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Toward Designing Social Human-Robot Interactions for Deep Space Exploration
Toward Designing Social Human-Robot Interactions for Deep Space Exploration Huili Chen Cynthia Breazeal MIT Media Lab MIT Media Lab [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT sleep deprivation, decrease in group cohesion, and decrease in mo- In planning for future human space exploration, it is important to tivation [8]. On the team level, factors related to interpersonal consider how to design for uplifting interpersonal communications communications and group dynamics among astronauts also deci- and social dynamics among crew members. What if embodied social sively impact mission success. For example, astronauts will have to robots could help to improve the overall team interaction experi- live in an ICE condition for the entirety of the mission, necessitating ence in space? On Earth, social robots have been shown effective group living skills to combat potential interpersonal problems [11]. in providing companionship, relieving stress and anxiety, fostering Their diverse cultural backgrounds may additionally impact coping connection among people, enhancing team performance, and medi- in an ICE environment and interplanetary crew’s behavior [49]. ating conflicts in human groups. In this paper, we introduce asetof Unlike shorter-duration space missions, LDSE missions require as- novel research questions exploring social human-robot interactions tronauts to have an unprecedented level of autonomy, leading to in long-duration space exploration missions. greater importance of interpersonal communication among crew members for mission success. The real-time support and interven- KEYWORDS tions from human specialists on Earth (e.g., psychologist, doctor, conflict mediator) are reduced to minimal due to costly communi- Human-robot Interaction, Long-duration Human Space Mission, cation and natural delays in communication between space and Space Robot Companion, Social Connection Earth. -
Get Ready to Launch! with NASA's Commercial Crew
Get ready to LAUNCH! with NASA’s Commercial Crew What is What are they Where are they Commercial Crew? launching? going? Boeing SpaceX CST-100 Starliner Crew Dragon National Aeronautics and Space Administration www.nasa.gov SP-2019-04-575-KSC Boeing Crew Flight Test SpaceX Demo 2 Nicole Aunapu Mann A NEW SPACE AGE Bob Behnken NASA Astronaut NASA’s Commercial Crew Program spacecraft and rockets will carry up to four astronauts NASA Astronaut Marine Corps Air Force Colonel and about 220 pounds of cargo to and from the International Space Station. Commercial Lieutenant Colonel crew will resume human spaceflight launches from the United States and provide the nation Flew aboard space shuttle Endeavour twice as a Mission Selected as an Astronaut in 2013, with two unique spacecraft, two human-rated rockets and the necessary ground support this is Nicole’s first spaceflight. Specialist, first on STS-123 and systems. NASA and our commercial partners, Boeing and SpaceX, are working together to then on STS-130. open access to low-Earth orbit. Chris Ferguson Boeing Astronaut BUILDING A NEW AMERICAN CAPABILITY Doug Hurley Navy Captain (retired) NASA’s Commercial Crew Program has been redefining space system development for NASA Astronaut Marine Corps Colonel Piloted space shuttle Atlantis low-Earth orbit by forming strong public-private partnerships with the aerospace industry to for STS-115, and commanded encourage innovation while maintaining NASA’s high safety standards and leveraging NASA’s (retired) shuttle Endeavour on STS-126 Piloted space shuttle Endeavor and Atlantis on STS-135, the 50 plus years of spaceflight experience. -
Global Exploration Roadmap
