World Bank Document

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

World Bank Document Document of The World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Report No: 2792 1-W Public Disclosure Authorized PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT ON A PROPOSED CREDIT IN THE AMOUNT OF SDR 14.1 MILLION (US$2 1 MILLION EQUIVALENT) TO SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO FOR A Public Disclosure Authorized SERBIA ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROJECT FEBRUARY 18,2004 Infrastructure and Energy Department South East Europe Country Unit Europe and Central Asia Region This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their Public Disclosure Authorized official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. 1 CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (Exchange Rate Effective February 18, 2004) Currency Unit = Dinar (YUD) YUD 1.00 = US$0.017 US$l.OO = YUD 57.60 FISCAL YEAR January 1 -- December 31 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS CHP Combined Heat and Power ccs Clinical Center of Serbia EAR European Agency for Reconstruction EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development EIB European Investment Bank GOS Government of Serbia ICB Intemational Competitive Bidding IDA International Development Association KfW Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau (Bank for Reconstruction) MOES Ministry ofEducation and Sports MOF Ministry of Finance MOH Ministry ofHealth MOME Ministry of Mining and Energy NCB National Competitive Bidding NGO Non Governmental Organization PIP Project Implementation Plan PMR Project Monitoring Report PSC Project Steering Committee QCBS Quality- and Cost-Based Selection RFP Request for Proposals S aM Serbia and Montenegro SEEA Serbian Energy Efficiency Agency SIDA Swedish Intemational Development Agency SOE Statement of Expenses TORS Terms of Reference USAID United States Agency for International Development Vice President: Shigeo Katsu, ECAVP Acting Country ManagerDirector: Nancy Cooke, ECCU4 Sector ManagedDirector: Henk Busz, ECSIE Task Team Leader/Task Manager: Mohinder Gulati, ECSIE FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO SERBIA ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROJECT CONTENTS A. Project Development Objective Page 1. Project development objective 2 2. Key performance indicators 3 B. Strategic Context 1. Sector-related Country Assistance Strategy (CAS) goal supported by the project 3 2. Main sector issues and Government strategy 4 3. Sector issues to be addressed by the project and strategic choices 7 C. Project Description Summary 1. Project components 10 2. Key policy and institutional reforms supported by the project 13 3. Benefits and target population 15 4. Institutional and implementation arrangements 16 D. Project Rationale 1. Project altematives considered and reasons for rejection 18 2. Major related projects financed by the Bank andor other development agencies 19 3. Lessons learned and reflected in the project design 19 4. Indications of borrower commitment and ownership 20 5. Value added of Bank support in this project 20 E. Summary Project Analysis 1. Economic 21 2. Financial 22 3. Technical 22 4. Institutional 22 5. Environmental 24 6. Social 25 7. Safeguard Policies 27 F. Sustainability and Risks 1, Sustainability 28 This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not be otherwise disclosed without World Bank authorization. 2. Critical risks 28 3. Possible controversial aspects 29 G. Main Conditions 1. Effectiveness Condition 29 2. Other 30 H. Readiness for Implementation 30 I.Compliance with Bank Policies 31 Annexes Annex 1: Project Design Summary 32 Annex 2: Detailed Project Description 36 Annex 3: Estimated Project Costs 39 Annex 4: Cost Benefit Analysis Summary 40 Annex 5: Financial Summary for Revenue-Earning Project Entities, or Financial Summary 46 Annex 6: (A) Procurement Arrangements 41 (B) Financial Management and Disbursement Arrangements 54 Annex 7: Project Processing Schedule 58 Annex 8: Documents in the Project File 59 Annex 9: Statement of Loans and Credits 60 Annex 10: Country at a Glance 62 Annex 11: Terms of Reference of Design and Supervision Consultants for (A) CCS, (B) Public 64 Buildings, and (C) Communications, Monitoring, and Evaluation SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO Serbia Energy Efficiency Project Project Appraisal Document Europe and Central Asia Region ECSIE Date: February 18,2004 Team Leader: Mohinder P. Gulati Sector ManagedDirector: Henk Busz Sector(s): District heating and energy efficiency services 4cting Country Director: Nancy Cooke (1 00%) Project ID: PO75343 Theme(s): Climate change (P), Pollution management and Lending Instrument: Specific Investment Loan (SIL) ~nv~~~nmentalhealth (P), Access to urban services for the 30RROWER 4.00 I 0.00 1 4.00 :DA 11.65 I 9.35 I 21.00 ~ rota/: I 15.65 I 9.35 I 25.00 - P Borrower: SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO Responsible agency: GOVERNMENT OF SERBIA,SEEA,MOH,MOES Ministry of Mining and Energy Address: Nemanija 22-26, Belgrade Tel: (381 11) 33-46-755 Fax: (381 11) 36-12-307 Email: Other Agency(ies): Serbian Energy Efficiency Agency Address: Koste Glavinica 2, Belgrade Contact Person: Nenad Pavlovic Tel: (381 11) 369-0987 Fax: Email: Estimated Disbursements ( Bank FYlUS$m): Project implementation period: June 2004 - October 2009 Expected effectiveness date: 06/01/2004 Expected closing date: 04/30/2010 iPi13 rom Re" UI en ImO A. Project Development Objective 1. Project development objective: (see Annex 1) The development objective of the project is to improve energy efficiency in heating buildings in order to make heating more affordable as well as improve the functional and health environment of the users. An important associated