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Mohammadreza Gharibreza Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf

Applied Limnology

Comprehensive View from Watershed to Lake

  • Applied Limnology
  • Mohammadreza Gharibreza

Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf

Applied Limnology

Comprehensive View from Watershed to Lake

Mohammadreza Gharibreza Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute Tehran, Iran
Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf Department of Geology University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

ISBN 978-4-431-54979-6 DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-54980-2 Springer Tokyo Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London
ISBN 978-4-431-54980-2 (eBook)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2014939876 © Springer Japan 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.

Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

This Book is sincerely dedicated to my family. Their support, encouragement, and constant assistance have sustained me throughout my life

Preface

As an author, I am proud to introduce Applied Limnology, which addresses a new, comprehensive method of studying lake systems from watershed to open waters. This book opens up a new view of limnology for researchers and decision makers to consider overall land use across the catchment to find the real issues in which lakes are involved. Recently, several issues concerning lakes have been encountered such as pollution of natural resources, shoaling, eutrophication, coastal changes, and reduction of water sources around the world. Human activities have contributed most in recent issues which are exacerbated by natural factors such as climate change. There are conservation and land development approaches in terms of integrated lake management and mitigation of the environmental impact of recent land development projects in catchment areas. This book is remarkable for highlighting a method in which issues are completely investigated and a natural resource management plan is presented with a conservation approach.
Applied Limnology has a simple outline of six chapters. Chapter 1 gives a brief introduction to an overall view of Bera Lake and issues that involve it. Chapter 2 is divided into two sections, catchment areas and lake characteristics. Physiographic particulates, geological settings, stratigraphy, structural geology, climatology, and land use are introduced in the catchment section. Lake specification comprises hydrology, bathymetry, water quality, and physical properties of sediments in Bera Lake. In Chap. 3 the emphasis is on shoaling as one of the main issues of Bera Lake, which was investigated by using 210Pb and 137Cs radioisotopes. The book highlights the capability of this method in a tropical lake to estimate sedimentation rate. Severe soil erosion and nutrient loss is another issue that plays an important role in devastating natural resources of wetlands and open waters. Chapter 4 presents the application of radiocesium in estimation of soil loss in a tropical area that is far from a source of 137Cs emission. In addition, the contribution of land development projects in the soil redistribution rate is highlighted in Chap. 4. Chapter 5 deals with contamination of sediments and several models that evaluate ecological risk assessment. Application of models of risk assessment and of dating of sediment age is a novel feature of this book that reveals the contribution of land development phases in pollution of Bera Lake. Another contribution to knowledge is provided in

vii

  • viii
  • Preface

this book, namely, that the natural background level of several heavy minerals has been calculated for further investigation. Emphasis on the watershed and lake management plan is presented in Chap. 6. I believe that applied limnology must involve management practices to conserve natural resources. Therefore, this book has included a management plan that shows how limnology comprehensively applied will perform and how legislation and a decision support system will be established.
I am highly appreciative of Dr. Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf for his partnership in most phases of the research project and for his great guidance and help in editing and providing an opportunity to release this book, Applied Limnology. I attribute the publication of this book to his encouragement and effort; without him the book would not have been completed.
I express my sincerest gratitude to Dr. John Kuna Raj, Dr. Ismail Yusoff,
Dr. Zainudin Othman, and Dr. Wan Zakaria Wan Muhamad Tahir, whose encouragement and support enabled me to carry out this multidisciplinary research project and to write this book. Great acknowledgment goes to Dr. Dess Walling, professor at Exeter University, UK, for his valuable advice on choosing a suitable model to estimate soil erosion at the study area. I offer sincere gratitude to Dr. Peter Appleby, professor at Liverpool University, UK, for his great advice and geochronology calculation model to determine the sedimentation rate in Bera Lake. Gratitude is also expressed to Dr. Lee Kheng Heng and Dr. Lionel Mabit and the IAEA staff for their valuable help in providing soil erosion conversion models.
I gratefully acknowledge the Soil Conservation and Watershed Management
Research Institute, Iran, and the Institute of Research Management and Monitoring (IPPP), University of Malaya, for their valuable executive and financial support to accomplish this mission. I am indebted to my many colleagues in the Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute for their contributions in official and departmental support.
I owe my deepest gratitude to my parents and my brothers, who gave me financial and moral support. I also offer sincerest heartfelt acknowledgment to my family members, especially to my wife, Mahboubeh Hadadfard, and to my daughters, Zahra, Roghayeh, and Sara, whose encouragement, assistance, and support from the beginning to the conclusion enabled me to accomplish this project.