The Global Exploration Roadmap January 2018 What is New in The Global Exploration Roadmap? This new edition of the Global Exploration robotic space exploration. Refinements in important role in sustainable human space Roadmap reaffirms the interest of 14 space this edition include: exploration. Initially, it supports human and agencies to expand human presence into the robotic lunar exploration in a manner which Solar System, with the surface of Mars as • A summary of the benefits stemming from creates opportunities for multiple sectors to a common driving goal. It reflects a coordi- space exploration. Numerous benefits will advance key goals. nated international effort to prepare for space come from this exciting endeavour. It is • The recognition of the growing private exploration missions beginning with the Inter- important that mission objectives reflect this sector interest in space exploration. national Space Station (ISS) and continuing priority when planning exploration missions. Interest from the private sector is already to the lunar vicinity, the lunar surface, then • The important role of science and knowl- transforming the future of low Earth orbit, on to Mars. The expanded group of agencies edge gain. Open interaction with the creating new opportunities as space agen- demonstrates the growing interest in space international science community helped cies look to expand human presence into exploration and the importance of coopera- identify specific scientific opportunities the Solar System. Growing capability and tion to realise individual and common goals created by the presence of humans and interest from the private sector indicate and objectives. their infrastructure as they explore the Solar a future for collaboration not only among System. -
SPACE SHUTTLE MISSIONS SUMMARY Page 210 - STS-127/2JA
Revision T, PCN-4 March 2010 SPACE SHUTTLE MISSIONS SUMMARY Page 210 - STS-127/2JA LANDING SITE/ SSME-TL CREW LAUNCH SITE, RUNWAY, NOM-ABORT SRB ORBIT PAYLOAD MISSION HIGHLIGHTS (6+1 UP/6+1 DN) FLT ORBITER LIFTOFF TIME, CROSSRANGE EMERG RSRM FSW WEIGHTS, (LAUNCH SCRUBS/DELAYS, NO. LANDING LANDING THROTTLE AND INC HA/HP PAYLOADS/ TAL WEATHER, ASCENT I-LOADS, (PCN4 Change Col SITES, TIMES PROFILE ET EXPERIMENTS FIRSTS, SIGNIFICANT ANOMALIES, ETC.) 3) ABORT TIMES FLT DURATION, ENG. S.N. TITLE, NAMES WINDS & EVA'S Revision T, PCN-4 March 2010 SPACE SHUTTLE MISSIONS SUMMARY Page 210 - STS-127/2JA STS- OV-105 CDR: KSC 15 (KSC 104/104/10 BI-138 CARGO: Brief Mission Summary: STS-127 ( 29th (Flight 23) Mark Polansky KSC 39A 71) 9% 51. DIRECT OI- 36253LBS mission to ISS) was a “16 day marathon 127/ 196:22:03:09Z 6 INSERTION 33 ENDEAVO (Flt 3 - STS-98,STS- 212:14:48:07Z RSRM (29) (3) construction mission”. The final pieces of ISS- UR 116) 6:03:10 PM EDT 09:48:07 AM PREDICTED: 106 PAYLOAD the Japanese Kibo Complex including an 2JA P794/R262/V185/M22 (P) CDT 100/104.5/1 POST OMS- CHARGEABLE: Experiment Exposed Facility “Porch” and 8 6:03:10 PM EDT FRIDAY (15) 04.5/ ET-131 2: 24682 LBS the unpressurized Experiment Logistics (A) 123.8x32.3 SEQ OMS PODS 07/31/09 (12 ) 72/104.5 Module were delivered along with spare Wednesday SLWT NM DEPLOYED: FLT # LPO3 -33 PLT equipment intended to keep ISS (15) 35 24266 LBS 127 RPO4 29 Doug Hurley DEORBIT ACTUAL: operational long after Shuttle is retired. -
Lunar Base Camp Is the First Step Towards the Establishment of a Permanent Lunar Base for Long Duration Human Exploration
Background NASA and international partners are planning the next steps of human exploration by establishing assets near the Moon, where astronauts will build the systems that are needed for deep space exploration. The space near the Moon offers an excellent environment for testing the systems that are needed for extended exploration missions to other destinations like Mars. To support these missions, NASA is working with commercial partners to develop hardware to support missions around the Moon that are more ambitious than ever before. The first phase of this development effort will utilize current technologies to allow astronauts to gain operational experience spending weeks, rather than days, away from Earth. These missions will enable NASA to develop the techniques and systems that will solve the challenges that astronauts will face when traveling to Mars and other exploration destinations. Although NASA is focusing on Mars exploration as its long term mission planning goal, there are a plethora of exploration missions that can be conducted in cis-lunar space that can extend our knowledge of the solar system and prepare for those future missions. NASA and its international partners are keenly interested in the exploration of the lunar surface and the potential utilization of lunar resources. Establishment of a permanent lunar surface base could provide both experience for astronauts and potential resources that can be utilized to support future Mars missions. The deployment of a lunar base camp is the first step towards the establishment of a permanent lunar base for long duration human exploration. This Request for Proposal seeks an innovative idea and engineering design to commercially procure a fully functional lunar base camp for a planned lunar expedition in 2031. -
