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Citrus Aurantium do-0880.pdf http://www.medicinacomplementar.com.br/convertido/do-0880.htm Citrus aurantium 19/05/11 Sabemos que : 1- Não há trabalhos do citrus aurantium sozinho diminuindo o peso; 2-Potencial efeito maléfico para o coração: possui 6% de sinefrina parecido com epinefrine e 3-Alto conteúdo em cafeína: Portanto : não devemos usá-lo nas fórmulas para emagrecimento. José de Felippe JUnior J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Nov 28;55(24):9769-75. Mass spectrometric determination of the predominant adrenergic protoalkaloids in bitter orange (Citrus aurantium). Nelson BC, Putzbach K, Sharpless KE, Sander LC. Analytical Chemistry Division, Stop 8392, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8392, USA. [email protected] Abstract The predominant adrenergic protoalkaloid found in the peel and fruit of bitter orange, Citrus aurantium, is synephrine. Synephrine is reputed to have thermogenic properties and is used as a dietary supplement to enhance energy and promote weight loss. However, there exists some concern that the consumption of dietary supplements containing synephrine or similar protoalkaloids may contribute to adverse cardiovascular events. This study developed and validated a positive-ion mode liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method for the quantitative determination of the major (synephrine) and minor (tyramine, N-methyltyramine, octopamine, and hordenine) adrenergic protoalkaloids in a suite of National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) bitter orange Standard Reference Materials (SRMs): SRM 3258 Bitter Orange Fruit, SRM 3259 Bitter Orange Extract, and SRM 3260 Bitter Orange Solid Oral Dosage Form. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) for all protoalkaloids is approximately 1 pg on-column, except for octopamine (20 pg on-column). Additionally, the method has a linear dynamic range of > or =3 orders of magnitude for all of the protoalkaloids. Individual, as well as "total", protoalkaloid levels (milligrams per kilogram) in the NIST SRMs were determined and compared to the levels measured by an independent liquid chromatography/fluorescence detection (LC/FD) method. Satisfactory concordance between the LC/MS/MS and LC/FD protoalkaloid measurements was demonstrated. LC/MS/MS analysis of the protoalkaloids in the SRMs resulted in mean measurement imprecision levels of < or =10% coefficient of variation (% CV). PMID: 17966980 J Chromatogr A. 2007 Jul 13;1156(1-2):304-11. Determination of Bitter Orange alkaloids in dietary supplements standard reference materials by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet absorbance and fluorescence detection. Putzbach K, Rimmer CA, Sharpless KE, Sander LC. Analytical Chemistry Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA. [email protected] Abstract Four adrenergic amines [synephrine, octopamine, tyramine, and n-methyltyramine] were determined in a variety of Bitter Orange containing dietary supplements. Two extraction techniques were evaluated in detail: Soxhlet extraction and sonication extraction. A liquid chromatographic separation using a reversed-phase C(18) stationary phase and the ion-pairing reagent sodium dodecyl sulfate was developed to separate the Bitter Orange alkaloids. Ultraviolet absorbance detection at 220 nm and fluorescence detection with excitation at 273 nm and emission at 304 nm were used for the alkaloid detection. The method described was used for the assignment of the levels of the predominant alkaloids in three candidate standard reference materials containing Bitter Orange. PMID: 17524413 Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2004 Sep;229(8):698-704. Citrus aurantium, an ingredient of dietary supplements marketed for weight loss: current status of clinical and basic research. Fugh-Berman A, Myers A. Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Georgetown University, Box 571460, Washington, District of Columbia 20057-1460, USA. [email protected] Comment in: • Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2004 Sep;229(8):695-7. • Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2005 Feb;230(2):102; discussion 103. Abstract Seville orange (Citrus aurantium) extracts are being marketed as a safe alternative to ephedra in herbal weight-loss products, but C. aurantium may also have the potential to cause adverse health effects. C. aurantium contains synephrine (oxedrine), which is structurally similar to epinephrine. Although no adverse events have been associated with ingestion of C. aurantium products thus far, synephrine increases blood pressure in humans and other species, and has the potential to increase cardiovascular events. Additionally, C. aurantium contains 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin and bergapten, both of which inhibit cytochrome P450-3A, and would be expected to increase serum levels of many drugs. There is little evidence that products containing C. aurantium are an effective aid to weight loss. Synephrine has lipolytic effects in human fat cells only at high doses, and octopamine does not have lipolytic effects in human adipocytes. PMID: 15337824 Citrus aurantium, an Ingredient of Dietary Supplements Marketed for Weight Loss: Current Status of Clinical and Basic Research Adriane Fugh-Berman1 and Adam Myers Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia 20057 1 Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Georgetown University, Box 571460, Washington, DC 20057-1460. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Seville orange (Citrus aurantium) extracts are being marketed as a safe alternative to ephedra in herbal weight-loss products, but C. aurantium may also have the potential to cause adverse health effects. C. aurantium contains synephrine (oxedrine), which is structurally similar to epinephrine. Although no adverse events have been associated with ingestion of C. aurantium products thus far, synephrine increases blood pressure in humans and other species, and has the potential to increase cardiovascular events. Additionally, C. aurantium contains 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin and bergapten, both of which inhibit cytochrome P450-3A, and would be expected to increase serum levels of many drugs. There is little evidence that products containing C. aurantium are an effective aid to weight loss. 1 de 5 24/10/2011 15:59 do-0880.pdf http://www.medicinacomplementar.com.br/convertido/do-0880.htm Synephrine has lipolytic effects in human fat cells only at high doses, and octopamine does not have lipolytic effects in human adipocytes. Keywords: Citrus aurantium , Seville orange, herbal medicine, weight-loss products, synephrine, octopamine, bergapten, dihydroxybergapten Introduction The popularity and largely unregulated sale of herbal preparations in the United States in recent decades have created concern about their potential adverse health effects. Scientific research into the physiological and pathological effects of herbs has been relatively sparse. The recent banning of ephedra (Ephedra sinica) by the Food and Drug Administration, long after its clinical association with strokes, heart attacks, hypertension, and psychiatric problems (1) illustrates not only the need for reevaluation of the regulatory environment for herbal medicines, but also the need for more basic and clinical research in this area. Ephedra-free herbal weight-loss preparations have rapidly replaced ephedra products on drugstore shelves. Many of these new products contain Citrus aurantium, which until recently, was a rather obscure medicinal herb. Like ephedra, compounds contained in C. aurantium have adrenergic effects that theoretically might result in appetite suppression and lipolysis, but also might carry the same health risks as ephedra. This paper will address the safety, efficacy, and pharmacology of C. aurantium extracts for weight loss and body composition. C. aurantium (also called Seville orange, or sour orange) is a small citrus tree, about five meters tall, with scented white flowers. C. aurantium is too sour to be popular for eating, but the ripe fruit is eaten in Iran (2), and in Mexico the fresh fruits are sometimes eaten with salt and chili paste (3). Immature fruits are sometimes pickled and used as a condiment. The peel of C. aurantium is often used in marmalade, and dried peel is used in bouquet garni and for flavoring a Belgian beer called Orange Muscat (4). Essential oil from the dried peel of unripe fruit flavors Curacao, Cointreau, and Triple Sec. The flowers are used in tea, whereas the essential oil from the flowers, called neroli, is used in perfumes, liqueurs, and orange-flower water, which is used to flavor sweets (4). The most common use of C. aurantium is medicinal rather than culinary. The dried, entire unripe fruit is used in Asian herbal medicine primarily to treat digestive problems. It is called Zhi shi in Chinese, Kijitsu in Japanese, and Chisil in Korean. Dried peel of the unripe or ripe fruit is also used in Western herbal medicine to stimulate appetite and gastric secretion (in contrast to the recent marketing of C. aurantium–containing products as weight-loss aids). It is a common ingredient in "Swedish bitters" and other gastrointestinal remedies (5). The flowers are occasionally used in folk medicine as a mild sedative. There is thus a history of benign human consumption of C. aurantium fruit, but the culinary or medicinal use of the herb is limited and would not be likely to result in significant daily intake. The use of the herb as a weight-loss aid could result in very different levels of intake and perhaps a different safety profile. Several components
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