  • Tehran, Iran
  • Mohammadreza Gharibreza

Contents

12

  • Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  • 1

12356
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
What This Book Is About . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . An Introduction of Bera Lake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . What Problems That Bera Lake Is Involved? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overview of Applied Limnology in Bera Lake . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Bera Lake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
788

  • 2.1
  • Catchment Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.1.1 Physiographic Particulars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.2 Geology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.1.3 Climatology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.1.4 Land Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Lake Characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.2.1 Hydrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.2.2 Bathymetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.2.3 Water Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.2.4 Physical Properties of Bera Lake Sediment . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

3

Sedimentation Rate in Bera Lake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3.1 3.2
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 3.2.1 The Constant Rate of Supply CRS Model . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 3.2.2 The Constant Initial Concentration CIC Model . . . . . . . . 68 3.2.3 The Limitation of Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 3.2.4 Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 3.2.5 Sample Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 3.2.6 Radioisotopes Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 210Pb and 137Cs Inventories and 210Pb Flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Sedimentation Rate at the South of Bera Lake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
3.3 3.4

ix

  • x
  • Contents

3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9
Sedimentation Rate at the Middle of Bera Lake . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Sedimentation Rate at the North of Bera Lake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Sedimentation Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

  • 4
  • Soil Erosion Rate and Nutrient Loss at the Bera

Lake Catchment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Soil Sampling and Sample Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Soil Type of Catchment Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Soil Redistribution Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 137Cs and 210Pb Inventories in Soil Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Soil Loss Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Nutrient Content in Bera Lake Catchment Soil Profile . . . . . . . . 121 Soil Accumulation Rate in Wetlands and Open Waters . . . . . . . . 124 Soil Redistribution Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
4.10 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 4.11 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

  • 5
  • Sediment Quality and Ecological Risk Assessment

of Bera Lake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Chemical and Pollution Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Nutrient Content Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Ecological Risk Assessment Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Standard Levels of Heavy Metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 5.5.1 Background Concentration of Heavy Metals in Bera Lake Sediments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Heavy Metal Concentration in Bera Lake Sediments . . . . . . . . . 143 5.6.1 Pearson Correlation Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 5.6.2 Cluster Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Bera Lake Sediment Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 5.7.1 Ecological Risk Assessment of Bera Lake Sediment . . . . 157 Nutrient Fate in Bera Lake Sediments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

6

Watershed Management Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 6.1 6.2
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Soil and Sediment Management Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

  • Contents
  • xi

6.2.1 Mechanical Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 6.2.2 Agronomic Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 6.2.3 Research and Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 6.2.4 Socio-Economic Controlling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

Abbreviations

AWB BLC BP
Asian Wetland Bureau Bera Lake Catchment Before Present

  • Becquerel per square Meter
  • Bq mÀ2

Bq mÀ2 yearÀ1 Becquerel per square Meter per Year CBSQG

Cf

Consensus-Based Sediment Quality Guidelines of Wisconsin Contamination Factor
CF:CS CIC ClÀ
Constant Flux: Constant Supply Constant initial concentration model Chloride cm yearÀ1 CRS CV
Centimeter per Year Constant rate of supply model Coefficient of Variation

137Cs

DEM

Df

Fallout Caesium-137 Radionuclide Digital Elevation Model Degree of Contamination

  • Dissolved Oxygen
  • DO

DWNP EC EF
Department of Wildlife and National Parks Electric conductivity Enrichment Factor
EFB EIA
Empty Fruit Bunches Environmental Impact Assessment Potential Ecological Risk Factor for Individual Metal Federal Land Development Authority Full Width at Half Maximum Gram per cubic Centimeter Gas Chromatographic