China's Planning for Deep Space Exploration and Lunar Exploration
0254-6124/2018/38(5)-591–02 Chin. J. Space Sci. ¤¢£¥¥¡ XU Lin, ZOU Yongliao, JIA Yingzhuo. China’s planning for deep space exploration and lunar exploration before 2030. Chin. J. Space Sci., 2018, 38(5): 591-592. DOI:10.11728/cjss2018.05.591 China’s Planning for Deep Space Exploration and Lunar Exploration before 2030∗ XU Lin ZOU Yongliao JIA Yingzhuo (State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190) Abstract The current lunar exploration has changed from a single scientific exploration to science and resource utilization. On the basis of the previous lunar exploration, Chinese scientists and technical experts have proposed an overall plan to preliminarily build a lunar research station on the lunar South Pole by several missions before 2035, exploring of the moon, as well as the use of lunar platforms and in-site utilization of resources. In addition, China will also explore Mars, asteroids and Jupiter and its moons. This paper briefly introduces the ideas of Chinese scientists and technical experts on the lunar and deep space exploration. Key words Deep space exploration, Lunar exploration, Mars exploration Classified index P3 ionospheric climates and environment of Mars. 1 Deep Space Exploration Program 1.2 Asteroid Exploration Mission of China before 2030 China’s asteroid exploration is planned to conduct by 2030. The mission includes flyby observation, global There will be four missions for the deep space ex- remote sensing, landing and in-situ measurement and ploration of China between 2020–2030, including sample return. two Mars exploration missions, one asteroid explo- The scientific goals include: to measure the phy- ration mission, the Jupiter system (Jupiter and its sical features and detect the topography, surface com- moons) and interplanetary exploration mission be- position, internal structure, space weathering, and yond Jupiter. -
CCP Meet the Crew Brochure
SpaceX Demo 2 Boeing Crew Flight Test National Aeronautics and Stay connected with NASA’s Space Administration Commercial Crew Program: www.twitter.com/commercial_crew Bob Behnken Doug Hurley Nicole Aunapu Mann Chris Ferguson Mike Fincke NASA Astronaut NASA Astronaut www.facebook.com/NASACommercialCrew NASA Astronaut Boeing Astronaut NASA Astronaut Air Force Colonel Marine Corps Colonel (retired) Marine Corps Lt Colonel Navy Captain (retired) Air Force Colonel (retired) Flew aboard space shuttle Piloted space shuttle Endeavor for Selected as an Astronaut in 2013, Piloted space shuttle Atlantis for Aboard shuttle Endeavour on Endeavour twice as a Mission STS-127 and Atlantis for STS-135, www.nasa.gov/commercialcrew this is Nicole’s first spaceflight. STS-115, and commanded shuttle STS-134, Fincke served as Specialist, first on STS-123 and the final space shuttle mission. Endeavour on STS-126 and Atlantis Mission Specialist 1 on the flight then on STS-130. on STS-135, the final flight of the deck and as a spacewalker and Space Shuttle Program. robotic arm operator. blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew SpaceX’s First Operational Mission Boeing’s First Operational Mission MEET THE Mike Hopkins Victor Glover Suni Williams Josh Cassada NASA Astronaut NASA Astronaut NASA Astronaut NASA Astronaut Air Force Colonel Navy Commander Navy Captain (retired) Navy Commander Spent 166 days on the Selected as an Astronaut in 2013, Spent 322 days in space on two Selected as an Astronaut in 2013, International Space Station for this is Victor’s first spaceflight. space station missions, Expeditions this is Josh’s first spaceflight. Expeditions 37/38. 14/15 and Expeditions 32/33. -
The Orion Spacecraft As a Key Element in a Deep Space Gateway