objective is to reduce the local and global environmental impact of the use of dirty fuels for heating buildings in Serbia. These objectives will be achieved by financing (a) the replacement of inefficient lignite and heavy oil-fired boilers, now at the end of their economically useful life, with a gas-fired co-generation plant at the Clinical Center of Serbia (CCS) in Belgrade, considered as a high priority investment by the government and the Belgrade City administration. To this end, a gas pipeline to the CCS will be extended by the gas supplier NIS-Energogas, from the nearest medium pressure gas pipeline about 4 kilometers away; (b) energy efficiency improvements in selected public buildings such as schools and hospitals throughout Serbia, including a maternity hospital in the Clinical Center; and (c) technical assistance for capacity building, developing methodologies for energy audits and investment proposals, public outreacWcommunications and monitoring and evaluation, and training of municipal and government officials in evaluating capital expenditure decisions on energy efficiency investments. An associated GEF residential energy efficiency project is being prepared in parallel but according to a different schedule. While the IDA project will focus on improving the functional and health environments of social sector buildings, the GEF project would support the removal of barriers to energy efficiency improvements in residential buildings. The GEF project is expected to help establish an Energy Efficiency Fund (EEF) for providing affordable financing to residential consumers to improve energy efficiency of their homes and buildings. The combination of IDA and GEF support for public and residential buildings, respectively, would help the Government of Serbia (GOS) develop effective programs and institutions that will facilitate sustainable public and private initiatives for improving energy efficiency in key building categories (Le. public and residential buildings). They are linked through their common development and global environment objectives, as well as through integrated implementation arrangements through the Serbian Energy Efficiency Agency (SEEA), which is expected to play an important role in operationalizing energy efficiency policies adopted by the Government of Serbia (GOS). Inefficient use of energy is a major concern in Serbia. Consumption of primary energy in Serbia for every dollar of GDP is thirteen times more than in Germany, ten times more than France, five times more than Slovenia, and almost twice that of Romania (see Section B.2). Several donors and lenders are supporting reconstruction and rehabilitation of assets of power and district heating companies to improve supply-side efficiency. Working with the newly created Serbian Energy Efficiency Agency (SEEA), which has a broad mandate of inter-alia improving energy efficiency in Serbia, the project will foster partnerships with several other donors assisting Serbia in promoting demand-side efficiency. Other than the transport sector, there are three major categories of consumers of energy: industry, residential, and public service facilities. Energy efficiency in industry would be addressed through structural reforms and through an ongoing program funded by the European Agency for Reconstruction (EAR). In addition, SIDA, EBRD and KfW are focusing on demonstration projects in the residential sector. USAID is supporting the SEEA with technical assistance for the preparation of the proposed IDA and GEF projects. The EAR is providing overall institutional development support to help SEEA start up operations. The proposed IDA Credit would help implement an energy efficiency program in selected public buildings and demonstrate to the municipal and government officials and local communities the benefits of investment in energy efficiency measures. -2- The proposed IDA and GEF projects will also reinforce the Government’s program of energy sector
Recommended publications
  • Potentials and Prospects for Implementation of Renewable Energy Sources in Serbia
    Dragović, Nj. M., et al.: Potentials and Prospects for Implementation of Renewable ... THERMAL SCIENCE: Year 2019, Vol. 23, No. 5B, pp. 2895-2907 2895 POTENTIALS AND PROSPECTS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN SERBIA by Njegoš M. DRAGOVIĆ *, Milovan D. VUKOVIĆ, and Dejan T. RIZNIĆ Technical Faculty in Bor, University of Belgrade, Bor, Serbia Original scientific paper https://doi.org/10.2298/TSCI170312056D Serbia is dependent on imports of crude-oil and natural gas, but is endowed by reserves of lignite and the potential of renewable energy sources. Serbia has a strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the energy sector and to increase the share of renewable in gross final energy production 27% by 2020. Serbia’s total estimated technically usable potential of renewable energy sources is 5.65 Mtoe per year. Biomass has the highest potential for use in Serbia (3.448 Mtoe), followed by hydro power (1.679 Mtoe), solar energy (0.240 Mtoe), geother- mal energy (0.180 Mtoe), and wind energy (0.103 Mtoe). This paper presents the potential of renewable energy sources available in Serbia, with current status of their use and prospects for further exploitation. Key words: renewable energy, potential, utilization, sustainability, strategies Introduction There are global problems with pollution, GHG emissions, rising energy demand and dependency on energy imports. Energy resources have been classified into non-renewable (fos- sil fuels, uranium, nuclear, etc.) and renewable resources (solar, wind, biomass, geothermal, etc.). Limitations in the production of crude-oil, price changes, environmental pollution and unstable situation in the oil-exporting countries result in an ever growing interest to use RES.
