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Life of the Buddha, Early Buddhism and Indian Society with Special Life of the Buddha, Early Buddhism and Indian Society with special reference to Dīgha Nik āya and Majjhima Nik āya by Mahendradatta Jayadi A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at The International Buddhist College, Thailand October 2013 Declaration I declare that the thesis entitled “Life of the Buddha, Early Buddhism and Indian Society with special reference to Dīgha Nik āya and Majjhima Nik āya ” and the research work under the supervision of Prof. Kapila Abhayawansa and thereof represents my own work, except where due acknowledgement is made, and that it has not been previously included in a thesis, dissertation or report submitted to this University or to any other institution for a degree, diploma or other qualifications. Signed ____________________________________________ Mahendradatta Jayadi Signed ____________________________________________ Prof. Kapila Abhayawansa ii Abstract The study of P āli canon is able to reconstruct the biography of the historical Buddha, its original teaching, early Buddhism and the social life in ancient India. P āli canon contains suttas which are buddhavacana or “words spoken by the Buddha”. The Dīgha Nik āya and Majjhima Nik āya of Sutta-pi ṭaka contain many relevant suttas which can be utilised for social reconstructions purpose at the Buddha’s time, period of 7 th to 5 th century BCE. At the Buddha’s time, ancient society practised many kinds of asceticism as life goals. The emergence of Buddhism was caused by religious and non-religion factors. The religious factor was the rise of heterodox systems opposing the existing orthodox system, i.e. the Br āhma ṇa tradition defending the status quo of caste systems. Both systems were well represented by two opposing philosophical thinking dominated Indian continents, Brāhma ṇa and Śrama ṇa movements. The salient features of Br āhma ṇa tradition can be found in Br āhma ṇavagga and Śrama ṇa tradition in Paribb ājakavagga of Majjhima Nik āya . Buddha Gotama belonged to Śrama ṇa tradition and his doctrines refuted the prevalent caste system. He also promoted the law of karma and monastic life. The main non-religious factor affecting the acceptance of Buddhism was the unification of sixteen tribal countries into greater empire. The greater empire required more skilled people with higher productivity and made the caste system less influential. Buddha Gotama and its monastic institution were able to meet the needs of the society and the greater empire. Buddhism established the new social structure which recognised renouncers as non-productive and householders as productive people. The new social structure placed the br āhma ṇa into nowhere since they were householders and non-productive. Both Dīgha Nik āya and Majjhima Nik āya also outline the political geography of sixteen tribal countries, the concept of early Buddhist kingship and social economic factors in the rise of Buddhism in ancient India. The biography of historical Buddha can be reconstructed from various suttas . The Mahâpad āna Sutta of Dīgha Nik āya and Acchariya -abh ūta Sutta of Majjhima Nik āya provide the iii complete story of the Buddha’s birth. The spiritual journey in search of enlightenment may be found in Ariyapariyesana Sutta . The Mah āparinibb āna Sutta records the last days of the Buddha and also provides the concise compilation of his doctrines during his ministry. The historical Buddha propagated the Dhamma to ancient Indian society in term of ethical, religious and secular discourses. His main teachings during his ministry were: the Middle Way (majjhima pa ṭipad ā), the Four Noble Truths ( cattari ariya saccani ), the Noble Eightfold Path (ariya a ṭṭ hangika magga), the thirty-seven aids to enlightenment ( bodhipakkhiy ā dhamm ā), the three general characteristics ( ti-lakkha ṇa) and the Dependent Origination ( pa ṭicca-samupp āda ). iv Acknowledgements The successful completion of this thesis would not have been possible without the kind guidance, assistance and criticism of the following individuals and organisations. I would like to express my deep gratitude to Prof. Kapila Abhayawansa, my research supervisors, for their patient guidance, enthusiastic encouragement and useful critiques of this research work. Further I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility to complete this thesis: • International Buddhist College, Malaysia, which delivered excellent off-campus program for MA in Buddhist Studies. • Ven. Wei Wu, Founder of IBC, who motivated me for further study and initiated IBC to subsidise the course fee so that I could pursue MA in Buddhist Studies • Ms. Chiew Suan Bee, who provided assistance on administrative matters for the last three years of my postgraduate program at IBC. • Ven. Satyajit Barua, who provided assistance by looking closely at the final version of the thesis for English style and grammar, correcting both and offering suggestions for improvement to meet the IBC standards for thesis writing. • State Library of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia, where I gained access to online databases in search of academic journals in Buddhist Studies Especially, I would like to give my special thanks to my wife Lindawati, my son Kevin and my daughter Karin who accompanied, encouraged and supported me for the last three years so that I was able to complete the postgraduate program and my thesis. v Abbreviations CSCD Vipassana Research Institute. Cha ṭṭ ha Sa ṅgāyana Tipiṭaka 4.0 . Computer software, 1995. D Dīgha Nik āya Walshe, Maurice. The Long Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Dīgha Nik āya (Translated from the P āli) . Boston: Wisdom, 1995. Print. E.g. D 16.2.25 refers to Sutta 16 (which is Mah āparinibb āna Sutta ), chapter or section 2, verse 25. EB Encyclopaedia of Buddhism . Ed. Malalasekara, G. P. Colombo: Department of Buddhist Affairs, Ministry of Buddhasasana, 2003. 8 vols. Print. EBB Encyclopaedia of Buddhism . Ed. Buswell, Jr. Robert E. New York: Macmillan, 2004. Print. M Majjhima Nik āya Bodhi and Nanamoli. The Middle Length Discourses of the Buddha: A New Translation of the Majjhima Nik āya (Translated from the P āli) . Boston: Wisdom, 1995. Print. vi Table of Content Declaration ............................................................................................................................................. ii Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. iii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................ v Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................................ vi Table of Content ................................................................................................................................... vii Ch. 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Brief descriptions of Dīgha Nik āya and Majjhima Nik āya .................................................... 4 1.2 Buddhavacana and “Thus have I heard” ( eva ṃ me suta ṃ) .................................................... 6 Ch. 2: Social structure and ideological backgrounds ........................................................................... 10 2.1 Asceticism, Śrama ṇa and Br āhma ṇa movements ................................................................. 11 2.1.1 Asceticism and social structure in ancient India........................................................... 12 2.1.2 Br āhma ṇa movement in Br āhma ṇavagga ..................................................................... 18 2.1.3 Śrama ṇa movement in Paribbājakavagga ..................................................................... 19 2.2 Caste and var ṇa system ........................................................................................................ 22 2.3 Early Buddhism and Early Br āhma ṇism .............................................................................. 26 2.4 Six contemporary teachers and their teaching ...................................................................... 33 2.4.1 Pūra ṇa Kassapa (P ūra ṇa K āś yapa) ............................................................................... 35 2.4.2 Makkhali Gos āla (Maskarin Go śā līputra) .................................................................... 35 2.4.3 Ajita Kesakambal ī (Ajita Ke śakambala) ...................................................................... 38 2.4.4 Pakudha Kacc āyana (Kakuda K āty āyana) .................................................................... 39 2.4.5 Sañjaya Bela ṭṭ haputta (Sañjayin Vaira ṭṭīputra) ............................................................ 39 2.4.6 Niga ṇṭ ha N ātaputta (Nirgrantha Jñātīputra) ................................................................. 40 2.5 Monastic institution and education ....................................................................................... 45 Ch. 3: The historical Buddha ................................................................................................................ 50 3.1 The Buddha’s Life in Dīgha Nik āya and Majjhima Nik āya ................................................. 50 3.2 Lineages ...............................................................................................................................
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