The Orion Spacecraft as a Key Element in a Deep Space Gateway A Technical Paper Presented by: Timothy Cichan Lockheed Martin Space [email protected] Kerry Timmons Lockheed Martin Space [email protected] Kathleen Coderre Lockheed Martin Space [email protected] Willian D. Pratt Lockheed Martin Space [email protected] July 2017 © 2014 Lockheed Martin Corporation Abstract With the Orion exploration vehicle and Space Launch System (SLS) approaching operational status, NASA and the international community are developing the next generation of habitats to serve as a deep space platform that will be the first of its kind, a cislunar Deep Space Gateway (DSG). The DSG is evolvable, flexible, and modular. It would be positioned in the vicinity of the Moon and allow astronauts to demonstrate they can operate for months at a time well beyond Low Earth Orbit. Orion is the next generation human exploration spacecraft being developed by NASA. It is designed to perform deep space exploration missions, and is capable of carrying a crew of 4 astronauts on independent free-flight missions up to 21 days, limited only by consumables. Because Orion meets the strict requirements for deep space flight environments (reentry conditions, deep-space communications, safety, radiation, and life support for example) it is a key element in a DSG and is more than just a transportation system. Orion has the capability to act as the command deck of any deep space piloted vehicle. To increase affordability and reduce the complexity and number of subsystem functions the early DSG must be responsible for, the DSG can leverage these unique deep space qualifications of Orion. -
Current Notes
Current Notes Space Shuttle Special July 2011 Manchester Astronomical Society Page 1 Manchester Astronomical Society Page 2 Contents History Page 1 The Space Shuttle Atlantis/Carrier (Photo) Page 3 Space Shuttle Orbiter Page 4 Shuttle Orbiter Specifications Page 6 Shuttle Orbiter Cut-away (Diagram) Page 7 Shuttle-Mir Program Page 8 Hubble Servicing Mission 4 Page 10 Shuttle All Glass Cockpit Page 11 Shuttle Mission List Page 13 STS-135 Mission Reports Page 18 Shuttle Disasters Page 32 Mission Patches Page 34 The Future ? Page 36 If you wish to contribute to the next edition of current notes please send your article(s) to [email protected] Manchester Astronomical Society Page 3 Introduction Welcome to the special edition of Current Notes. This Edition has been compiled to celebrate 30years of Space Shuttle missions and to coincide with the last mission. NASA's greatest achievement was the creation of a reusable spacecraft. The Apollo spacecraft cost an astronomical sum to produce and were single-use only. The heat from Earth's atmosphere essentially disintegrated the shielding used to protect the spacecraft. The spacecraft also landed in the ocean, and the impact and sea water damaged the equipment. To remedy this, NASA built a spacecraft that had two rocket launchers attached to an external fuel tank and an orbiter module. They coated the spacecraft with protective heat-resistant ceramic tiles and changed the landing design to a glider-style. It took nine years of preparation, from 1972 to 1981, before the first mission. I would like to thank NASA/JPL and ESA for the information that has been compiled in this special edition. -
Landing Safely on Earth, Then the Moon and Mars
AIRCRAFT TECHNOLOGY, INTEGRATION AND OPERATIONS send humans beyond low-Earth orbit for the first time since Apollo 17 in 1972. NASA’s Mars 2020 mission, with the 1,050-ki- logram Perseverance rover and new technology demonstration 2-kilogram Ingenuity Mars heli- copter, were launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida in July. The rover is sched- uled to land on the red planet at Jezero Crater. Sev- eral new technologies will operate during entry, descent and landing, including Range Trigger and Terrain-Relative Navigation, while Perseverance descends under the 21.5-meter-nominal-diame- ter Disk Gap Band parachute. In June, the U.S. Army initiated the process to develop the Next Generation Static Line personnel parachute for multidomain operations. The Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Sol- dier Center is leading the technical development and spent the end of the year identifying the capa- bilities of commercially available parachutes