    [Show full text]
  • Geothermal Energy Use, Country Update for Serbia
    European Geothermal Congress 2019 Den Haag, The Netherlands, 11-14 June 2019 Geothermal Energy Use, Country Update for Serbia Sibela Oudech1, Ivan Djokic1. 1 Geco-inzenjering, Vardarska 14, Belgrade, Serbia [email protected] Keywords: Serbia, geothermal energy, all renewable energy sources in the final energy hydrogeothermal systems, renewable energy resources. consumption by the end of 2020. ABSTRACT The territory of Serbia has favourable geothermal characteristics. There are more than eighty hydrogeothermal systems within four geothermal provinces. According to the recent data in Serbia in 2018 514.91 GWth was produced from geothermal sources with total capacity 128.45 MWth, where 480.55 GWth was in geothermal direct use with thermal capacity 112.86 MWth, and 34.37 GWth from shallow geothermal systems using heat pumps of total capacity 15.59 MWth. The commonest use of geothermal energy in Serbia is the traditional ones: balneology and recreation. However, there is a growing interest in using the geothermal energy from shallow systems using heat pumps since these systems are less expensive and more secure comparing to deep hydrogeothermal systems. Republic of Serbia has as Figure 1: Geographical location of Serbia. well obliged to apply EU Directives about renewable energy sources and set the scope to increase total share 2. GEOLOGY BACKGROUND of all renewable energy sources in gross final energy In the territory of Serbia rocks of different age occur, consumption to 27%, by the end of 2020. from Precambrian to Quaternary age, and of all types regarding their lithology. There are 5 great geotectonic 1. INTRODUCTION units (Fig 2): Dinarides, Serbian-Macedonian massif, Serbia is situated in the central part of the Balkan Carpatho-Balkanides and Pannonian Basin, and very Peninsula (Fig 1) and covers the surface of 88361 km2.
    [Show full text]
  • Potentials of Renewable Energy Sources in the Republic of Serbia
    POTENTIALS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA WITH A DETAILED REVIEW OF THE EXPLOITATION OF GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES IN THE AUTONOMOUS PROVINCE OF VOJVODINA Zoran Stipi ć City of Subotica Urban Planning Institute, Trg Republike 16, Subotica, Serbia [email protected] Slobodan Vidovi ć Tehnoproing , Gogoljeva 13,Novi Sad, Serbia, [email protected] Mom čilo Spasojevi ć Faculty of Technical Sciences, Trg D.Obradovi ća 6, Novi Sad, Serbia, [email protected] Abstract: Energy supply is one of the basic issues in the contemporary world’s sustainable development. By adopting the Kyoto Protocol and implementing its mechanisms, it is expected that the use of conventional energy sources shall stabilise and decrease on global level. The European Union’s legal framework, through its appropriate directives, sets very clear objectives for the use of renewable energy sources for member states. Serbia is a country with significant potentials in renewable energy sources, which are, regretfully, underused. Renewable energy source potentials are featured by very favourable indicators in matters of both capacity and distribution. The status is especially favourable in the field of geothermal energy potentials in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, situated in the Pannonian Basin, where there are significant sources of this fuel. The paper presents the basic forms and characteristics of renewable energy sources in Serbia and provides an overview of the possibilities for their use. Key words: Renewable energy sources, potentials, capacities, resources, geothermal energy, Serbia, Vojvodina. 1. INTRODUCTION Solving global energy problems implies an interdisciplinary approach and considering the issues from different perspectives. Decreasing overall energy consumption, increasing energy efficiency, modernising the installation, using alternative energy sources and adopting and implementing a number of legal regulations and international covenants are the points of departure in solving this exceptionally complex issue.