Er

FELDA FWHM g cmÀ3 GC GIS H3BO4 HCA
Geographical Information System Boric Acid Hieratical cluster analysis

xiii

  • xiv
  • Abbreviations

HCl HF
Chloride Acid Fluoride Acid

1À

HNO3 IAEA
Nitrate Acid International Atomic Energy Agency

  • Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
  • ICP-MS

ICP-OES Igeo
Inductively Coupled Plasma Optic Emission Spectrometry Index of Geoaccumulation Integrated River Basin Management Interim Fresh Water Sediment Quality Integrated Water Resource Management Lowest Dissolved Oxygen Lowest Effect Level
IRBM ISQG IWRM LDO LEL

  • LGM
  • Last Glacial Maximum

MACRES mg kgÀ1 mg LÀ1 MnCO3 MPOB NE-SW
Malaysian Centre for Remote Sensing Milligram per Kilogram Milligram per Liter Manganese Carbonate Malaysian Oil Palm Board North East—South West Ammonia

+1

NH4À1

NO2 NO3
Nitrate Nitrate

2À

NW-NE NWQS

210Pb

PEL
North West—North East National Water Quality Standards for Malaysia Fallout Lead-210 Radionuclide Probable Effect Level
PFE pH
Permanent Forest Estate Acidity

  • Phosphate
  • PO4

  • POC
  • Particular Organic Carbon

  • Per Part Million
  • PPM

QAQC RI
Quality Assurance and Quality Control Potential Ecological Risk Factor for Basin

  • Severe Effect Level
  • SEL

SQG SRM SW
Sediment Quality Guidelines Standard Reference Material South West t hÀ1 yearÀ1 TCD TDS ton per hectare per year Thermal conductivity detection Total Dissolved Solid

  • TN
  • Total Nitrogen

  • Total Organic Carbon
  • TOC

USLE WGS
Universal Soil Loss Equation World Geographic Coordinate System

Chapter 1

Introduction

Abstract Applied limnology is addressing comprehensive biological, physical, and chemical aspects of the lake and its catchment area. This concept of limnology comprises an integrated study that shows issues that catchment and lake are involved. Management plan of natural resources with conservation approach is the main objective of applied limnology. This hypothesis was tested in the Bera Lake, Peninsular Malaysia. Bera Lake is excellent example of lakes that is located in tropical climate and affected severely by land use changes at catchment area. Consequently, several issues have created such as extensive soil profile degradation, soil and nutrients loss, severe sedimentation in open waters, sediment pollution, and dramatic diminution of animal’s population particularly fishes, birds and relevant animals in Bera Lake and surrounded wetlands. Suggestion will be presented in order to minimize adverse environmental impacts of land use changes and conserve soil and water resources. This book is considerably contributing in knowledge and to achieve several new findings that will help the decision makers. The real reasons for severe reduction of area and depth at Bera Lake, reduction of fish population in the open waters, scarcity of emigrant birds and water quality degradation are the uncertainties for governmental agencies and decision makers.

Keywords Applied limnology • Bera Lake • Conservation approach • Environmental issues • Management plan

1.1 What This Book Is About

The book topic has concisely introduced and what the study will be addressed. The book introduces an original research and comprehensive limnological project which was fulfilled in the most important natural habitat in Malaysia. This book entitled “Applied Limnology” comprehensive view from watershed to the Bera Lake. The topic has significantly represents the multipurpose and has highlighted the relevant methodology. Further, the topic has introduced an especial lake in the

M. Gharibreza and M.A. Ashraf, Applied Limnology: Comprehensive View

1from Watershed to Lake, DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-54980-2_1, © Springer Japan 2014

  • 2
  • 1
  • Introduction

tropical area with exclusive limnological, ecological, and sedimentary environment in Malaysia. It has appropriately demonstrated that book subject is an applied limnology field which has been supported by a high-tech method. This book is not included details about flora and fauna of Bera Lake and is focused mainly on physical features of the lake.

