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Rs1 Chant Document Resume So 009 354 I) 128 255 95 2 5 1 0 2.2 a=maimsee.sa, 2.0 1 .25 MICPOWLWY Rf RS1 CHANT DOCUMENT RESUME SO 009 354 I) 128 255 95 AUTHOR Eosen, Seymour M. TITLE Education in the U.S.S. legislation aad Statistics. AlSTITUTION Office of Education (DREW ) , Washington, D.C. PEPOET VO DREW-TB-75-19117 PUB DATE 75 VOTE 56p. AVAILABLE FROMSuperintendew7 of D cuments, U.S. Government Priatin Office, WashingtonD.C. 20402 (0E--5- 17, $0.95) EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 HC-$3.50 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Comparative Education; *Educational Legisla *Educational Needs; Educational Objectives; *Educational Principles; Educational Problems; *Educational Trends; Elementary Secondary Education; Higher Education; Legislation; Manpower Deve opment; *Stai-istical Data; Vocational Education IDENTIFIEHs USSR ABSTRACT Decent developments and emerging t ends inSoviet education, as reflected in legislation andstatistical reports, are reported. First, the structure of Sovietsecondary and higher education is outlined. Then, a description isgiven of the Ouly 1973 Fundamentals, a legislative statement ofprinciples focusing on the Soviet ideal of the education system. Equaleducational opportunity, free tuition for all education afterkindergarten, and citizen right to enroll in higher education withanropriate prior education are emphasized. Comparative sti-tistics are givenfor Soviet and U.S. edmcatnn in terms of specific educationlevels, nationality grouv, growth of and 71. Trends in Soviet education include the (1) nursery, kindergarten, andupper-secondary school enrollments; (2) increa in the general education component in vocationalschools; (3) la:AQ role of secondary schools fortechnical specialization; and (4) cu'Ainuing focus in higher education ondeveloping specialists to serve needs of the national economy. Sovieteducational needs includrevising the curriculum, improving the teachingquality, and broadening the training of specialists. (AV) Documents acquired by ERIC include nanyinformal unpublished * materials not available from other soluces.ERIC makes every effor * to obtain the best copy available.Vevertheless, items of marginal * * reproducibility are often encounteredand this affects the quality * * of the microfiche and hardcopyreproductions EPIC makes available * * via the ERIC Document ReproductionService (EDRS).=EDRS is not * responsible for the quality ofthe original document. Reproductions * * supplied by EDRS are the bestthat can be nade from the original. * ********************************************************************* * U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION &WELFARE NA TIONt L. INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION DOC E N HAS OEEN REPRO DIKED EA AC rt,S, AS RECEIVED F ROM T HE PERSON TIO CUPANIZATION ORIOP4- A TIN: G IT T-CONT's OF VIESV OR OPINIONS itAT FO DO NOT h4CESSAOILy REPRE SENT OTFICiAL NATIONAL INSTITUTED, EDUCATION POSi NON nR rOucy (Mc ttion in the LI S.S.h. Recci itAcisIatmni mid Statistic U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, A ID WELFARE/Office of Education 2 DHEW Publication No, (OE) 75-19117 I (kw lti(H1 Hithe S.S.1 \twit ikoiskItioli and Statistics by Seymour N. Rosen Specialist i- Comparative Education fo- the U.S.S.R. and Eastern Europe Office of Education U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE David Mathews, Secretary Virginia Y. Trotter, Assistant Secretary ior Educatir Office of Education T. H. flail, Commissioner U.S.i.ovr,ry,tENTNUN' INt. )FtICE IV VIII ING TON: I 915 WttsiiitLnen, 1),C. MU Price US cents For slie by the SuperIntenttent of Docinricnt itcvennuenT 4 Foreword This study is one of a series of U.S. Oflice of Educationpublica- tions on education in the Union of Soviet SocialistRepublics. The major focus is on the present state of Sovieteducation: recent develop ments, current concerns, and emerging trends asreflected in recent legislation and statistical reports. The study also includes ahelpful summary of the fundamental principles,legislative base, and struc- ture of the Soviet educational system. The combination of general background informationand analysis recent developments together withsupporting statistics and key excerpts from relevant laws and decrees helpsprovide insight into as well as perspective on Soviet education and the directionin which it is moving in the 1970s. Along with the recentOffice of Education publication, Education in the U.S.S.R.: A Bibliography ofEnglish- Language Materiali, to64t973. by Nellie Apanasewicz,it can also serve as a valuable research toolproviding basic data and citations of further sources of information. This publication shouldtherefore prove useful to a wide audience,horn those desiring a brief basic orientation to education in the U.S.S.R to scholars wishing to ex- plore various aspects of Soviet education in greaterdepth. particularly those concerned with the study of educational changein the Soviet Union. The author. Seymour