DOCSLIB.ORG

Methamphetamine Involved Deaths Totaled 15 in 2010 Similar to the Prior 4 Years and Down from the Peak of 24 in 2005

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Methamphetamine Involved Deaths Totaled 15 in 2010 Similar to the Prior 4 Years and Down from the Peak of 24 in 2005 Drug Abuse Trends in the Seattle/King County Area: 2010 Caleb Banta-Green1, T. Ron Jackson2, Steve Freng3, Michael Hanrahan4, Geoff Miller8, Steve Reid5, John Ohta6, Mary Taylor7, Richard Harruff8, and David Albert9 Abstract Cocaine continues to be a major drug of abuse and contributor to deaths. Treatment admissions and deaths both declined somewhat in 2010. Levamisole (a potentially life threatening contaminant) was present in two-thirds of cocaine seized by police in King County in 2010 and was present in both crack and powder cocaine. Fatal heroin overdoses remained low at 50 in 2010, the same number as in 2009 and substantially lower than the 144 heroin involved overdoses in 1998. The number of people dying in King County from prescription-type opiate overdoses declined for the first time in a decade. In 2010 in King County, 130 fatal overdoses involved prescription type opiates (most commonly methadone and oxycodone), a decline from 161 deaths in 2009 and the first decline since 1999. Newly available prescription sales data for Washington State through 2010 indicate that sales began leveling off over the last three to four years for several common, potent pain medicines including morphine, methadone, and oxycodone after steady increases in sales since 1997. These same data indicate a seven-fold increase in prescribing of buprenorphine by King County providers (mostly for the treatment of opiate addiction) with an estimate of at least 2,353 annual addictioin treatment spaces used in 2010. While the decline in prescription-type opiate deaths is positive, there are reasons for concern. Treatment admissions for those addicted to prescription type opiates continue to increase and the majority are young adults ages 18 to 29. The number of young adults in treatment programs for heroin is up 74% from 1999 to 2010. Heroin purity is low right now, which may be contributing to the lower level of fatal heroin overdoses. Increased education and vigilance on the part of the public will be important to prevent future addiction and overdoses. Information on opiate medication and heroin safety and overdose prevention is available at www.stopoverdose.org and http://www.doh.wa.gov/hsqa/takeasdirected/default.htm . Methamphetamine treatment admissions and deaths have held steady since 2005. While most methamphetamine appears to originate in Mexico, local, small scale production continues. Marijuana remains the most common drug among youth admitted to treatment. Adult treatment admissions declined slightly in 2010 though they have tripled since 1999, with increases mostly among males, African Americans and Hispanics. “Bath salts”, usually MDPV/Mephedrone, are present at apparently low levels and serious adverse consequences have been reported locally. Synthetic cannabinoid agonists (e.g. Spice/K2) are being used locally, mostly in an exploratory way by youth or by those who are required to get regular drug testing due to court or treatment involvement, it is reportedly less desirable than marijuana. MDMA use and availability persists and there was a substantial decrease in the adulterant BZP in 2010. New HIV infections remain fairly low among injection drug users with 4% of new infections in this exposure group from 2008 to 2010 and 7% of new infections among those with the dual exposure of IDU and being men who have sex with men. More than four million clean syringes were distributed to injection drug users in King County in 2010. 1The author is affiliated with the Alcohol and Drug Abuse Institute, University of Washington. 2 The author is affiliated with Evergreen Treatment Services. 3The author is affiliated with the Northwest High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area. 4The author is affiliated HIV/AIDS Epidemiology, Public Health – Seattle and King County. 5The author is affiliated with the Washington State Patrol Crime Laboratory. 6The author is affiliated with the Ryther Child Center and the University District Youth Center. 7The author is affiliated with the King County Drug Courts. 8The author is affiliated with the Seattle and King County Medical Examiner’s Office, Public Health. 9The author is affiliated with the Division of Behavioral Health and Recovery, Washington State Department of Social and Health Services. 