL_ANALYSIS_OF_THE_INTERR OGATIVE_SYSTEMS_IN_MODERN_ENGLISH_AND_CUBAN_SPANISH_2012.pdf Copyright and reuse: The Nottingham ePrints service makes this work by researchers of the University of Nottingham available open access under the following conditions. · Copyright and all moral rights to the version of the paper presented here belong to the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. · To the extent reasonable and practicable the material made available in Nottingham ePrints has been checked for eligibility before being made available. · Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not- for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. · Quotations or similar reproductions must be sufficiently acknowledged. Please see our full end user licence at: http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/end_user_agreement.pdf A note on versions: The version presented here may differ from the published version or from the version of record. If you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher’s version. Please see the repository url above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription. -
Constraints on Structual Borrowing in a Multilingual Contact Situation
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons IRCS Technical Reports Series Institute for Research in Cognitive Science 5-1-2005 Constraints on Structual Borrowing in a Multilingual Contact Situation Tara S. Sanchez University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/ircs_reports Part of the Linguistics Commons Sanchez, Tara S., "Constraints on Structual Borrowing in a Multilingual Contact Situation" (2005). IRCS Technical Reports Series. 4. https://repository.upenn.edu/ircs_reports/4 University of Pennsylvania Institute for Research in Cognitive Science Technical Report No. IRCS-05-01 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/ircs_reports/4 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Constraints on Structual Borrowing in a Multilingual Contact Situation Abstract Many principles of structural borrowing have been proposed, all under qualitative theories. Some argue that linguistic conditions must be met for borrowing to occur (‘universals’); others argue that aspects of the socio-demographic situation are more relevant than linguistic considerations (e.g. Thomason and Kaufman 1988). This dissertation evaluates the roles of both linguistic and social factors in structural borrowing from a quantitative, variationist perspective via a diachronic and ethnographic examination of the language contact situation on Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao, where the berian creole, Papiamentu, is in contact with Spanish, Dutch, and English. Data are fro m texts (n=171) and sociolinguistic interviews (n=129). The progressive, the passive construction, and focus fronting are examined. In addition, variationist methods were applied in a novel way to the system of verbal morphology. The degree to which borrowed morphemes are integrated into Papiamentu was noted at several samplings over a 100-year time span. -
Morphological Sources of Phonological Length
Morphological Sources of Phonological Length by Anne Pycha B.A. (Brown University) 1993 M.A. (University of California, Berkeley) 2004 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Sharon Inkelas (chair) Professor Larry Hyman Professor Keith Johnson Professor Johanna Nichols Spring 2008 Abstract Morphological Sources of Phonological Length by Anne Pycha Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics University of California, Berkeley Professor Sharon Inkelas, Chair This study presents and defends Resizing Theory, whose claim is that the overall size of a morpheme can serve as a basic unit of analysis for phonological alternations. Morphemes can increase their size by any number of strategies -- epenthesizing new segments, for example, or devoicing an existing segment (and thereby increasing its phonetic duration) -- but it is the fact of an increase, and not the particular strategy used to implement it, which is linguistically significant. Resizing Theory has some overlap with theories of fortition and lenition, but differs in that it uses the independently- verifiable parameter of size in place of an ad-hoc concept of “strength” and thereby encompasses a much greater range of phonological alternations. The theory makes three major predictions, each of which is supported with cross-linguistic evidence. First, seemingly disparate phonological alternations can achieve identical morphological effects, but only if they trigger the same direction of change in a morpheme’s size. Second, morpheme interactions can take complete control over phonological outputs, determining surface outputs when traditional features and segments fail to do so. -
An Autosegmental/Metrical Analysis of Serbo-Croatian Intonation *
AN AUTOSEGMENTAL/METRICAL ANALYSIS OF SERBO-CROATIAN INTONATION * Svetlana Godjevac Abstract Based on the qualitative analysis of the Fo contours of wide range ofutterances (broad focus declaratives, broad focus questions, nar row focus declaratives, narrow focus questions, vocative chant, and prompting intonation) utterred by nine native speakers, an autoseg mental/metrical analysis of Standard Selbo-Croatian intonation is pro posed. This analysis argues for sparse specification of tones, contra Inkelas and Zee (1988), and two levels of prosodic phrasing: the phonological word and the intonational phrase. The phonological word is defined in te!lDS of a lexical pitch accent and an initial word boundary tone, whereas the intonational phrase is a domain defined by pitch range manipulations (expansion, compression, reset, downstep) and final intonational phrase boundary_ tones. 