1.2 An Introduction of Bera Lake

Bera Lake is a lacustrine mire system located in the central part of Peninsular Malaysia, in the east-central State of Pahang. Bera Lake has occupied 0.11 km2 area at the most northern part of catchment, is the largest natural lake in Malaysia. The natural rainforest has been covered (593.1 km2) Bera Lake catchment (BLC) entirely prior the Malaysian land development scenarios. Their distribution in study area was decreased dramatically to 300.24 km2 by the end of 1994. Permanent Forest Estate (PFE) in BLC was cited as the first RAMSAR site in Malaysia in November 1994, because of its biodiversity and ecological importance. The oil palm and rubber planted states was established as “Buffer Zone”. According to EIA, despite government regulations stipulating that any project beyond 500 ha should have an EIA (ECD 2002b). Local settlements is disregarding this regulation by deforestation of smaller areas in RAMSAR site since 1994 and leaving destructive effects on BLC ecosystems. Bera Lake wetlands and open waters distribution is 56.3 km2 with a dendritic pattern and an elongate form. Their elevation is lower than 20 m and 2ꢀ slope, have remarkably occupied the low land areas which have geologically created 5,500–6,500 (Wu¨st and Bustin 2004) (BP).
The history of study area could be divided to two prior and post 1950 or industrialization period. According to Surut (1998, unpublished) this area has been habitat of original Peninsular Malaysia (Orang Asli) people which historically living in the rainforest areas. Malaysian national plans were commenced since 1960 and Bera Lake and its catchment were recognized as one of the main states of land development projects.
The catchment area was significantly deforested since 1960 by FELDA, the main executive government agency. The several kinds of timbers extensively harvested between 1960 and 1970. Then, five FELDA land development projects were fulfilled between 1970 and 1995. Official land development has prohibited, 1994, after RAMSAR site citation.
Bera Lake has been studied by the commencement of the Second Malaya Plan
(1961–1965) due to its multidisciplinary importance. Reviewed literature showed that most of the previous works have been related to biological and ecological aspects of Bera Lake especially its flora and fauna. The biology of Bera Lake was initially studied by University of Malaya and Botanic Garden of Singapore, published by Merton (1962). Between 1968 and 1972, Japanese–Malaysian joint research group undertake an ecological study of Bera Lake (Furtado and Mori 1982) that includes information about plant decomposition (Sato et al. 1982), flora

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  • Hydrological Assessment and Suspended Sediment Loading of the Chini Lake Catchment, Pahang, Malaysia

    Hydrological Assessment and Suspended Sediment Loading of the Chini Lake Catchment, Pahang, Malaysia

    Vol. 5(6), pp. 303-309, June 2013 International Journal of Water Resources and DOI 10.5897/IJWREE2012.0368 ISSN 2141-6613 © 2013 Academic Journals Environmental Engineering http://www.academicjournals.org/IJWREE Full Length Research Paper Hydrological assessment and suspended sediment loading of the Chini Lake catchment, Pahang, Malaysia Sujaul I. M.1, Ismail B. S.1*, Muhammad Barzani G.1, Sahibin A. R.1 and Mohd Ekhwan T.2 1School of Environment and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. 2School of Social Development and Environmental Studies, Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. Accepted 26 April, 2013 Hydrological evaluation and sediment loading of the Chini Lake catchment was investigated. Sediment loads and water discharge from seven selected feeder rivers were measured over a period of one year (January to December 2006). Suspended sediment concentration was measured by the standard method. The annual rainfall from 1984 to 2006 at the Chini Lake catchment ranged from 1487.70 mm (1997) to 3071.40 mm (1994), with the annual rainfall for 2006 being 2544.50 mm. Stream flow rate during the sampling periods was relatively slow, ranging from 0.001 to 1.31 m3s-1 (or an average of 0.21 m3s-1). The highest and lowest stream flow discharges were recorded from the Gumum River and Cenahan River subcatchment. The amount of sediment load ranged from 0.49 to 166.02 kg/km2/day (or an average of 30.57 kg/km2/day) in the study area.
  • Research Paper