1 INTRODUCTION Data Sources The primary sources of information used in this report are listed below: • Drug trafficking data were obtained from the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). Seattle Field Division Quarterly Trends in the Traffic Reports. Domestic Monitoring Program (DMP) heroin purchase data (edited ver- sions) were also utilized, and data specific to Seattle were extracted and analyzed. Data were also obtained from the Threat Assessment Report produced by the Northwest High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area (NW HIDTA) program, which included survey data from local law enforcement throughout the State of Washington. • Opioid sales data, DEA ARCOS, were obtained directly from national DEA through 2010. Sales data are in grams of active ingredient. For buprenorphine a conversion to estimated dosage units was made based upon an average dose of 16mg/day among Medicaid patients (nothing about prescribing among private/self- pay is known and these are likely to represent 90% of buprenorphine treatment). Note that buprenorphine is occasionally prescribed for pain management, but the predominate indication is medication assisted drug treatment for opioid addicts. An additional estimate was made of “annual treatment” slots, that simply divided the total number of estimated dosage units by 365 to provide an estimate (and sense of scale) of how many patients could be receiving buprenorphine treatment if they received it on every day in the calendar year. King County data were approximated by combining data from the 3 digit zip code regions beginning with 980 and 981. (Exhibit 1) • Fatal drug overdose data were obtained from the King County Medical Examiner (KCME), Public Health – Seattle & King County (PHSKC). The other opiates category indicates pharmaceutical opioids, including pharmaceutical morphine where noted (oxycodone, hydrocodone, methadone, and other opioids); however, codeine is excluded. The heroin/opiate category includes heroin, morphine (unless noted to be pharmaceutical), and cases where there was an indication that the death was “heroin related” in the KCME database. (Exhibit 2) • Data on seized drug samples submitted for analysis were obtained from the National Forensic Laboratory Information System (NFLIS), DEA. Drug testing results for local, State and Federal law enforcement seizures in King County were reported. A Washington State Patrol Crime Laboratory chemist attended the local CEWG meeting and provided qualitative impressions of drug seizure evidence they tested. These analytical tests are the basis of NFLIS data. The laboratory also created a dataset for cocaine in the Fall of 2010 to document the details of levamisole involved cocaine cases. (Exhibit 3) • Drug treatment data were provided by Washington State Department of Social and Health Services (DSHS), Division of Behavioral Health and Recovery, Treatment Report and Generation Tool (TARGET), from 1999 through 2010. Treatment modalities included outpatient, intensive inpatient, recovery house, long- term residential, and opiate substitution admissions. Department of Corrections 2 and private-pay admissions for opiate substitution were included. Opioid sales data for buprenorphine, described above, are also a proxy for opioid addiction treatment. (Exhibit 4) • Washington State Poison Center call data for exposure calls from 2004 to 2010 for calls originating in King County were provided. (Exhibit 5) • Washington State Healthy Youth Survey data from 2010 for a random sample of King County schools are reported. The total number of surveys included in analyses was 4,015. • Data on infectious diseases related to drug use and injection drug use, including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), were provided by PHSKC. Data on HIV cases (including exposure related to injection drug use) in Seattle/King County (1982 through 2010) were obtained from the “HIV/AIDS Epidemiology Report.” Data for the number of syringes exchanged/distributed were also provided by PHSKC. (Exhibits 6 and 7) DRUG ABUSE PATTERNS AND TRENDS Cocaine NFLIS tests positive for cocaine decreased for the fourth year in a row. According to law enforcement and prosecutors this is mostly due to policy changes regarding obtaining evidence and the amount of cocaine needed for certain types of prosecutions. Local police report cocaine is readily available in Seattle. Growing concerns about levamisole (an adulterant that can lead to serious immune reactions) nationally led to questions about the