M. Rosen, has been a specialist onSoviet education for the OHce of Education since 1960. Hehas made five study trips to the U.S.S.R. since 1961 and is theauthor of several ports on education in the Soviet Union.Among his reports recently published by the Office of Education are Soviet Programsin Inter- national Education (1971i , The Development of People'sFriendship University in Moscow (1973) , and "Education for CareerDevelop- ment in the USSR" inInternational/Intercultural Education Re- ports (197 3) . Robert Leesuna /Issociate Co in m issioner for institutional Development and International Education 5 1 4I-eR flI 41 ii 1= '11114)41m 1144:4 S I i \WIIII!!,,11,11I, )11 P11111 1 t hit ,t11, (1(1,It -J)11 2.1.4..g d.44 lull:I)( I i/8 I 1 114.114vm i Iic /.)44,4t [14444:..44,4',4.I4jb. 441A141. It1 tri .; CH111111:111 II 3 1ii )1(1111111' n ii 11 1 1,4g1N1.41, ,44 41414.1 RIV,441 4', 11, !'" 1(-41.1 1ndi 444, 1'41414 ,ti 14 411:t4 1,4:1/4 t Ili I( IfFtiit In 27 1.(1144. 1141 23) 41441.11 v 1,dicc1 I4114.1- 1._41L4-at 4()It 31. (4144-41i4,4 3') _.lIiI.lt r 4.14141,.pz .'IitIiI iIII-!--41.11H II, 31 -.111(1 (14111(1(1, j9I1 1iT) -fa hies .-11/44,4 I HI:I, I+ 1'141 )1111will Ill iuI s hn(1 (1.414Ific4f.414.44.:/-.1,4,1 4,41-14144!, [4. pcs: 1!)(11)--(41 aud .4970 71 197° .1// t40414.4/14 ii I.\ lilliliLt (41 itiSullSi1 LaCI tI L4:44.1 41 (.4.1114.tim11.11htt.hIl!IIIIhII. mitt 1-414 ir j)lt N-(.41 111(1al (-1114.,41:1 I1I 1)441,[11,11.14-411 It)ciis 19.Y). I971). And 3. Preschool ed ucatzwis Number of kindergartens and nursery-kindergarens,pupils,andprincipals and teachers: Selected years, I 5 0 7 2.. .... 38 4. General education: Enrollment at selected grades and total numher of schools and teachers: 1960-61 and l970-714972-73.... 38 5. Secondary specialized and higher Mum ion: Number of students and schools, by type of school: 1960-61 and 1970-71-1972-73 ......., 39 6. Secondary specialized and higher education: Enroll- mems by specialty group: 1960-61 and 1970-71- -1972-73 40 7, Higher education: Number of first degrees conferred by field, in the United States and the U.S.S.R.: 1971 42 8. Secondary specialized and higher education: Enroll. ment by major nationality groups:1952-63 and 1972-73 ... 9. Secondary specialized and higher education: Percent of total enrollment that women represent, by main ea of study: 1960-51 and 1970-71-1972-73 44 10. General education day schools: Number of full-time teachers and school directors, by position; afid the number and percent that are women: 1971-72.... 45 11. Graduate education: Enrollment by place and type of instruction: 1960,1970,1971, and 19'1 2.. 46 12. Graduate education: Total enrollment and enroll- ment in higher education institutions, by field of study: 1960, 1971, and 1972 . .. .. 47 Graduate education: Enrollment for advanced de- grees by field of study in the United States and the U.S.S.R.: 1971 : 48 1. Introduction This study presents and analyzes recent illajor education legislation and statistics in the Unioa of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) Its purpose is to provide current information and perspective on these key indicators of the state and direction of Soviet education. This first chapter provides an overview of the framework of the Soviet education system and the terminology used in describing it. The overview is intended particularly for readers unfamiliar with Soviet education, who will need this background knowledge in order onderstand the study.1 Structure and Administration Following voluntary attendance at preschool nurseries (for infants through age 2) and kindergartens (for children through age 6) , there are 8 years of compulsory education (for children 7 to15) in Soviet schools. This compulsory education is followed by 2 years of "com- plete" general secondary education (3 years in the Baltic area) or 1 to 4 years of vocationalaechnical education. (See chart.) Ten years f compulsory education are planned by 1975. Higher education ranges in duration from 4 to 6 years depending on thefield of study. Tuition is free for education at all levels, and most students at tech- nical and higher schools receive some form of stipend. The US.S.R. Ministry of Education in Moscow and the subordi- nate ministries of education in each of the country's 15constituent Republics supervise preschool, elementary, and general secondary education. The U.S.S.R. Ministry of Higher and Secondary Special- ized Education and its counterparts in the 15 Republicssupervise universities and other higher education institutions and specialized secondary technical schools. Many specialized schools are directly administered by a Government ministry concerned with a particular field. For example, medical schools at both the secondary and higher level are administered by the Ministry of Health, following curricu- I For more detailed recent surveys of the Soviet education system as a whole, see the author's Educationand Modernization in the U.S,S.R.(Reading, Mass.: Addi- son-Weder, 1971) and David W.
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