in the U.S. and allied nations. These data, along with user input, will be used to conduct a detailed analysis and determine a potential path in 2021. CCDC SC, as the technical lead for the Au- tonomous Aerial Insertion and Resupply into Dense, Urban, Complex Terrain Joint Capabil- Landing safely on Earth, then the moon ity Technology Demonstration, or AAIRDUCT, worked to develop a way to deploy 2- to 20-ki- and Mars logram payloads from a Joint Precision Airdrop System, which uses GPS and steerable para- BY OLEG YAKIMENKO chutes. The center conducted tests at Yuma Prov- The Aerodynamic Decelerator Systems Technical Committee focuses ing Ground in Arizona in September and October on development and application of aerodynamic decelerator systems in preparation for an Office of the Secretary of and lifting parachutes, pararotators, and inflatables for deceleration, Defense-sponsored operational demonstration. -
The Future of Deep Space Exploration
The Potomac Institute for Policy Studies CEEDS Center Presents The Future of Deep Space Exploration Potomac Institute for Policy Studies The Future of Deep Space Exploration or decades, the US has led the charge in space exploration. American astronauts were the first to land Fon the moon. NASA’s Pioneer, Galileo, Voyager, NEAR, and Cassini-Huygens missions continued to forge ahead: first to fly by Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune; first to orbit Jupiter and Saturn; first to land on an asteroid and first to land on Titan. These are but a few of the achievements of American deep space exploration over the last five decades. So what efforts are continuing today, and what does the future look like? On October 16, 2019, the Potomac Institute for Policy Studies’ (PIPS) Center for Enterprise, Exploration, and Defense in Space (CEEDS) held a seminar titled: “The Future of Deep Space Explora- tion” to examine and discuss issues related to the next steps in the manned and unmanned exploration of our solar system. It is important to first understand why it is beneficial to continue space exploration. The exploration of space has been a beacon of US leadership since the first moon landing. It has increased American prestige and allowed the US to be the de facto leader in developing the norms of space operations. Space exploration is the perfect opportunity for international collaboration to strengthen partnerships. Like the expedition of Lewis and Clarke, it is the first step in a greater move into the solar system. Without exploration, there can be no return trips, and certainly no permanent home elsewhere in space. -
STS-135: the Final Mission Dedicated to the Courageous Men and Women Who Have Devoted Their Lives to the Space Shuttle Program and the Pursuit of Space Exploration
National Aeronautics and Space Administration STS-135: The Final Mission Dedicated to the courageous men and women who have devoted their lives to the Space Shuttle Program and the pursuit of space exploration PRESS KIT/JULY 2011 www.nasa.gov 2 011 2009 2008 2007 2003 2002 2001 1999 1998 1996 1994 1992 1991 1990 1989 STS-1: The First Mission 1985 1981 CONTENTS Section Page SPACE SHUTTLE HISTORY ...................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 1 SPACE SHUTTLE CONCEPT AND DEVELOPMENT ................................................................................... 2 THE SPACE SHUTTLE ERA BEGINS ....................................................................................................... 7 NASA REBOUNDS INTO SPACE ............................................................................................................ 14 FROM MIR TO THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION .......................................................................... 20 STATION ASSEMBLY COMPLETED AFTER COLUMBIA ........................................................................... 25 MISSION CONTROL ROSES EXPRESS THANKS, SUPPORT .................................................................... 30 SPACE SHUTTLE PROGRAM’S KEY STATISTICS (THRU STS-134) ........................................................ 32 THE ORBITER FLEET ............................................................................................................................