presence of levamisole locally. In the Fall of 2010, information about levamisole in cocaine seized by law enforcement in King County was systematically documented. In the past, levamisole has been observed in cocaine samples, but not documented as the State crime lab only records illegal and controlled drugs. Of 47 cocaine samples, 65% tested positive for levamisole. Approximately three-quarters of the samples weighed less than 3 grams indicating relatively small samples that were likely for personal use. The presence of levamisole was consistent across forms (salt and base) and appearance (powder and chunky). Levamisole was also identified in residue from pipes indicating the hardiness of the compound. Cocaine treatment admissions have declined for
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Division of Analytical Laboratories
    Michael SWERLOWYCZ 1 Brett FLETCHER 2, Roger JACKSON 2 1 Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Division of Analytical Laboratories, Sydney, NSW, Australia 2 Drugs & Driving Toxicology Laboratory, Division of Analytical Laboratories, Sydney, NSW, Australia Division of Analytical Laboratories COWS ON COKE Levamisole: A livestock de-wormer in cocaine Introduction Recent DDL specimens (January 2009 onwards) were examined in Levamisole ((S)-6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-B][1,3]thiazole) order to oBtain comparison levamisole data from a range of living has gained attention overseas suBjects. These were mostly cocaine-positive “drug/drive” in recent years as a cutting cases, as well as a numBer of fatal accident, sexual assault and agent for illicit cocaine. murder cases. Interestingly, levamisole appears to Be more common Levamisole, or ( l) -Tetramisole, in samples from living suBjects, But generally at lower concentrations is a drug used in the treatment than the coronial samples. of colon cancer, But primarily it has a veterinary use as an anthelmintic, to PrevalenceofLevamisoleinCocaine-positiveCases(DDL) control parasites in livestock. January2009-June2010 25 70 60 20 50 Levamisole in drug/drive Levamisole around the world and other police 15 40 specimens (DDL). Recently the US Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) reported a 30 2009 – 2010 10 Percentage(%) significant increase in the prevalence of the drug. In late 2008 the DEA NumberofCases 20 found as much as 30% of illicit cocaine hydrochloride exhiBits contained Mean concentration in 5 levamisole, and By mid-2009 this figure had risen to 70%. This trend has 10 Blood = 0.035mg/L Been seen in other countries around the world and is reflected in illicit 0 0 cocaine exhiBits received By Australian laBoratories.
    [Show full text]
  • Levamisole.Pdf
    8/20/2018 Levamisole | UPMC Hillman Cancer Center Levamisole About This Drug Levamisole is used to treat cancer. This drug is given orally. Possible Side Effects Bone marrow depression. This is a decrease in the number of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. Bone marrow depression usually occurs three to 10 days after the drug is given and may increase your risk of infection, fatigue, and bleeding. Raised, red rash on your arms, legs, back, or chest Abdominal pain or cramping Bitter taste in the mouth Decreased appetite Nausea and vomiting Drowsiness Irritability Sexual problems and reproduction concerns may occur. In men and women both, this drug may temporarily or permanently affect your ability to have children. This cannot be determined before your therapy. In men, this drug may interfere with your ability to make sperm, but it should not change your ability to have sexual relations. In women, menstrual bleeding may become irregular or stop while you are receiving this drug. Do not assume that you cannot become pregnant if you do not have a menstrual period. Women may experience signs of menopause like vaginal dryness or itching. This drug may have harmful effects on the unborn child, so effective methods of birth control should be used during your cancer treatment. genetic counseling is available to you to discuss the effect of this drug therapy on future pregnancies. In addition, a genetic counselor can review the potential risks of problems in the fetus due to this medication if an exposure during pregnancy has occurred. http://hillman.upmc.com/patients/community-support/education/chemotherapy-drugs/levamisole 1/2 8/20/2018 Levamisole | UPMC Hillman Cancer Center Treating Side Effects Ask your doctor or nurse about medication that is available to help you prevent or lessen nausea and vomiting.