    [Show full text]
  • CBD First National Report
    FIRST NATIONAL REPORT OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA TO THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY July 2010 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................... 3 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................... 4 2. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Geographic Profile .......................................................................................... 5 2.2 Climate Profile ...................................................................................................... 5 2.3 Population Profile ................................................................................................. 7 2.4 Economic Profile .................................................................................................. 7 3 THE BIODIVERSITY OF SERBIA .............................................................................. 8 3.1 Overview......................................................................................................... 8 3.2 Ecosystem and Habitat Diversity .................................................................... 8 3.3 Species Diversity ............................................................................................ 9 3.4 Genetic Diversity ............................................................................................. 9 3.5 Protected Areas .............................................................................................10
    [Show full text]
  • Energy Sector Development Strategy of the Republic of Serbia for the Period by 2025 with Projections by 2030
    REPUBLIC OF SERBIA MINISTRY OF MINING AND ENERGY ENERGY SECTOR DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA FOR THE PERIOD BY 2025 WITH PROJECTIONS BY 2030 Belgrade 2016 Energy Sector Development Strategy of the Republic of Serbia for the period by 2025 with projections by 2030 Republic of Serbia Ministry of Mining and Energy Belgrade, 2016 Publisher: Republic of Serbia Ministry of Mining and Energy Department for strategic planning in energy sector Print: Kosmos Ltd Belgrade Print run: 500 copies TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. ENERGY SECTOR DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA FOR THE PERIOD BY 2025 WITH PROJECTIONS BY 2030 ........................................................................................5 1. Introduction ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7 1.1. Energy Sector and Economic Development ...............................................................................................................7 1.2. Sustainability as an Energy Sector Development Challenge ...............................................................................8 2. ENERGY RESOURCES AND POTENTIALS OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA .............................................................9 2.1. Coal ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 11 2.2. Oil and natural gas
    [Show full text]
  • Consumption of Wood Fuels in Households in Serbia – Present … THERMAL SCIENCE, Year 2011, Vol
    Glavonji}, B. D.: Consumption of Wood Fuels in Households in Serbia – Present … THERMAL SCIENCE, Year 2011, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 571-585 571 CONSUMPTION OF WOOD FUELS IN HOUSEHOLDS IN SERBIA – PRESENT STATE AND POSSIBLE CONTRIBUTION TO THE CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION by Branko D. GLAVONJI] Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia Review paper UDC: 662.71/.74:504.7 DOI: 10.2289/TSCI1103571G The paper presents results of the research in wood fuels consumption for house- hold needs in Serbia. Research was performed during the period from October 2010 until April 2011, i. e. in the period of heating season in order to get the ac- tual situation regarding the presence of certain fuel types in the consumption of households with special highlight on types and amounts of wood fuels. For this purpose, an adequate methodological concept was defined with the aim to pri- marily get relevant and reliable data on wood fuels consumption and afterwards, by using FAO WISDOM methodology and adequate GIS software packages to perform their analysis, mapping, and graphic representation. One of the most significant elements of the adopted methodological concept was field research- questionnaire of households which was conducted on the sample of 36.946 households out of which 20.725 urban and 16.221 rural in 22 municipalities in Serbia, which was 1.46% of the total number of households in Serbia. Results of the survey showed that 23.2% of the total number of households in Serbia used district heating system (based on conventional fossil fuels as dominant), 25.3% used electricity, and 10.6% used gas for heating purposes.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of the Development Opportunities of Solar Systems in Serbia
    IS NN 2083 -1587; e-IS NN 2449 -5999 2019,Vol. 2 3,No.2, pp.85-92 Agricultural Engineering DOI: 10.1515/agriceng-2019-0019 www. wir.ptir. org ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES OF SOLAR SYSTEMS IN SERBIA Jasna Tolmaca*, Slavica Prvulovica, Marija Nedica, Dragisa Tolmacb a Technical Faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”, University of Novi Sad, Serbia, ORCID --- b Faculty of Management, University of Nikola Tesla, Belgrade, Serbia, ORCID --- * Corresponding author: e-mail: [email protected] ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: The paper analyzes the development opportunities of solar systems in Received: May 2019 the Republic of Serbia. Renewable energy sources and their energy Received in the revised form: potential, such as solar energy, should be considered in order to meet June 2019 the needs of consumers. Solar energy can be considered the most Accepted: June 2019 modern renewable energy whose utility is still developing, and it is Key words: not represented as the utilization of hydro energy sources. Researches Sun, show that Serbia is a country with a high RES potential and that it has renewable energy sources (RES), favorable conditions for production of electrical and heat energy from solar energy, renewable sources. The aim of this paper is to present the possibilities solar potential, solar radiation of using solar energy in Serbia. Energy supply from renewable energy sources is a key factor for each country's strategy, because it directly contributes to reducing the negative effect on the environment. Introduction Renewable energy sources are those energy sources that do not cause pollution, and therefore they include energy of water, wind energy and energy of the Sun.