    Research Paper

    Environmental Degradation in Malaysia’s Pahang River Basin and its Relation with River Pollution: Strategic Plan from Assessment to Mitigation using Geo-Informatics Faisal Nadeem Saher1, Nasly Binti Mohamed Ali2, Tuty Asmawaty Binti Abdul Kadir3, Giacomo Teruggi4, Mohammed Amjed Hossain5 1,5Faculty of Civil Engineering and Earth Resources, University Malaysia Pahang (UMP) 2Centre for Graduate Studies, University Malaysia Pahang (UMP) 3Faculty of Computer Systems & Software Engineering, University Malaysia Pahang (UMP) 4World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Geneva, Switzerland Corresponding author: e-mail: [email protected] , +60-16 938 3120 REFERENCE NO ABSTRACT Ref # EEM – 25 This is an established truth that with the growing world, the environmental degradation process cannot avoid but the technology is a solution to minimize this process. A sustainable development depends on plans, which are design on the strong basis of comprehensive datasets. Under this research studies, the required datasets were generated using remote sensing and GIS system integrated with field GPS surveys. The representations of these datasets further analyzed to ensure the data quality and output results. The objectives of the study were to find out the Pahang River pollution and environmental threats by assessing and analyzing different data layers of topographical, geological, hydrological, land cover, GPS surveys and satellite image. The methodology adopted to achieve the desired goals and to combat the complexity of the hydro-environmental system of Pahang River drawn from the idea to integrate the engineering tools with the geo- informatics techniques. This resultant output of the project enabled to develop a system of system for the existing and future development datasets in different research institutions in Malaysia for the decision makers and researchers.
  • Quality of Life of the Rural Community: a Comparison Between Three Cities

    Quality of Life of the Rural Community: a Comparison Between Three Cities

    Journal of Social Sciences 7 (4): 508-515, 2011 ISSN 1549-3652 © 2011 Science Publications Quality of Life of the Rural Community: A Comparison between Three Cities 1Sulaiman Md Yassin, Hayrol Azril Mohamed Shaffril, Bahaman Abu Samah, Md. Salleh Hassan, Mohd Shahwahid Othman, Asnarulkhadi Abu Samah and Siti Aisyah Ramli Laboratory of Sustainable Development and Agriculture Extension, Institute for Social Science Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia Abstract: Problem statement: Pahang and Muar Rivers are two major rivers in Malaysia. In the past, these two rivers did play an important role in flourishing the economic activities of the local community and upgrading their quality of life. Does the community along these two rivers have a good quality of life? Answers for this question will bring us to the main objective of this study which is to investigate the level of quality of life of the community living along Pahang River and Muar River and to investigate any difference that might occur between the communities in Pekan, Bahau and Muar. Approach: Each of the cities is represented by 300 respondents making the overall total respondents selected for this study was 900. This is a quantitative study and a questionnaire was used to gain the data needed. A total of seven aspects of quality of life namely home condition, physical environment, safety at the areas, social involvement and relationship, education, financial and job security and infrastructure facilities had been studied. Results: Results gained have revealed that community along Pahang River and Muar River do have a high level of quality of life. And further analysis using ANOVA have shown that there are significant differences in six of the aspects of quality of life studied.
  • 4 Diversity and Abundance of Bird Communities in Tasek Bera Forest Reserve, Pahang

    4 Diversity and Abundance of Bird Communities in Tasek Bera Forest Reserve, Pahang

    Journal of Wildlife and Parks (2014) 27 : 25-34 25 DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE OF BIRD COMMUNITIES IN TASEK BERA RAMSAR SITE, PAHANG, MALAYSIA Alim Biun* & Matsain Mohd. Buang Research and Education Division, Sabah Parks P.O.Box 10626, 88806 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. *Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT A bird fieldwork survey was conducted for 5 days at Tasek Bera Wildlife Reserve on the 21st to 25th May 2009. This is one of the field work activities that were conducted by Sabah Parks’ research team in the participation of wildlife survey which was organized by Department of Wildlife and National Parks. Two methods were adopted namely general observation and point sampling during the course of survey. A total of 65 species in 29 families were successfully recorded from both general observation and point sampling. The results of point sampling gave that a conservative density estimates 0.8 birds per 61 m2 occupied the understorey of forest within the range of 2 m above the ground. However, due to the limited survey time, this estimation most probably is an underestimation. Keywords: Tasek Bera Wildlife Reserve, Bird, Survey, Abundance, Diversity INTRODUCTION Tasek Bera in the state of Pahang, Malaysia about 5 hours drives from Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA), was located at 020 47 - 03009’N and 1020 23’ – 1020 47’E lies 35 m above sea level in the southeastern part of Temerloh, north and south of Kg. Datok. The watershed of this lake lies on the plains between the main and eastern ranges of Peninsular Malaysia between 30 and 70 m contour.
  • The Format of the IJOPCM, First Submission

