DOCSLIB.ORG

The Marine Dimension of Human Security: Implications for Bangladesh

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Marine Dimension of Human Security: Implications for Bangladesh BIISS JOURNAL, VOL. 29, NO. 1, JANUARY 2008: 1-40 Abul Kalam Azad THE MARINE DIMENSION OF HUMAN SECURITY: IMPLICATIONS FOR BANGLADESH Abstract The paradigmatic shift in the concept of security now puts more stress on human security related to welfare of mankind in several ways. The concept of human security is a theme on which the research in an on-going process. Various political scientists, sociologists, economists, environmentalists, security and defense experts and the like are trying to study it from different angles, all with the purpose of better conceptualizing the concept and as well for finding out the means for making it more operational on ground. Interestingly, the concept is also being studied from a perspective that tries to link it with the other contemporary themes like globalization, human rights regime, environment regime, the phenomenon of collapsed state etc. In this respect, one notices very little efforts being expended to understand the concept from an oceanic perspective, notwithstanding the fact that the issues related to human security in the terrestrial environment find their relevance in the ocean medium too. However, such indifference to the marine dimension of human security cannot remain a long lasting phenomenon as the position of ‘global oceans and seas’ is currently in a state of crisis with impact on food security, health security, environmental security, personal security, community security of the individuals that depend on the ocean for their livelihood and sustenance. The management of oceanic affairs is a complicated task as ocean is a medium different from that of land. However, ocean governance is crafted in a manner that is capable Abul Kalam Azad, Ph.D, is Senior Research Fellow at the Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies (BIISS). His e-mail address is: [email protected] © Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies (BIISS), 2008. BIISS JOURNAL, VOL. 29, NO. 1, JANUARY 2008 of meeting many challenges that the oceans face at present. From human security perspective, meeting such challenges means prosperity and wellbeing of mankind. Bangladesh as a maritime nation also faces numerous critical human security problems in its maritime zone. It is, therefore, an imperative for the country to confront such challenges in line with the contemporary ocean governance. Key Words: Human Security, Ocean Governance, Marine Environment, UNCLOS, Globalization Introduction In contemporary security discourse, the concept of human security1 has emerged out of a paradigmatic shift from traditional security to a comprehensive one. While the former relates to an excessive state-centric notion of territorial security from military- defense angle, the latter includes within its fold a wide range of issues related to the well-being and safety of the people. Towards this end, human security, in comprehensive terms, includes protection of human being not only from traditional military threats but also from a variety of economic, social, ethnic, epidemiological and environmental threats.2 It should be mentioned that the concept of human security is a theme on which the research is an on-going process. Various political scientists, sociologists, economists, environmentalists, security and defense experts and the like are trying to study it from different angles, all with the purpose of not only better conceptualizing the term, but as well for making it more operational and achievable on ground. Interestingly, the concept is also being studied from a perspective that tries to link it with the 1 For a comprehensive overview of the concept of human security, see S. Alkire, ‘Conceptual Framework for Human Security’, Background Document, Commission for Human Security, available online http://www.humansecurity-chs.og/doc/frame.pdf, accessed on 30 March 2003. Also see, the Commission for Human Security’s documents and publications, available online http://www.humansecurity- chs.org/doc/index.html, accessed on 16 February 2003. 