    [Show full text]
  • Utilization of Geothermal Energy in Serbia M
    International Geothermal Conference, Reykjavík, Sept. 2003 Session #10 Utilization of geothermal energy in Serbia M. Milivojevic1) and M. Martinovic1) 1) Faculty of Mining and Geology, Geothermal Research Laboratory, Belgrade E-mail: [email protected] Abstract In Serbia, there are more than 60 hydrogeothermal low-temperature convective systems (T<150oC), as well as a large hydrogeothermal system in the Serbian part of the Pannonian basin. Estimated energy reserves of geothermal resources are about 800 MWt, but utilization of this is low, only about 80 MWt. Utilization of geothermal energy is mostly of the cascade type, with a few examples of integrated utilization. Integrated utilization combines the use of gas, oil, and electric power for heat pumps. According to the installations already built, utilization of geothermal energy is mostly for balneological purposes and tourism. From an energy point of view, utilization of geothermal energy is mostly for heating of greenhouses. Geothermal energy is now used for the heating of greenhouses only in three localities in Serbia. Eight ha. are heated by geothermal energy while the total area of other greenhouses heated by crude oil and gas totals around 64 ha. According to the potential of geothermal resources, near future development should focus on cascade and integrated utilization of geothermal energy. Keywords: geothermal resources, Serbia, utilization, balneology, greenhouse, heat pump. 1 Introduction Serbia is relatively small (about 80,000 km2), but her geological and tectonic structures are very complex. Because of that, geothermal characteristics are interesting. On two-thirds of Serbian territory, values of the heat flow density are greater than average values for the continental part of Europe; and on half of its territory they are around l00 mW/m2 (Milivojevic, l989).
    [Show full text]
  • Territorial and Socio-Economic Analysis of the Programme Area
    TERRITORIAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE PROGRAMME AREA 1 TERRITORIAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE PROGRAMME AREA Table of content: 1. Executive summary ........................................................................................................................ 5 2. Methodology................................................................................................................................... 8 3. Analysis of current state, challenges and needs with potentials for development ................... 11 3.1. General analysis of the area - key indicators....................................................................... 11 3.2. Smarter Europe .................................................................................................................... 14 Description of current state in key analysis areas ...................................................................... 14 3.2.1. Research and innovation ............................................................................................. 14 a. Croatia: ......................................................................................................................... 14 b. Serbia: ........................................................................................................................... 15 c. Programme area level: ................................................................................................. 16 3.2.2. Digitisation of society ..................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Western Balkans Security Observer No. 4
    WESTERN BALKANS Contents SECURITY EDITORIAL NOTE. 3 OBSERVER Journal of the CAN SERBS AND ALBANIANS LIVE TOGETHER? . 4 Belgrade School of Patrick Hondus Security Studies PRIVATIZATION OF SECURITY No. 4 JANUARY–MARCH 2007 PRIVATIZING SECURITY IN SERBIA . 13 Predrag Petrović Publisher: Centre for Civil- GREY SECURITY ZONE . 22 Military Relations Jelena Unijat Editor in chief: ENERGY SECURITY Miroslav Hadžić Editors: IS SERBIA ENERGY SECURE? . 30 Sonja Stojanović Marko Savković Filip Ejdus SECURITIZATION OF ENERGY AS A PRELUDE Illustrations: TO ENERGY SECURITY DILEMMA . 36 Marko Milošević Jelena Radoman Proofreading: PUBLIC POLICY ANALYSIS Milorad Timotić Design GENDARMERIE OR LOCAL MULTIETHNIC POLICE?. 45 Saša Janjić Đorđe Popović Computer typesetting: STICK AND CARROT: ALL YOU WANTED TO Časlav Bjelica KNOW ABOUT THE POLICY OF CONDITIONALITY BUT DIDN'T DARE TO ASK . 54 Printed by: Jelena Petrović GORAGRAF, Beograd AND GOD CREATED CIVIL RIGHTS: SERBIAN RESISTENCE TO THE INTRODUCTION OF BIOMETRIC I.D. CARDS . 62 Circulation: Filip Ejdus 200 copies SECURITY TOPICS IN THE 2007 PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS CAMPAIGN IN SERBIA . 69 Belgrade School of Zorana Atanasović Security Studies is REVIEWS . 79 established with the assistance of the Kingdom of Norway. Its functioning was supported by the Balkan Trust for Democracy. This journal is financed by NATO The Centre for Civil-Military Relations promotes the public and responsible participation of civil society in increasing the security of the citizens and state based on modern democratic principles, as well as security coopera- tion with neighbouring countries and Serbia’s integration into the Euro-Atlantic community. Belgrade School of Security Studies is a special divi- sion of the Centre for Civil-Military Relations set up to carry out systematic research and promote academic advance- ment of young researchers thus contributing to the develop- ment of security studies in Serbia.