    The Format of the IJOPCM, First Submission

    International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7 (3.14) (2018) 67-74 International Journal of Engineering & Technology Website: www.sciencepubco.com/index.php/IJET Research paper The Potential Impacts of Anthropogenic and Climate Changes Factors on Surface Water Ecosystem Deterioration at Kenyir Lake, Malaysia Mohd Khairul Amri Kamarudin1,2*, Noorjima Abd Wahab1*, Hafizan Juahir1, Nik Mohd Firdaus Nik Wan1, Mu- hammad Barzani Gasim1, Mohd Ekhwan Toriman3, Frankie Marcus Ata1, Adiana Ghazali1, Atikah Anuar1, Hanif Abdullah1, Nur Izzati Hussain1, Syahril Hirman Azmee1, Muhammad Hafiz Md Saad1, Muhammad Saupi1, Mir Sujaul Islam4, Rahmah Elfithri5 1East Coast Environmental Research Institute (ESERI), Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia. 2Faculty of Applied Social Science, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 3Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia 4Faculty of Civil Engineering and Earth Resources, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600 Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia. 5Institute for Environment and Development, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia *Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract Water ecosystem deterioration can be affected by various factors of either natural environment or physical changes in the river basin.. Data observation were made during dry season (April 2017) and wet season (December 2017). 21 sampling stations were selected along Kenyir Lake Basin. Overall, the water quality status as stated in NWQS is categorized as Class I on dry season and Class II on wet sea- son. The major pollutants in Kenyir Lake are Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Dissolve Oxygen and pH which are contributed largely by untreated or partially treated sewage from tourism development and construction activities around the basin.
  • An Evaluation of Bera Lake (Malaysia) Sediment Contamination Using Sediment Quality Guidelines

    An Evaluation of Bera Lake (Malaysia) Sediment Contamination Using Sediment Quality Guidelines

    Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Chemistry Volume 2013, Article ID 387035, 13 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/387035 Research Article An Evaluation of Bera Lake (Malaysia) Sediment Contamination Using Sediment Quality Guidelines Mohammadreza Gharibreza,1,2 Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf,1,3 Ismail Yusoff,3 and John Kuna Raj3 1 Department of Geology, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2 Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute, P.O. Box 13445-1136, Tehran, Iran 3 Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Correspondence should be addressed to Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf; [email protected] Received 21 August 2012; Revised 25 December 2012; Accepted 4 January 2013 Academic Editor: Javier Hernandez-Borges Copyright © 2013 Mohammadreza Gharibreza et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Bera Lake is known as the first RAMSAR site and is the largest natural lake in Malaysia. Sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) and Geoaccumulation index were used to evaluate Bera Lake sediment contamination. Five undisturbed cores were collected from Bera Lake sediment. Major and trace levels of elements were determined for 132 subsamples using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results marked two major groups of metallic elements bonded to the terrestrial and organic-rich sediments. Terrestrial sediments were strongly associated with accumulation of Li, Al, Pb, Cu, Cr, Na, Mg, Sr, and K during main fluxes of metals. However, a strong positive correlation was obtained between Fe, Mn, As, Zn, Cu, Ni, Ca, and Cd elements and TOC and TN.
  • Ecology and Development Series No. 57, 2008

