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Mohammadreza Gharibreza Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf Mohammadreza Gharibreza Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf Applied Limnology Comprehensive View from Watershed to Lake Applied Limnology Mohammadreza Gharibreza Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf Applied Limnology Comprehensive View from Watershed to Lake Mohammadreza Gharibreza Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf Soil Conservation and Watershed Department of Geology Management Research Institute University of Malaya Tehran, Iran Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ISBN 978-4-431-54979-6 ISBN 978-4-431-54980-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-54980-2 Springer Tokyo Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014939876 © Springer Japan 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) This Book is sincerely dedicated to my family. Their support, encouragement, and constant assistance have sustained me throughout my life Preface As an author, I am proud to introduce Applied Limnology, which addresses a new, comprehensive method of studying lake systems from watershed to open waters. This book opens up a new view of limnology for researchers and decision makers to consider overall land use across the catchment to find the real issues in which lakes are involved. Recently, several issues concerning lakes have been encountered such as pollution of natural resources, shoaling, eutrophication, coastal changes, and reduction of water sources around the world. Human activities have contributed most in recent issues which are exacerbated by natural factors such as climate change. There are conservation and land development approaches in terms of integrated lake management and mitigation of the environmental impact of recent land development projects in catchment areas. This book is remarkable for highlighting a method in which issues are completely investigated and a natural resource management plan is presented with a conservation approach. Applied Limnology has a simple outline of six chapters. Chapter 1 gives a brief introduction to an overall view of Bera Lake and issues that involve it. Chapter 2 is divided into two sections, catchment areas and lake characteristics. Physiographic particulates, geological settings, stratigraphy, structural geology, climatology, and land use are introduced in the catchment section. Lake specification comprises hydrology, bathymetry, water quality, and physical properties of sediments in Bera Lake. In Chap. 3 the emphasis is on shoaling as one of the main issues of Bera Lake, which was investigated by using 210Pb and 137Cs radioisotopes. The book highlights the capability of this method in a tropical lake to estimate sedimentation rate. Severe soil erosion and nutrient loss is another issue that plays an important role in devastating natural resources of wetlands and open waters. Chapter 4 presents the application of radiocesium in estimation of soil loss in a tropical area that is far from a source of 137Cs emission. In addition, the contribution of land development projects in the soil redistribution rate is highlighted in Chap. 4. Chapter 5 deals with contamination of sediments and several models that evaluate ecological risk assessment. Application of models of risk assessment and of dating of sediment age is a novel feature of this book that reveals the contribution of land development phases in pollution of Bera Lake. Another contribution to knowledge is provided in vii viii Preface this book, namely, that the natural background level of several heavy minerals has been calculated for further investigation. Emphasis on the watershed and lake management plan is presented in Chap. 6. I believe that applied limnology must involve management practices to conserve natural resources. Therefore, this book has included a management plan that shows how limnology comprehensively applied will perform and how legislation and a decision support system will be established. I am highly appreciative of Dr. Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf for his partnership in most phases of the research project and for his great guidance and help in editing and providing an opportunity to release this book, Applied Limnology. I attribute the publication of this book to his encouragement and effort; without him the book would not have been completed. I express my sincerest gratitude to Dr. John Kuna Raj, Dr. Ismail Yusoff, Dr. Zainudin Othman, and Dr. Wan Zakaria Wan Muhamad Tahir, whose encour- agement and support enabled me to carry out this multidisciplinary research project and to write this book. Great acknowledgment goes to Dr. Dess Walling, professor at Exeter University, UK, for his valuable advice on choosing a suitable model to estimate soil erosion at the study area. I offer sincere gratitude to Dr. Peter Appleby, professor at Liverpool University, UK, for his great advice and geochronology calculation model to determine the sedimentation rate in Bera Lake. Gratitude is also expressed to Dr. Lee Kheng Heng and Dr. Lionel Mabit and the IAEA staff for their valuable help in providing soil erosion conversion models. I gratefully acknowledge the Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute, Iran, and the Institute of Research Management and Monitoring (IPPP), University of Malaya, for their valuable executive and financial support to accomplish this mission. I am indebted to my many colleagues in the Soil Conser- vation and Watershed Management Research Institute for their contributions in official and departmental support. I owe my deepest gratitude to my parents and my brothers, who gave me financial and moral support. I also offer sincerest heartfelt acknowledgment to my family members, especially to my wife, Mahboubeh Hadadfard, and to my daughters, Zahra, Roghayeh, and Sara, whose encouragement, assistance, and support from the beginning to the conclusion enabled me to accomplish this project. Tehran, Iran Mohammadreza Gharibreza Contents 1 Introduction ........................................... 1 1.1 What This Book Is About . ........................... 1 1.2 An Introduction of Bera Lake .......................... 2 1.3 What Problems That Bera Lake Is Involved? ............... 3 1.4 Overview of Applied Limnology in Bera Lake . ............ 5 References . 6 2 Bera Lake ............................................. 7 2.1 Catchment Area .................................... 8 2.1.1 Physiographic Particulars ........................ 8 2.1.2 Geology . ................................... 12 2.1.3 Climatology . 25 2.1.4 Land Use . 27 2.2 Lake Characteristic .................................. 28 2.2.1 Hydrology . .................................. 28 2.2.2 Bathymetry .................................. 34 2.2.3 Water Quality . 38 2.2.4 Physical Properties of Bera Lake Sediment . ........ 50 References . 60 3 Sedimentation Rate in Bera Lake ........................... 63 3.1 Introduction ....................................... 64 3.2 Modeling . 67 3.2.1 The Constant Rate of Supply CRS Model . 67 3.2.2 The Constant Initial Concentration CIC Model ........ 68 3.2.3 The Limitation of Models ....................... 71 3.2.4 Sampling .................................... 72 3.2.5 Sample Preparation ............................ 77 3.2.6 Radioisotopes Analysis . ........................ 79 3.3 210Pb and 137Cs Inventories and 210Pb Flux . 80 3.4 Sedimentation Rate at the South of Bera Lake .............. 81 ix x Contents 3.5 Sedimentation Rate at the Middle of Bera Lake ............. 87 3.6 Sedimentation Rate at the North of Bera Lake .............. 91 3.7 Sedimentation Map .................................. 95 3.8 Discussion ........................................ 95 3.9 Conclusion ........................................ 100 References . 102 4 Soil Erosion Rate and Nutrient Loss at the Bera Lake Catchment ........................................ 107 4.1 Introduction ......................................
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