2 Human Security, Center for Global Partnership, available online http://www.cgp.org/cgplink.programs/security priorities.html, accessed on 04 April 2002. other contemporary themes like globalization, governance, human rights regime, terrorism, collapsed state etc. In this respect, one notices very little efforts being expended to understand the concept from an oceanic perspective, notwithstanding the fact that the issues that are related to human security in the terrestrial environment find their relevance in the ocean medium too. While, bits and pieces of works on sustainable development in the oceans, in particular, in the post-Rio period,3 make allusion to human security in the oceans, a direct comprehensive work on the subject is still lacking. Any indifference to the marine dimension of human security, however, cannot remain a long lasting phenomenon. This is because various human security issues as identified in the land like food security, health security, environmental security, security against violence, crimes, political disorder and instability etc. also find their presence in the oceanic domain. In this connection, a fresh reappraisal of the importance of oceans is to be made not only in view of its ability to support and sustain the earth life system by providing many vital resources like food, energy, commerce, medicines and recreation, but also in terms of its linkage with the world climate system, the increasing interdependence among the nations and the world security at large.4 The reappraisal, at the same time, behooves one to take into due consideration several critical factors that are likely to affect the resource base and the carrying capacity of the oceans like the growth in the intensity of ocean activities, the competing and conflicting claims of several users over 3 It may be mentioned that the programme area of Chapter 17 of the Agenda 21 of the Rio Summit for the first time talks about integrated marine and coastal planning within a sustainable framework of development with emphasis on various human factors. See for details, Tullio Treves, ‘The Protection of the Oceans in Agenda 21 and International Environmental Law’, in Luigi Campiolio, Laura Pineschi, Domenico Siniscalo, Tullio Treves (ed), The Environment After Rio : International Law and Economics, Trotman/Martinus Nijhoff, London, 1994, pp. 161-171. 4 It may be noted that in the US, one out of every six jobs is marine related, and one third of the country’s GDP is produced in the coastal zone through fishing, transportation, recreation and other industries. The country’s national security and foreign trade are also dependent on oceans. National Ocean Conference, Naval Post Graduate School, Monterrey, California, June 11-12, 2001. BIISS JOURNAL, VOL. 29, NO. 1, JANUARY 2008 the same ocean resources, the deterioration in ocean health as a consequence of pollution from different sources, the release or deliberate dumping of extremely hazardous wastes, the increasing pressure on the coastal areas due to increase in population, the possibility of extracting marine resources due to development in science and technology, and finally, the occurrence of various types of crimes in the oceans with adverse impacts on ocean order and stability. In the light of the above, the relevant questions that may be raised are: Where lies the rationale for applying the human security concept in the ocean medium? What would be the most appropriate human security issues to be applied in the oceans? Does the concept, in the ocean domain, face the same dilemma as in the terrestrial domain with respect to its comprehensiveness? How does the ocean governance meet the challenges arising out of the various human security issues of marine nature? What implications does oceanic perspective of human security have for Bangladesh? An attempt to address these questions will be taken up in the four successive sections in the paper with a conclusion at the end. Section I: Human Security from an Oceanic Perspective: Finding Out its Rationale Human security in the oceans has as much relevance as in the terrestrial domain. In this connection, an attempt to transpose the land based human security issues in the oceans would not, probably, be without its rationale as it would reveal a similarity not only in the issues concerned, but as well in the challenges and problems in addressing them. Despite this, human security as an adjunct to the traditional state-centric military and territorial security within specific terrestrial socio-economic, political and cultural conditions has met with very little efforts by the security community in transposing it in the oceans and seas. The reasons for this are not far to seek. Firstly, the primary activities of humankind, i.e., political, geo-strategic, economic, social, cultural etc. are essentially land based where the ocean related issues weigh less, notwithstanding the fact that the oceans that cover three-fourth of the planet contribute significantly to the world’s economy, determine its climate, and plays an important role in international security. While such indifference to the oceans may be