1 Introduction Standard Serbo-Croatian (SC) is a pitch-accent language. All analyses (Browne & Mccawley 1965 (B&M), Inkelas & Zee 1988 (l&Z), Kostic 1983, Lehiste & Ivie 1963, •r would like to express my gratitude to Mary Beckman, Chris Barker, Allison Blodgett, Rebecca Her man, Molly Homer, Tsan Huang, Ilse Lehiste, Gina Taranto, and Pauline Welby. I also wish to thank my informants: Dragana Aleksic, Ljubomir Bjelica, Ana Devic, Ksenija Djuranovic, Svetislav Jovanovic, Jasna Kragalott, Svetlana Li.kic, and Branislav Unkovic for their patience and kindness in providing the data. All errors are mine. 79 . SVETLANA GODJEVAC 1986 (L&I), Nikolic 1970, Stevanovic 1989, Gvozdanovic (1980), inter alia) recognize four different types of accents: short falling, long falling, short rising, and long rising. In this paper I present an analysis of surface tones of these accent types in different sentential environments, including broad-focus and narrow-focu.s utterances, citation form, vocative chant, prompting intonation, and questions. -
Automatic Prosodic Variations Modelling for Language and Dialect Discrimination Jean-Luc Rouas
Automatic prosodic variations modelling for language and dialect discrimination Jean-Luc Rouas To cite this version: Jean-Luc Rouas. Automatic prosodic variations modelling for language and dialect discrimination. IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech and Language Processing, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2007, 15 (6), 10.1109/TASL.2007.900094. hal-00657977 HAL Id: hal-00657977 https://hal.inria.fr/hal-00657977 Submitted on 9 Jan 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 Automatic prosodic variations modelling for language and dialect discrimination Jean-Luc Rouas Abstract— This paper addresses the problem of modelling recognition [5], notably Adami’s system [6]. More recently, prosody for language identification. The aim is to create a system systems using syllable-scale features have been under research, that can be used prior to any linguistic work to show if prosodic although their aim is to model acoustic/phonotactic properties differences among languages or dialects can be automatically determined. In previous papers, we defined a prosodic unit, the of languages [7] or also prosodic cues [8]. pseudo-syllable. Rhythmic modelling has proven the relevance of Beside the use of prosody to improve the performances of the pseudo-syllable unit for automatic language identification. -
76 an Analysis of Locutionary and Illocutionary Act Of
AN ANALYSIS OF LOCUTIONARY AND ILLOCUTIONARY ACT OF REPRESENTATIVE UTTERANCES USED IN DIGITAL STORYTELLING: I’M AN ANIMAL SERIES BY BROWN BAG FILMS Fristi Arfiawati [email protected] Rossantiana Agus Ramdani [email protected] ABSTRACT The research entitled An Analysis of Locutionary and Illocutionary Act of Representative Utterances Used in Digital Storytelling: I’m an Animal Series by Brown Bag Films aims to analyze the locutionary and Illocutionary act based on Austin’s theory and Searle’s theory in digital storytelling videos I’m an Animal series directed by Brown Bag Films. The research used descriptive qualitative method and the data were taken in the form of utterances spoken by the animals in digital storytelling videos, transcribed into the written form and then analyzed by using the theory of speech acts. The research focus on a representatives utterances as the animals mainly talk about their life. The findings showed that there were several locutionary and Illocutionary act of representative utterances in the Digital Storytelling video of I’m an Animal Series by Brown Bag Film. Key words: Speech Acts, Utterance, Locutionary Act, Illocutionary Act, Representatives 1. INTRODUCTION Language influences human life as the bridge to communicate within society or other people. Nowadays, using language for communication is necessary when the speaker and the hearer understand what they are talking about. The communicative act or called as the utterances of the speaker commonly represent verbal communication. It means that people do not only produce utterance which is focused on grammatical structure and every word but also the way they perform the utterance. -
49 Stress-Timed Vs. Syllable- Timed Languages
TBC_049.qxd 7/13/10 19:21 Page 1 49 Stress-timed vs. Syllable- timed Languages Marina Nespor Mohinish Shukla Jacques Mehler 1Introduction Rhythm characterizes most natural phenomena: heartbeats have a rhythmic organization, and so do the waves of the sea, the alternation of day and night, and bird songs. Language is yet another natural phenomenon that is charac- terized by rhythm. What is rhythm? Is it possible to give a general enough definition of rhythm to include all the phenomena we just mentioned? The origin of the word rhythm is the Greek word osh[óp, derived from the verb oeí, which means ‘to flow’. We could say that rhythm determines the flow of different phenomena. Plato (The Laws, book II: 93) gave a very general – and in our opinion the most beautiful – definition of rhythm: “rhythm is order in movement.” In order to under- stand how rhythm is instantiated in different natural phenomena, including language, it is necessary to discover the elements responsible for it in each single case. Thus the question we address is: which elements establish order in linguistic rhythm, i.e. in the flow of speech? 2The rhythmic hierarchy: Rhythm as alternation Rhythm is hierarchical in nature in language, as it is in music. According to the metrical grid theory, i.e. the representation of linguistic rhythm within Generative Grammar (cf., amongst others, Liberman & Prince 1977; Prince 1983; Nespor & Vogel 1989; chapter 43: representations of word stress), the element that “establishes order” in the flow of speech is stress: universally, stressed and unstressed positions alternate at different levels of the hierarchy (see chapter 40: stress: phonotactic and phonetic evidence).