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Variation in Wax Content, Fatty Acids and Fatty Alcohols of Jojoba Seed (Simmondsia Chinensis)

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Variation in Wax Content, Fatty Acids and Fatty Alcohols of Jojoba Seed (Simmondsia Chinensis) Variation in wax content, fatty acids and fatty alcohols of jojoba seed (Simmondsia chinensis) Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Salazar Zazueta, Alfredo Javier, 1951- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 27/09/2021 18:09:59 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/348229 VARIATION IN WAX CONTENT, FATTY ACIDS AND FATTY ALCOHOLS ^ ■ OF JOJOBA SEED (SIMMONDSIA CHINENSIS) . - '■ . ; by Alfredo Javier Salazar Zazueta A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the ;DERAR04ENT OF NUTRITION'AND FOOD SCIENCE In Partial Fulfillment of the' Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE • ' WITH A MAJOR IN FOOD SCIENCE . In the Graduate College ■ THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 7 7 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of re­ quirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judg­ ment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholar­ ship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: RALPH L. PRICE Associate Professor ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to - express gratitude to Dr« Ralph L« Price for his ' advice, encouragement and interest throughout this entire study« The author also wishes to express his sincere appreciation to the following members of the University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona: Dr0 Jo Warren Stull, Professor of Nutrition and Food Science; Dr= James Berry, Professor of Nutrition and Food Science; and Dr« Le Moyne Hogan, Professor of Plant Sciences. Acknowledgment is also made to the National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT) in Mexico City for sponsoring the author. -' ' TABLE OF CONTENTS ■ ' ■ ' ' ; P a g e XjIST OF TABLES o o b o o e o o o o o .o « o o o © o o © © o o o V ABSTRACT © © © © © © © © © © © © © ©. © © © © © © © © © © © © © vxi INTBOLUCTION © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © ® © © © © © X Review of Litei?9.tiiiTe ©• © ©. © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 2. Jojoba Oil:. Its Description.; and Its Composition © s © 2 Jojoba Oil and Its Potential Uses. © © © © © © © © © © 4 Geographical Variability, in Yields of Jojoba Seeds*. Oil Content Percentage.and Oil Composition © « © * o 4 MATERIALS AMD METHODS : © © © © © © © © « © © © © © © © © © © © ; ' 8 Samples -, o. © © - © © © © © © © © © © © © © © - © © © © © ©, © © 8 ■ Sample C olle c ti on % © © © © © © © © © © © © © © ■■ © © . © © © © 8 . Oil Extraction ■ © • © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 Ethanolysis © © © « © © © © © © ©. © © © © © © .© © © © © © 9. Gas-Liquii Chromatography © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 9 Data Analysis. © © © © ©■ © © © © © © © © © © ©. © « © ©. © © 10 RESULTS. AMD DISCUSSION © © © © © © © © ©' © © © © © © © © © © 11 Conclnsions © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © ©- © © © © © © 35 APPENDIX As LOCATION OF AREAS SAMPLED- © o- © © © © © © © © © © 35 LIST ■ OF REFERENCES © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © ©. © © © 37 iv- LJST' OF TABLES' Table Page 1= ■ Variability in jojoba oil fatty acids and fatty alcohols . from different areas of Beer Sheva, Israel „ « «, » , «, c 12 2» . Variability in jojoba oil fatty acids and fatty.alcohols from different sites of Gila County, Arizona . OOO 0 o > 3 3= Variability in jojoba oil fatty acids and fatty alcohols from different sites of Maricopa County, Arizona 14 k0 Variability in jojoba oil fatty acids and fatty alcohols from different sites of San Carlos Indian"Reservation, Arizona o » » d » . » o o » @ o o. o & o o » ® . o © © © © 15 . 5© . Variability in jojoba oil fatty acids and fatty alcohols from different sites of Yavapai County, Arizona © © © . 16 6= Variability in jojoba oil fatty acids and fatty alcohols from different sites of Pinal County, Arizona © © © © © 17 7© Fatty acid and fatty alcohol composition of Graham County, Arizona, jojoba .seed oil .©©.©©©©©©© 18 8© Fatty acid and fatty alcohol composition of Papagd ■ Reser®, Arizona, jojoba seed, oil © © . « « « » © © © © © 19 9© Fatty.acid and fatty alcohol composition of Yuma County, Arizona, jojoba seed oil . « © . « © . © » ©.©©.