explained by mankind’s basic preoccupation at land, the fact to explain it more concretely is the general tendency of the national states to keep their oceanic affairs at the periphery of their concerns. As Elisabeth Mann Borgese remarks, “ (...) in the majority of countries ocean affairs does not represent a central concern but a matter subsidiary to other activities having higher priority. Thus, its political stature is generally low, which translates into the location of the activity at a low level within the governmental hierarchy as well as into certain patterns of resource allocation (limited personnel and low levels of funding)”.5 Secondly, the concept of security is basically linked with some of the attributes associated with nation-state i.e., sovereignty and territoriality.6 As a result, each of the nation-states tends to look at its security issues and interests within a well defined geographical space so as to identify, if possible quantify, the magnitude of threats to its security and the means needed to deter it.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • (Bangladesh) (PDF
    PARTICIPANTS’111TH INTERNATIONAL PAPERS SEMINAR PARTICIPANTS’ PAPERS THE ROLE OF POLICE, PROSECUTION AND THE JUDICIARY IN THE CHANGING SOCIETY Rebeka Sultana* I. INTRODUCTION resentment due to uneven economic prosperity; unstable public order Crime prevention means the elimination intensified by feud, illiteracy, of criminal activity before it occurs. unemployment etc, as the fundamental Prevention of crime is being effected/ causes of the high escalation of crime in enforced with the help of preventive Bangladesh. prosecution, arrest, surveillance of bad characters etc by the law enforcing Due to radical changes taking place in agencies of the country concerned. Crime, the livelihood of people in the recent past, and the control of crime throughout the criminals have also brought remarkable world, has been changing its features changes in their style of operation in rapidly. Critical conditions are taking place committing crimes. The crime preventive/ when there is change. Nowdays, causes of prosecution systems are not equipped crime are more complex and criminals are accordingly. As the existing prosecution becoming more sophisticated. With the cannot render appropriate support to the increase of social sensitivity to crime, more law enforcing agencies in controlling and more a changing social attitude, crimes, the criminals are indulged and particularly towards the responsibility of consequently, crime trends increase in the citizenry to law enforcement, arises. society. Besides, due to insufficient Existing legal systems and preventative preventive intelligence, crime prevention, measures for controling crime have to be particularly preventive prosecution, does changed correspondingly. There should be not achieve much. an attempt to devise the ways and means to equip the older system of crime It has been noticed that the younger prevention and criminal justice to face generation in this part of the world is being these new challenges.
    [Show full text]
  • BANGLADESH COUNTRY REPORT April 2004 Country Information
    BANGLADESH COUNTRY REPORT April 2004 Country Information & Policy Unit IMMIGRATION & NATIONALITY DIRECTORATE HOME OFFICE, UNITED KINGDOM Bangladesh April 2004 CONTENTS 1. Scope of Document 1.1 - 1.7 2. Geography 2.1 - 2.3 3. Economy 3.1 - 3.3 4. History 4.1 - 4.45 Pre-independence: 1947 – 1971 4.1 - 4.4 1972 –1982 4.5 - 4.8 1983 – 1990 4.9 - 4.14 1991 – 1999 4.15 - 4.26 2000 – the present 4.27 - 4.45 5. State Structures 5.1 - 5.51 The constitution 5.1 - 5.3 - Citizenship and Nationality 5.4 - 5.6 Political System 5.7 - 5.13 Judiciary 5.14 - 5.21 Legal Rights /Detention 5.22 - 5.30 - Death Penalty 5.31 – 5.32 Internal Security 5.33 - 5.34 Prisons and Prison Conditions 5.35 – 5.37 Military Service 5.38 Medical Services 5.39 - 5.45 Educational System 5.46 – 5.51 6. Human Rights 6.1- 6.107 6.A Human Rights Issues 6.1 - 6.53 Overview 6.1 - 6.5 Torture 6.6 - 6.7 Politically-motivated Detentions 6.8 - 6.9 Police and Army Accountability 6.10 - 6.13 Freedom of Speech and the Media 6.14 – 6.23 Freedom of Religion 6.24 - 6.29 Hindus 6.30 – 6.35 Ahmadis 6.36 – 6.39 Christians 6.40 Freedom of Assembly and Association 6.41 Employment Rights 6.42 - 6.47 People Trafficking 6.48 - 6.50 Freedom of Movement 6.51 - 6.52 Authentication of Documents 6.53 6.B Human Rights – Specific Groups 6.54 – 6.85 Ethnic Groups Biharis 6.54 - 6.60 The Tribals of the Chittagong Hill Tracts 6.61 - 6.64 Rohingyas 6.65 – 6.66 Women 6.67 - 6.71 Rape 6.72 - 6.73 Acid Attacks 6.74 Children 6.75 - 6.80 - Child Care Arrangements 6.81 – 6.84 Homosexuals 6.85 Bangladesh April 2004 6.C Human Rights – Other Issues 6.86 – 6.89 Prosecution of 1975 Coup Leaders 6.86 - 6.89 Annex A: Chronology of Events Annex B: Political Organisations Annex C: Prominent People Annex D: References to Source Material Bangladesh April 2004 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography
    Bibliography Aamir, A. (2015a, June 27). Interview with Syed Fazl-e-Haider: Fully operational Gwadar Port under Chinese control upsets key regional players. The Balochistan Point. Accessed February 7, 2019, from http://thebalochistanpoint.com/interview-fully-operational-gwadar-port-under- chinese-control-upsets-key-regional-players/ Aamir, A. (2015b, February 7). Pak-China Economic Corridor. Pakistan Today. Aamir, A. (2017, December 31). The Baloch’s concerns. The News International. Aamir, A. (2018a, August 17). ISIS threatens China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. China-US Focus. Accessed February 7, 2019, from https://www.chinausfocus.com/peace-security/isis-threatens- china-pakistan-economic-corridor Aamir, A. (2018b, July 25). Religious violence jeopardises China’s investment in Pakistan. Financial Times. Abbas, Z. (2000, November 17). Pakistan faces brain drain. BBC. Abbas, H. (2007, March 29). Transforming Pakistan’s frontier corps. Terrorism Monitor, 5(6). Abbas, H. (2011, February). Reforming Pakistan’s police and law enforcement infrastructure is it too flawed to fix? (USIP Special Report, No. 266). Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace (USIP). Abbas, N., & Rasmussen, S. E. (2017, November 27). Pakistani law minister quits after weeks of anti-blasphemy protests. The Guardian. Abbasi, N. M. (2009). The EU and Democracy building in Pakistan. Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. Accessed February 7, 2019, from https:// www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/chapters/the-role-of-the-european-union-in-democ racy-building/eu-democracy-building-discussion-paper-29.pdf Abbasi, A. (2017, April 13). CPEC sect without project director, key specialists. The News International. Abbasi, S. K. (2018, May 24).
    [Show full text]
  • Bangladesh 2017 1971 Assassinated Inamilitarycoup
    1971 1971 War of independence from Pakistan. Bangladeshi authorities claim as many as 3 million deaths. 1975 Sheik Mujibur Rahman, founding president of Bangladesh, and most of his family are assassinated in a military coup. 1976 The indigenous, mostly Buddhist Jumma of the Chittagong Hill Tracts launch armed struggle against Bengali settlers and 1981 security forces. Former president Ziaur Rahman, of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), is assassinated in a military coup. 1991 End of military dictatorship and return to parliamentary democracy. 1997 Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord is signed, but violence and Bengali settlement continue. There are 280,000 internally displaced people in CHT by January 2015. 2001 Postelection violence forces nearly 200,000 Hindus to flee or emigrate to India. 2004 Islamist group Huji-B attacks Awami League (AL) rally, killing 24 and injuring 2001 200, including former prime minister Catholic church bombing kills nine and Sheikh Hasina. injures 20. Religious minorities are increasingly targeted by violent Islamist groups. 2007 Military coup. Over 52,000 are arrested and 29 killed by law enforcement in the first month of the ensuing state of emergency. 2013 BNP boycotts tenth parliamentary elections, leading to armed violence, attacks on minorities, and hundreds of dead and 2008 injured. Ninth parliamentary elections, after nearly two years of military-backed caretaker government. 2013 Communal attacks on Hindu houses and shops follow death sentence for Islamist war 2014 criminal. Islamist party leader Abdul Quader Mollah executed for crimes during war 2013 of independence. Large-scale protests, First murders of secular bloggers by Islamic violence, and bombings ensue.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case of Bangladesh D National Se