    [Show full text]
  • Discriminative and Reinforcing Effects of Cocaine-Levamisole Combinations
    Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Dissertations Graduate College 6-2017 Discriminative and Reinforcing Effects of Cocaine-Levamisole Combinations Zachary J. Zimmermann Western Michigan University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations Part of the Substance Abuse and Addiction Commons Recommended Citation Zimmermann, Zachary J., "Discriminative and Reinforcing Effects of Cocaine-Levamisole Combinations" (2017). Dissertations. 3120. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations/3120 This Dissertation-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DISCRIMINATIVE AND REINFORCING EFFECTS OF COCAINE-LEVAMISOLE COMBINATIONS by Zachary J. Zimmermann A dissertation submitted to the Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Psychology Western Michigan University June 2017 Dissertation Committee: Alan Poling, Ph.D., Chair Lisa Baker, Ph.D. David V. Gauvin, Ph.D. Cynthia Pietras, Ph.D. DISCRIMINATIVE AND REINFORCING EFFECTS OF COCAINE-LEVAMISOLE COMBINATIONS Zachary J. Zimmermann, Ph.D. Western Michigan University, 2017 The behavioral and neurochemical effects of cocaine are well established, and it is one of the most widely abused illicit drugs. Illicit cocaine is often adulterated with levamisole, which is an anthelmintic that was withdrawn from the U. S. market in 2000. It has been hypothesized that levamisole, unlike other common adulterants which are added as simple bulking agents, has effects of its own which may be responsible for its use as an adulterant.
    [Show full text]
  • Prevalence of Levamisole in Urine Toxicology Screens Positive For
    LETTERS portable, handheld ultrasound units are now available. In clinical settings, the marginal benefit of the added diagnos- 1988, Filly,2 in an editorial, called ultrasound the stetho- tic information likely does not justify the added cost of the scope of the future but was concerned about its use in un- device, the time it adds to the physical examination, or the trained hands. In 2002, Dodd3 encouraged teaching the tech- cost of false-positive and incidental findings requiring ad- nique of ultrasound usage to medical students beginning in ditional follow-up. the gross anatomy laboratory and ending in ward rounds We would like to emphasize that the potential for bring- and senior electives. In 2003, Greenbaum4 projected that ing new technology to the physical examination should not in the near future “medical students will also be buying a be viewed as a substitute for developing strong physical ex- ‘sonoscope’” in addition to a stethoscope. He envisioned amination skills. The routine physical examination remains the sonoscope as enhancing the physical examination of all part of standard practice because it is quick, cheap, and readily patients. With the advent of smaller, better-quality, and less- available. It also helps to formulate hypotheses and can al- expensive machines, and medical schools beginning to pro- low a physician to quickly rule in or out competing diag- vide technical training for their students, the use of point- noses. For the most part, the tips and maneuvers that we raised of-care ultrasound is increasing, with applications in physical in our article are simple, inexpensive, and easily mastered.
    [Show full text]
  • An Overview of Anthelmintic Drugs in Ascaris Suum Intestine
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Creative Components Dissertations Spring 2019 An Overview of Anthelmintic Drugs in Ascaris suum Intestine Katie Tharaldson Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/creativecomponents Part of the Chemicals and Drugs Commons Recommended Citation Tharaldson, Katie, "An Overview of Anthelmintic Drugs in Ascaris suum Intestine" (2019). Creative Components. 262. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/creativecomponents/262 This Creative Component is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Creative Components by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Tharaldson Overview of anthelmintic drugs and their receptors Part 1 Abstract In part 1 of this paper, I will discuss Ascaris suum and Ascaris lumbricoides. Ascaris suum acts as a model organism for Ascaris lumbricoides, a parasitic nematode that impacts roughly 1.2 billion people worldwide (de Silva et al. 2003). I will then go into the anthelmintic drugs currently being used to treat these infection, as well as the receptors they act on. In part 2 of this paper, I will discuss the research I did with levamisole, an anthelmintic drug, on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the intestine of Ascaris suum. There were 5 control worms, as well as 5 levamisole treated worms. In the past, the nAChRs have been studied predominantly on the muscle in all nematode species. However, in previous work in the lab, although unpublished, there was promising expression of nAChRs in Ascaris suum intestine.