    Ecology and Development Series No. 57, 2008

    Ecology and Development Series No. 57, 2008 Editor-in-Chief: Paul L.G.Vlek Editors: Manfred Denich Christopher Martius Charles Rodgers Nick van de Giesen Hong Ching Goh Sustainable tourism and the influence of privatization in protected area management. A case of Kinabalu Park, Malaysia ABSTRACT The worldwide evolution of park management has revealed the dual roles of parks in meeting nature conservation and social objectives. Sustainable tourism is able to support these roles by providing financial support to nature conservation, benefiting local communities through providing employment opportunities and capacity building as well as by maintaining visitor satisfaction. Kinabalu Park in Malaysia is a World Natural Heritage Site and well known for its floral diversity and mountainous landscape. Tourism generates substantial financial income to the park, which is essential to support nature conservation and also provides job opportunities to the local communities. Nevertheless, the steady inflow of park visitors raises concern over sustainability of tourism in Kinabalu Park. A privatization program was introduced in 1998 to manage the tourism facilities so that the park authority (Sabah Parks) can focus on the nature conservation and tourism impact management. No study is known to exist that evaluates the park management in Kinabalu Park after privatization. Hence, this research evaluates the park management against the socio-economic principles of sustainable tourism. Specifically, it aims to determine how the privatization program assists the park authority in 1) enhancing conservation activities by channeling the tourism revenue into research activities, training programs and tourism impact management, 2) benefiting the local communities through job opportunities and capacity building, and 3) improving visitor satisfaction.
  • An Evaluation of Bera Lake (Malaysia) Sediment Contamination Using Sediment Quality Guidelines

    An Evaluation of Bera Lake (Malaysia) Sediment Contamination Using Sediment Quality Guidelines

    Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Chemistry Volume 2013, Article ID 387035, 13 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/387035 Research Article An Evaluation of Bera Lake (Malaysia) Sediment Contamination Using Sediment Quality Guidelines Mohammadreza Gharibreza,1,2 Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf,1,3 Ismail Yusoff,3 and John Kuna Raj3 1 Department of Geology, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2 Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute, P.O. Box 13445-1136, Tehran, Iran 3 Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Correspondence should be addressed to Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf; [email protected] Received 21 August 2012; Revised 25 December 2012; Accepted 4 January 2013 Academic Editor: Javier Hernandez-Borges Copyright © 2013 Mohammadreza Gharibreza et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Bera Lake is known as the first RAMSAR site and is the largest natural lake in Malaysia. Sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) and Geoaccumulation index were used to evaluate Bera Lake sediment contamination. Five undisturbed cores were collected from Bera Lake sediment. Major and trace levels of elements were determined for 132 subsamples using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results marked two major groups of metallic elements bonded to the terrestrial and organic-rich sediments. Terrestrial sediments were strongly associated with accumulation of Li, Al, Pb, Cu, Cr, Na, Mg, Sr, and K during main fluxes of metals. However, a strong positive correlation was obtained between Fe, Mn, As, Zn, Cu, Ni, Ca, and Cd elements and TOC and TN.
  • Rainfall and Flood Frequency Analysis for Pahang River Basin, Malaysia

    Rainfall and Flood Frequency Analysis for Pahang River Basin, Malaysia

    Master Thesis TVVR 07/50nn Watershed Processing and Spatial Rainfall Analysis Rainfall and Flood Frequency Analysis for Pahang River Basin, Malaysia 2010 Master’s Thesis 2010 Ashenafi Wondimu Tekolla Division of Water Resources Engineering Department of Building and Environmental Technology Lund University Avdelningen för Teknisk Vattenresurslära ISRN LUTVDG/TVVR-10/5012 ISSN-1101-9824 ii Rainfall and Flood Frequency Analysis in Pahang River Basin, Malaysia August 2010 Copyright © Ashenafi Wondimu Tekolla August 2010 Report TVVR 10/5012 Master of Science Thesis in Water Resources Engineering Division of Water Resources Lund University Box 118 SE - 221 00 Lund Sweden Phone: +46 46 2220000 Web Address: http://www.tvrl.lth.se i Acknowledgement I have great appreciations for my Supervisor, Prof. Cintia Bertacchi Uvo, who lifted me up to this level, for her patience and courage. Despite her busy schedule, she always took the time out to assist me. I also want to thank Dr. Jan Høybye, for his supervision, and for providing extremely important data and information I was needed to complete this project. I am also grateful to my teacher Dr. Rolf Larsson who facilitated a way to get data. Finally I would like to thank to all family members back home in Ethiopia, my friends and classmates for their endless encouragement. ii Abstract In the past years different parts of the Pahang River basin have been affected by problems related to flooding. Many people died or were dislocated from their place, and government and private properties have been damaged causing huge impact on the country’s economy. The main reason for this catastrophe is the lack of appropriate knowledge about the river ba- sin’s hydrology.