    Globalization, Local Crimes and National Security: The Case of Bangladesh Submitted by: Md. Ruhul Amin Sarkar Session: 149/2014-2015 Department: International Relations University of Dhaka. P a g e | 1 Abstract Globalization has become one of the most significant phenomena in the world since the end of the cold war. Globalization especially the economic globalization has brought about new opportunities and opened dynamic windows for the people of the world based on the notion of liberalism, free market, easy access of goods and services. Although globalization has brought about some positive gains for individuals and society, it has caused negative impacts on the society called ‘the dark side of globalization’. It has created complex and multifaceted security problems and threats to the countries especially the developing countries like Bangladesh. Globalization has changed the nature and dynamics of crime although crime is not a new phenomenon in Bangladesh. The nature or pattern of crime has changed remarkably with the advent of globalization, modern technology and various modern devices, which pose serious security threats to the individuals, society and the country. Globalization has created easy access to conducting illegal trade such as small arms, illegal drugs and human trafficking and some violent activities such as kidnapping, theft, murder, around the world as well as in Bangladesh. It has developed the new trends of crimes, gun violence, drugs crime, and increasing number of juvenile convicts and heinous crimes committed in Bangladesh. Over the years, the number of organized murder crimes is increasing along with rape cases and pretty nature of crimes with the advent of globalization and information technology.
    [Show full text]
  • Socio-Economic and Cultural Impacts of Tourism in Bangladesh
    European Scientific Journal December 2013 /SPECIAL/ edition vol.2 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM IN BANGLADESH Prof. Dr. Zakaria Lincoln, PhD, MBA IBAIS University Abstract The current research article analyzed socio-economic and cultural impact of tourism in Bangladesh. It has discussed in-bound tourists; their purpose of visit; economic contribution; growth and contribution to employment. The study ended with a discussion on negative affects of tourism on society and culture in Bangladesh. Keywords: Tourism, economic contribution, social and cultural effects Introduction Tourism can be a powerful force for economic and social good, creating employment and wealth and widening our understanding of other societies (Lincoln 2011). Tourism may be viewed as an economic activity and thus as an industry. Tourism has been identified as one of the fastest growing industries in the world (UNWTO, 2008). It has grown from the pursuits of a privileged few to a mass movement of people, with an urge to discover the unknown, to explore new and strange places, to seek changes in environment and to undergo new experiences. There are many examples of the way in which tourism has benefited a particular place, buildings or cultural activity. In Bangladesh many great buildings of the past would have been lost had it not been possible to convert them into living museums for the tourists. However, Ahasan Monjil and Paharpur areas have been restored and developed to make them attractive as tourist cities (Lincoln, 2011). Even a city like Cox’s Bazar of Bangladesh has the undivided largest sea beach in the world would be a poorer place without the tourist.
    [Show full text]
  • Urbanization and Urban Crime in Bangladesh Md
    Urbanization and Urban crime in Bangladesh Md. Motiar Rahman In the present day world crime and violence are constantly evolving phenomena which are closely linked to the patterns of Urbanization. Large cities in developing countries, and particularly their poorest and most disadvantaged inhabitants, are those most frequently afflicted by urban crime violence. This easy examines some of the key trends in urban growth and crime in metropolitan cities in Bangladesh with a suggestion to invest more and more in the prevention of crime and strengthen the enforcement apparatus. In the world civilization urbanization is not a new phenomenon. History shows that the modern day urbanization has been closely linked to the Industrialization since urbanization acts as a catalyst to boost industrialization-led economic growth and facilitate transition from agricultural-based income and employment to non-agriculture based livelihood opportunities. Virtually the urbanization impinges upon the whole fabric of the traditional socioeconomic spectrum of a society. It generates a shift in the livelihood pattern of the furl community and often results in migration of the farm laborers to off-farm activities in the cities. Thus urbanization, migration and development are interred –linked to the extent that the economic factor is at the heart to urban growth. The distribution of the natural resources, the location of transport routes, the organization of market, the special distribution of power and authority are some of the defining features of urbanization. In simple term, Urbanization is thus a process in which an increasing number of the entire population lives in or directly or indirectly depends on cities and suburbs of cities.