    [Show full text]
  • Pharmacological Treatment of Patients with Mild to Moderate COVID-19: a Comprehensive Review
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Review Pharmacological Treatment of Patients with Mild to Moderate COVID-19: A Comprehensive Review Reinaldo B. Bestetti *, Rosemary Furlan-Daniel and Vinicius M. R. Silva Department of Medicine, University of Ribeirão Preto, 2201 Costabile Romano, Ribeirão Preto 14096-385, Brazil; [email protected] (R.F.-D.); [email protected] (V.M.R.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Mild to moderate COVID-19 can be found in about 80% of patients. Although mortality is low, mild to moderate COVID-19 may progress to severe or even critical stages in about one week. This poses a substantial burden on the health care system, and ultimately culminates in death or incapacitation and hospitalization. Therefore, pharmacological treatment is paramount for patients with this condition, especially those with recognized risk factors to disease progression. We conducted a comprehensive review in the medical literature searching for randomized studies carried out in patients with mild to moderate COVID-19. A total of 14 randomized studies were identified, enrolling a total of 6848 patients. Nine studies (64%) were randomized, placebo-controlled trials, whereas five were open-label randomized trials (35%). We observed that Bamlanivimab and nitazoxanide reduced viral load, whereas ivermectin may have shortened time to viral clearance; Interferon Beta-1 reduced time to viral clearance and vitamin D reduced viral load; Favirapir, peginterferon, and levamisole improved clinical symptoms, whereas fluvoxamine halted disease progression; inhaled budesonide reduced the number of hospitalizations and visits to emergency departments; colchicine Citation: Bestetti, R.B.; reduced the number of deaths and hospitalizations.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Mammal Pharmacology
    27 PHARMACEUTICALS AND FORMULARIES CLAIRE A. SIMEONE AND MICHAEL K. STOSKOPF Contents Introduction Introduction .......................................................................... 593 This chapter aims to provide clinicians and scientists working Routes for Administering Drugs to Marine Mammals ......... 594 with marine mammals with a convenient and rapidly acces- Dose Scaling ......................................................................... 595 sible single source on the subject. A compilation of the avail- Drug Interactions and Adverse Effects ................................ 596 able pharmacological information on cetaceans, pinnipeds, Life-Threatening Adverse Reactions .................................... 596 sirenians, sea otters (Enhydra lutris), and polar bears (Ursus Hepatic Effects ...................................................................... 596 maritimus) is provided. Readers must be aware at all times Renal Effects ......................................................................... 597 that drugs discussed in this chapter may have only been Gastrointestinal Effects ......................................................... 597 used on a limited number of individual animals from a nar- Nervous System Effects ........................................................ 597 row range of species, so all information must be interpreted Dermal Effects ...................................................................... 598 with caution. No drugs have been licensed for use in marine Otic Effects ...........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Parasiticides: Fenbendazole, Ivermectin, Moxidectin Livestock
    Parasiticides: Fenbendazole, Ivermectin, Moxidectin Livestock 1 Identification of Petitioned Substance* 2 3 Chemical Names: 48 Ivermectin: Heart Guard, Sklice, Stomectol, 4 Moxidectin:(1'R,2R,4Z,4'S,5S,6S,8'R,10'E,13'R,14'E 49 Ivomec, Mectizan, Ivexterm, Scabo 6 5 ,16'E,20'R,21'R,24'S)-21',24'-Dihydroxy-4 50 Thiabendazole: Mintezol, Tresaderm, Arbotect 6 (methoxyimino)-5,11',13',22'-tetramethyl-6-[(2E)- 51 Albendazole: Albenza 7 4-methyl-2-penten-2-yl]-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2'H- 52 Levamisole: Ergamisol 8 spiro[pyran-2,6'-[3,7,1 9]trioxatetracyclo 53 Morantel tartrate: Rumatel 9 [15.6.1.14,8.020,24] pentacosa[10,14,16,22] tetraen]- 54 Pyrantel: Banminth, Antiminth, Cobantril 10 2'-one; (2aE, 4E,5’R,6R,6’S,8E,11R,13S,- 55 Doramectin: Dectomax 11 15S,17aR,20R,20aR,20bS)-6’-[(E)-1,2-Dimethyl-1- 56 Eprinomectin: Ivomec, Longrange 12 butenyl]-5’,6,6’,7,10,11,14,15,17a,20,20a,20b- 57 Piperazine: Wazine, Pig Wormer 13 dodecahydro-20,20b-dihydroxy-5’6,8,19-tetra- 58 14 methylspiro[11,15-methano-2H,13H,17H- CAS Numbers: 113507-06-5; 15 furo[4,3,2-pq][2,6]benzodioxacylooctadecin-13,2’- Moxidectin: 16 [2H]pyrano]-4’,17(3’H)-dione,4’-(E)-(O- Fenbendazole: 43210-67-9; 70288-86-7 17 methyloxime) Ivermectin: 59 Thiabendazole: 148-79-8 18 Fenbendazole: methyl N-(6-phenylsulfanyl-1H- 60 Albendazole: 54965-21-8 19 benzimidazol-2-yl) carbamate 61 Levamisole: 14769-72-4 20 Ivermectin: 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1a +22,23- 21 dihydroavermectin B1b 62 Morantel tartrate: 26155-31-7 63 Pyrantel: 22204-24-6 22 Thiabendazole: 4-(1H-1,3-benzodiazol-2-yl)-1,3- 23 thiazole
    [Show full text]
  • Drug Testing - AHS
    What Does the Drug Test Tell Us QUALITATIVE TOXICOLOGY TESTING for CLINICAL MANAGEMENT of the PATIENT Background • The qualitative drug test is often referred to as the “drug screen” - a misnomer • Testing performed using: – Immunoassay – GC/MS or LC/MS/MS confirmation techniques 2 1 Immunoassay – Initial Testing • Antigen-Antibody reactions • Refers to instrument based and non-instrument based techniques • Designed to detect a broad class of drugs • Cross-reactivity (the ability to detect a drug) dependent on reagent chemistry and devices used • Limited in scope (i.e. limited number of assays available) • Prone to false negatives and false positives 3 Confirmation Testing • Uses GC/MS or LC/MS/MS techniques • Confirms immunoassay result or initial testing for drugs in which no immunoassay available. • More resource driven than immunoassay • Provides specificity that cannot be achieved with immunoassay 4 2 Amphetamines (CEDIA) • Designed to detect methamphetamine, amphetamine and MDMA (same or different assays) • Will potentially detect other amphetamine like drugs PMMA/PMA pseudoephedrine/ephedrine phentermine phenylpropanolamine mephentermine • Will detect non-amphetamine like drugs bupropion trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine (TFMPP) trazodone m-CPP (trazadone metabolite/BZP analog) ranitidine phenelzine breakdown fenofibrate 5 Cocaine Metabolite (KIMS) • Tends to be specific for cocaine metabolite (benzoylecgonine) • Cocaine can be used in hospital type procedures – Eye surgery – Nasal surgery • Cutting Agents – levamisole,
    [Show full text]
  • Levamisole (Ergamisol®) September 2019
    Drug Enforcement Administration Diversion Control Drug & Chemical Evaluation Section Levamisole (Ergamisol®) September 2019 Introduction: that the consumption of 50-200 mg/day of levamisole causes Levamisole ((-)-(s)-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-6-phenylimidazo agranulocytosis in 0.08 – 5% of the studied population (WHO, FAS (2,1-b) thiazole monohydrochloride) is a veterinary drug used to 33). treat parasitic infestation in animals. It is available as a Agranulocytosis is an acute blood condition which leaves crystalline white powder, and in pastes, gels, tablets, feed patients unable to fight off infections resulting from decreased premixes and topical and injectable solutions. In Canada, it was neutrophil count (neutrophinia). This condition has been reported marketed by Janssen Pharmaceuticals under the trade name world-wide in CAL abusers. Higher than recommended doses of Ergamisol® to treat colon cancer in humans. A few cases of levamisole reported to be associated with an increased incidence agranulocytosis (blood disorders), a common complication with of autoantibody mediated agranulocytosis. Symptoms of repeated high doses of levamisole, have been reported in agranulocytosis include sore throat, persistent or recurrent fever, hospitalized patients with a history of cocaine abuse when swollen glands and skin infections. Levamisole may interfere with adulterated with levamisole (CAL). the breakdown of alcohol and cause unwanted side effects such as flushing, irregular heartbeat, low blood pressure, sweating, nausea, Licit Uses: and vomiting. Levamisole is an antihelminthic drug approved for use in veterinary medicine in the United States. Previously, it User Population: was used in human medicine as an immunomodulator in Levamisole is mainly encountered in combination with rheumatoid arthritis and colorectal cancer therapy.