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear Power Risk Perception in Serbia: Fear of Exposure to Radiation Vs
    energies Article Nuclear Power Risk Perception in Serbia: Fear of Exposure to Radiation vs. Social Benefits Vladimir M. Cvetkovi´c 1,* , Adem Öcal 2 , Yuliya Lyamzina 3 , Eric K. Noji 4, Neda Nikoli´c 5 and Goran Miloševi´c 6 1 Faculty of Security Studies, University of Belgrade, 11040 Belgrade, Serbia 2 Independent Researcher, Ankara 06500, Turkey; [email protected] 3 Louis Pasteur Center for Medical Research, Kyoto 606-8225, Japan; [email protected] 4 College of Medicine, King Saud University Hospitals, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] 5 Faculty of Tehnical Science in Caˇcak,Universityˇ of Kragujevac, 32000 Caˇcak,Serbia;ˇ [email protected] 6 Faculty of Law, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovi´ca1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Nuclear power remains one of the most accessible choices in addressing environmental and social concerns due to the continuously increasing energy needs around the world. While it remains an excellent source of energy due to its low price and low level of emissions, potential accidents remain a serious problem. An example of such is the most recent accident in the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (2011), which reminded the world of the potential risks of nuclear energy and the consequences of which continue to have a lasting effect. There is no nuclear power plant in Serbia, but there are about 15 nuclear power stations scattered within its neighboring countries. Therefore, the Serbian Government decided to study how the Serbian public perceives the risks related to the potential construction of nuclear power stations in the country, nuclear energy in general, and its Citation: Cvetkovi´c,V.M.; Öcal, A.; Lyamzina, Y.; Noji, E.K.; Nikoli´c,N.; possible benefits and risks.
    [Show full text]
  • Geothermal Potential, Chemical Characteristic and Utilization of Groundwater in Serbia
    Geothermal potential, chemical characteristic and utilization of groundwater in Serbia Tanja Petrović Pantić ( [email protected] ) Geological Survey of Serbia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1456-6913 Katarina Atanasković Samolov Geological Survey of Serbia Jana Štrbački University of Belgrade Faculty of Mining and Geology Milan Tomić Geological Survey of Serbia Research Article Keywords: geothermal database, geothermal resources, geothermal potential, hydrochemistry, hierarchical cluster analysis, Serbia Posted Date: June 14th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-185122/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/29 Abstract In order to collect and unify data about all geothermal resources in Serbia, a database is formed. The database allows us to perceive the geothermal resources of Serbia and their potential for utilization. Based on the data available in the geothermal database, the estimated temperatures of reservoirs, heat power, and geothermal energy utilization were calculated. The database contains 293 objects (springs, boreholes) registered at 160 locations with groundwater temperature in the range between 20°C and 111°C. The maximum expected temperature of the reservoir is 146°C (according to the SiO2 geothermometer). Some thermal water is cooled while mixed with cold, shallow water. Geothermal resources are mostly used for balneology and recreation, and less for heating, water supply, bottling, sh and animal farms, agriculture, and technical water. 26% of all geothermal resources is used by the local population or has not been used at all. The annual utilization of geothermal energy for direct heat is 1507 TJ/yr, and the estimated capacity of geothermal energy in Serbia is 111 MWt.
    [Show full text]