    [Show full text]
  • 211024016.Pdf
    Izzat, Intersectionality, and Educational Journeys: Hearing the Voices of British Bangladeshi, Indian and Pakistani (BIP) Heritage Women. Sukhbinder K Hamilton The thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Portsmouth. Date Submitted (14th August 2018) Abstract: This qualitative research, situated within the interpretivist paradigm, draws on educational journey narratives of 31 British women of Bangladeshi (10), Indian (11) and Pakistani (10) (BIP) heritage. It aims to give space to the individual voices of women who have been homogenised, marginalised, and often silenced, within the educational mainframe. All the women whose stories form this thesis had some of their compulsory education within the U.K. As BIP heritage, my own story is included. The narratives were explored using a combined grounded theory, and Bronfenbrenner model (1979) approach which allowed for multiple and layered themes to emerge. Through unstructured interviews the women explained the complex ways in which they negotiate identity and belonging within ‘white’ eurocentric educational institutions, whilst operating within the patriarchal confines of izzat (loosely translated as honour). Izzat was enforced through the watchful gaze of the baradari (community) and equally, alongside socio –economic status, impacted on how education for girls was viewed, and enabled by families. Education led to the two trajectories of employment and marriage; all three of which, were influenced by the four pillars (agency, attitude, access and knowledge). Educational success enabled better marriage prospects, and I argue is an integral part of the dowry (‘wealth’ given by bride’s family to the groom’s family).
    [Show full text]
  • Safety and Security in the South-East Border Area of Bangladesh
    REPORT Bangladesh Enterprise Institute, Mitra and Associates and Saferworld Safety and security in the South-East border area of Bangladesh A public perceptions survey February 2013 Safety and security in the South-East border area of Bangladesh A public perceptions survey BANGLADESH ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE, MITRA AND ASSOCIATES, AND SAFERWORLD FEBRUARY 2013 Acknowledgements This report represents an analysis of primary research commissioned by Bangladesh Enterprise Institute (BEI) and Saferworld in Bangladesh during 2012. The household survey was conducted by Mitra and Associates and focus group discussions and key informant interviews were carried out by BEI. The research project was managed by Chamila Hemmathagama with the assistance of Neila Husain, Md Touhidul Islam, Mohammad Humayun Kabir and Evelyn Vancollie. This report was written for BEI and Saferworld by Nic Benton. The author would like to thank Chamila Hemmathagama, Md Touhidul Islam, Neila Husain, Evelyn Vancollie and G. M. Shoeb Ahmed from Saferworld, and Mohammad Humayun Kabir, Faiz Sobhan, Mirza Sadaqat Huda, Ashish Banik and Sumaiya Nour from BEI for their advice and contributions to this report. Finally, thanks are due to people living in the South-East border area of Bangladesh, officials from the Government of Bangladesh, security service providers and civil society members for their contributions and support in conducting this research. This report was edited by Eleanor Gordon, copy-edited by Benedict Stainer and designed by Jane Stevenson. BEI and Saferworld are grateful to the British High Commission in Bangladesh for its financial support for this project. © BEI and Saferworld, February 2013. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without full attribution.