© © 20 10© Component means of the analyses of Beer Sheva, Israel, jojoba seed,oil- ©- © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © ©. © 21 11© Component means of the analyses of Gila County, Arizona 9 jojoba seed oil o <a e <> o o ooao o o o o o e . e o o o 22 12® Component means of the analyses of Maricopa County, Arizona, jojoba seed oil. © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 23 13© Component means of the analyses of San;Carlos Indian . Reservation, Arizona,jojoba seed oil © © © © © © © © © © 24 l4« Component means of the analyses of Yavapai County, Arizona, jojoba seed oil © © © © © © ©. © © © © © © © © © 25 v vi LIST OF TABLES— Continued Table Page 15'= Component means of the analyses of Pinal County, Arizona, jo joba seed oxl a ® » © = = = = = © . © = = © © © © © © © © 26 l6© Oil content and dried seed weight of Beer Sheva, Israel, jojoba seed oil ©©©*©o©©©© © © © © © © © © © © © 31 :17© Oil content and dried seed weight of Gila County, ' Ari2ona, j 0 j oba ■ seed © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 31 IS© Oil content and dried seed weight of Maricopa County, Arizona,, j 0 j oba. seed © © ©. © © « © © © © © © © . © © © © © ■ 32; 19© Oil content and dried seed weight of Yavapai County, Arizona, jojoba seed © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 32 20, Oil content and dried seed weight of San Carlos Indian Reservation, Arizona, jojoba seed © © © , © © © © . © © © 32 ABSTRACT Jojoba is a native shrub of the Sonoran desert which yields a crop of oil seeds each year. The.oil is characterized by a high con­ tent of monounsaturated C-20 and C-22 acids and alcohols. Seeds from forty-two different sites in Beer Sheva, Israel and in Arizona were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography for fatty acid and fatty alcohol composition. The percentage of wax in each was determined. Percentages of five fatty acids and four alcohols were measured. The fatty.acids.were hexadecanoic,■octadecenoic, eicosenoic, decosenoic and tetracosenoic = The fatty alcohols were octadecenol,,eicosenol, docosenol and tetracbsenol. There was a great similarity between all samples that no' variety could be distinguished.on the basis of fatty acids. V . The jojoba seeds extracted with hexane, the method used in this study, had an average wax content of 40%> or higher. INTRODUCTION Jojoba, or Simmondsia cMnensls (Link) Schneider, blends quite, .naturally into the background of the arborescent vegetation of the Sonoran desert (4, 6, 19). The dense leafy form-and the acorn-shaped, fruits give it a recognizable image* Mari’s curiosity led him to inves­ tigate the fruits and to analyze the peanut-sized seeds within, . He has found a unique oil and began getting exploitative ideas, Mirov (11). and Yermanos (19) have characterized jojoba as a plant of numerous uses. For example, oil extracted from jojoba seeds contains up to 50% of liquid wax which possesses properties similar to sperm whale oil (8, 1 6 )o It'can be extracted in. a remarkably pure state■and can be used in many products such as waXj lubricants and cosmetics and has many other potential applications,, Although jojoba is a wild specie, several attempts have been made during the past few years to establish experimental cultivated ' ■ plantings of jojoba,' There are certain requirements.that any wild plant must meet before it can become a cultivate: (1 ) it must yield a product abundantly; (2) it must respond to the artificial environment of man; and (3) it must have a genetic endowment that will support intensive selection of varieties (4), Jojoba meets.the first two re­ quirements; whether or not the third requirement can be met is con­ jectural because of the.lack of information. 1 Several reports have been published on the chemical and physi­ cal properties of the liquid wax extracted from jojoba. The advent of improved.chromatographic techniques for the qualitative and quantita-. tive determination of fatty acids has greatly facilitated a study of . ■ this type«-• In this particular, work, seeds from 4$ different areas; in ■ different plots of jojoba plants were analyzed, for the fatty acid and fatty alcohol composition. Review of Literature Jojoba Oil: Its Description and its. Composition ■ Jojoba (Simmondsja.chinensis) oil is a liquid wax, which is re- ■ sistant td oxidation and rancidification (9, 28) = - . It has been de­ scribed as:a very unique oil and its uniqueness is a reflection of the singular architecture of its molecules* When the oil is subjected to . conventional saponification, only a small fraction is affected, and analyses of this fraction by gas liquid chromatograph shows a predomi­ nance of C-l8 fatty acidso Jojoba seed oil is not a fat, but a liquid wax. Fats include . the seed. Oil of all other plants that are triglycerides
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