    [Show full text]
  • Labinfo (Sept
    LORAIN COUNTY COMMISSIONERS LabINFO NEWSLETTER Volume 1, Number 1 September-December, 2014 This newsletter is provided three times a year by Lorain County Crime/Drug Lab discussing technical information dedicated to local agencies within Lorain County. The information has been collected from various sources and journals. DACTYLOGRAPHY – Science of Fingerprint Identification The concept of fingerprint identification is two-fold. First, no two fingerprints are alike. Nature does not repeat itself. Second, the relative positions of the friction skin characteristics do not change over the course of a person’s life. QUICK GUIDE TO SURFACES LATENT PRINT DEVELOPMENT SURFACE TREATMENT METHOD Smooth, Non-Porous Powders, iodine, small particle reagent, cyanoacrylate/fluorescent dyes Rough, Non-Porous Small particle reagent, cyanoacrylate/fluorescent dyes Paper & Cardboard Iodine, ninhydrin, DFO, silver nitrate, physical developer, powders Plastic Packaging Iodine, small particle reagent, cyanoacrylate/fluorescent dyes, powders Soft Vinyl (PVC), Rubber & Leather Iodine, small particle reagent, cyanoacrylate, powders Metal (Untreated) Small particle reagent, powders, cyanoacrylate/fluorescent dyes Unfinished Wood Ninhydrin, powders, silver nitrate, physical developer Wax & Waxed Surfaces Nonmetallic powders, cyanoacrylate/fluorescent dyes Adhesive-Coated Surfaces Adhesive side powders Page 1 of 4 TERMINOLOGY IN FORENSICS Source: Evidence Technology Magazine- Written by Edward E. Hueske When improper terminology is applied to evidentiary items, confusion is introduced that can make it difficult or even impossible to interpret the case at hand. So what is the solution? The solution is for everyone in the evidence chain of custody to use the correct term for each item collected, in all associated documentation, in departmental policies and procedures, press releases, news conferences, interviews, and court testimony.
    [Show full text]
  • 218 Part 522—Implantation Or Injectable Dosage Form
    Pt. 522 21 CFR Ch. I (4–1–07 Edition) by Mycoplasma gallisepticum sensitive 522.82 Aminopropazine fumarate sterile so- to tylosin. lution injection. (iii) Limitations. Do not use in layers 522.84 Beta-aminopropionitrile fumarate. 522.88 Sterile amoxicillin trihydrate for sus- producing eggs for human consump- pension. tion; administer from 2 to 5 days as 522.90 Ampicillin implantation and sole source of drinking water; treated injectible dosage forms. turkeys should consume enough medi- 522.90a Ampicillin trihydrate sterile suspen- cated drinking water to provide 60 mil- sion. ligrams of tylosin per pound of body 522.90b Ampicillin trihydrate for sterile sus- weight per day; prepare a fresh solu- pension. tion every 3 days; when sinus swelling 522.90c Ampicillin sodium for aqueous injec- tion. is present, inject the sinus with tylosin 522.144 Arsenamide sodium aqueous injec- injectable simultaneously with the tion. drinking water treatment; do not ad- 522.147 Atipamezole. minister within 5 days of slaughter. 522.150 Azaperone injection. (3) Swine—(i) Amount. 0.25 gram per 522.161 Betamethasone acetate and gallon. betamethasone disodium phosphate aque- (ii) Indications for use. For the control ous suspension. 522.163 Betamethasone dipropionate and and treatment of swine dysentery betamethasone sodium phosphate aque- (bloody scours) caused by pathogens ous suspension. sensitive to tylosin. 522.204 Boldenone. (iii) Limitations. As only source of 522.234 Butamisole hydrochloride. drinking water for 3 to 10 days, depend- 522.246 Butorphanol tartrate injection. ing on the severity of the condition 522.275 N-Butylscopolammonium bromide. being treated: mix fresh solution daily; 522.311 Carfentanil citrate injection.
    [Show full text]