    [Show full text]
  • VANISHED WITHOUT a TRACE the Enforced Disappearance of Opposition and Dissent in Bangladesh
    VANISHED WITHOUT A TRACE The enforced disappearance of opposition and dissent in Bangladesh April 2019 / N° 735a Cover Photo : Relatives of victims made a human chain in front of the press club in Dhaka demanding an end to enforced disappearance, killing and abduction on International Human Rights Day, December 2014. (Photo by Zakir Hossain Chowdhury/NurPhoto) TABLE OF CONTENTS List of acronyms 6 Executive summary 7 Introduction 8 1. Context 10 1.1 – A conflictual political history 10 1.2 – The 2014 election 11 1.3 – Human rights in Bangladesh today 12 1.4 – Legal framework 15 1.4.1 The Constitution 15 1.4.2 The Penal Code 16 1.4.3 Other domestic laws 17 1.4.4 International legal obligations 17 1.5 – Actors 18 1.5.1 Bangladesh police 19 1.5.2 Intelligence agencies 21 2. Crime of enforced disappearance: Analysis of trends and patterns 22 2.1 – Introduction: periods and trends 22 2.2 – Modus operandi 24 2.2.1 Previous threats, surveillance, and judicial harassment 24 2.2.2 Arbitrary arrest and abduction by agents of the State 28 2.2.3 Disappeared without a trace 29 2.2.4 Conditions of arbitrary detention 30 2.2.5 Fate of the victims of enforced disappearance 32 2.3 – Categories of victims 34 2.3.1 Gender perspective 34 2.3.2 Political opposition activists 35 2.3.3 Critical and dissident voices 37 2.3.4 Persons targeted in the framework of the anti-terrorism policy 38 2.3.5 Other individuals targeted as a result of the culture of impunity 39 2.3.6 Persecution and threats against those who speak out 39 2.4 – Alleged perpetrators 40 2.4.1 Law enforcement agents and intelligence officers 40 2.4.2 Responsibility of the executive branch 42 3.
    [Show full text]
  • The Politics of Education in Developing Countries OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 5/2/2019, Spi OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 5/2/2019, Spi
    OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 5/2/2019, SPi The Politics of Education in Developing Countries OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 5/2/2019, SPi OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 5/2/2019, SPi The Politics of Education in Developing Countries From Schooling to Learning Edited by Sam Hickey and Naomi Hossain 1 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 5/2/2019, SPi 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Oxford University Press 2019 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted First Edition published in 2019 Impression: 1 Some rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, for commercial purposes, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. This is an open access publication, available online and distributed under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial – No Derivatives 4.0 International licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), a copy of which is available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of this licence should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: 2018961975 ISBN 978–0–19–883568–4 Printed and bound in Great Britain by Clays Ltd, Elcograf S.p.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Safety and Security in the South-East Border Area of Bangladesh
    REPORT Bangladesh Enterprise Institute, Mitra and Associates and Saferworld Safety and security in the South-East border area of Bangladesh A public perceptions survey February 2013 Safety and security in the South-East border area of Bangladesh A public perceptions survey BANGLADESH ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE, MITRA AND ASSOCIATES, AND SAFERWORLD FEBRUARY 2013 Acknowledgements This report represents an analysis of primary research commissioned by Bangladesh Enterprise Institute (BEI) and Saferworld in Bangladesh during 2012. The household survey was conducted by Mitra and Associates and focus group discussions and key informant interviews were carried out by BEI. The research project was managed by Chamila Hemmathagama with the assistance of Neila Husain, Md Touhidul Islam, Mohammad Humayun Kabir and Evelyn Vancollie. This report was written for BEI and Saferworld by Nic Benton. The author would like to thank Chamila Hemmathagama, Md Touhidul Islam, Neila Husain, Evelyn Vancollie and G. M. Shoeb Ahmed from Saferworld, and Mohammad Humayun Kabir, Faiz Sobhan, Mirza Sadaqat Huda, Ashish Banik and Sumaiya Nour from BEI for their advice and contributions to this report. Finally, thanks are due to people living in the South-East border area of Bangladesh, officials from the Government of Bangladesh, security service providers and civil society members for their contributions and support in conducting this research. This report was edited by Eleanor Gordon, copy-edited by Benedict Stainer and designed by Jane Stevenson. BEI and Saferworld are grateful to the British High Commission in Bangladesh for its financial support for this project. © BEI and Saferworld, February 2013. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without full attribution.
    [Show full text]