Palestra Parasitismo Social De Acromyrmex Subterraneus Subterraneus Por Acromyrmex Ameliae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini)*

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Palestra Parasitismo Social De Acromyrmex Subterraneus Subterraneus Por Acromyrmex Ameliae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini)* XVIII SimpósioPALESTRA de Mirmecologia 205 PARASITISMO SOCIAL DE ACROMYRMEX SUBTERRANEUS SUBTERRANEUS POR ACROMYRMEX AMELIAE (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE: ATTINI)* I.M.F. Soares1 & T.M.C. Della Lucia2** 1Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Departamento de Educação, Av. da Gangorra, 503, CEP 48608-240, Paulo Afonso, BA, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] Parasitismo social é a coexistência, em um mesmo subterraneus têm aproximadamente 28 ovaríolos em ninho, de duas espécies de insetos sociais, uma das cada ovário com cerca de 24 ovócitos maduros em quais é parasiticamente dependente da outra cada ovaríolo (ANTUNEs et al., 2002), fêmeas de A. (HÖLLDOBLER & WILSON, 1990). Existem vários tipos de ameliae tiveram menores números de ovaríolos bem parasitismo social, sendo o inquilinismo o mais deri- como de ovócitos. Diferenças entre o número de vado. Nesse tipo de relação, as espécies parasitas ovaríolos de espécies hospedeira e parasita foram dependem inteiramente da espécie hospedeira. Ope- verificadas também por HORA et al. (2001). Eles obser- rárias podem estar presentes, mas elas são normal- varam que as microginas de E. tuberculatum têm menor mente em pequeno número e apresentam comporta- número de ovaríolos que as macroginas; entretanto, mentos limitados, ou seja, não desempenham todas nesse caso, o número de ovócitos não foi diferente as funções necessárias para a manutenção da colô- entre as fêmeas, sugerindo que ambas tenham nia. fecundidade individual similar (HORA et al., 2005). É Acromyrmex ameliae, uma parasita social de provável que o menor número de ovaríolos e ovócitos Acromyrmex subterraneus subterraneus e de Acromyrmex em A. ameliae esteja relacionado ao estilo de vida subterraneus brunneus, foi descoberta em 2003 em áreas parasita, em que a espécie necessita da força de traba- de eucalipto na Fazenda Itapoã (V & M Florestal Ltda) lho da colônia hospedeira por apresentar número de in Paraopeba, MG. operárias muito pequeno (aproximadamente 3,3%) e A. ameliae mantém com suas hospedeiras uma apenas a casta das operárias menores. relação de inquilinismo e apresenta poucas operárias O impacto negativo da espécie parasita sobre a da casta mínima (SOUZA et al., 2007). colônia hospedeira já foi relatado em algumas espé- Os caracteres usados para a distinção das operá- cies (BEKKEVOLD & BOOMSMA, 2000; PASSERA et al. 2001). rias mínimas entre A. subterraneus subterraneus e Verificou-se que a presença das rainhas parasitas, A.ameliae foram, além da presença de olhos proemi- assim como das suas operárias, não interfere de modo nentes, corpo mais rugoso, piloso e de coloração significativo na produção de ovos como observado escura, a medida externa do reservatório da glândula em A. insinuator (SUMNER et al. 2003b) e em Plagiolepsis metapleural (bulla) e a distância dela para o espiráculo, xene parasita de Plagiolepsis pygmaea (PASSERA et al. conforme metodologia usada por (SUMNER et al., 2003a) 2001), mas inibe a produção de sexuados de A. com o mesmo objetivo, para distinguir operárias pa- subterraneus subterraneus. Este fator é muito interessan- rasitas A. insinuator das operárias hospedeiras hos- te e abre uma perspectiva de controle biológico, como pedeiras A. echinatior. Estes caracteres mostraram-se já vem acontecendo com Solenopsis daguerrei que tem seguros para diferenciar operárias das duas espécies. sido considerada potencial candidata para controle O tamanho da bulla diferiu significativamente entre das formigas lava-pés (Solenopsis spp.) nos Estados as operárias das duas espécies, com a parasita apre- Unidos (CALCATERRA et al., 1999). Além disso, a espécie sentando menor reservatório e conseqüentemente parasita produz tamanha quantidade de sexuados menor produção de antibióticos e maior susceptibili- que leva ao declínio e algumas vezes à morte da dade a patógenos. A distância bulla-espiráculo foi colônia. Observou-se que a espécie hospedeira, por maior entre operárias parasitas do que entre hospe- sua vez, tenta diminuir o impacto negativo da produ- deiras. ção em massa de sexuados parasitas ao retirar ma- A espécie hospedeira põe significativamente mais chos da massa de fungo e arena de forrageamento. ovos que a parasita esta diferença está diretamente As análises dos espermatozóides de machos das correlacionada à morfologia do aparelho reprodutor duas espécies mostraram que estas células são mais das espécies. Enquanto fêmeas de A. subterraneus um caráter de diferenciação entre ambas. Acromyrmex 2Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Viçosa, MG, Brasil. *CNPq/PRONEX/FAPESB (nº 158/03). **Pós-Graduação em Entomologia. Biológico, São Paulo, v.69, suplemento 2, p.205-208, 2007 206 XVIII Simpósio de Mirmecologia subterraneus subterraneus apresenta espermatozóides uma vez que as da rainha parasita são atrativas às mais longos (105 µm) que os de A. ameliae (91,3 µm). A operárias das duas espécies e as da rainha hospedei- estrutura fina e longa dos espermatozóides das espé- ra só atraem as operárias coespecíficas. O tempo de cies aqui estudadas é similar àquela observada em invasão de ninho é fator importante e já conhecido em outros Hymenoptera (LINO-NETO et al., 1999; ZAMA et alguns insetos. As operárias de Polistes dominulus al., 2005) e especialmente em outras formigas (LINO- aceitam a nova rainha parasita Polistes nimphus quan- NETO & DOLDER, 2002). Em Hymenoptera, o compri- do esta chega seis dias após a emergência das operá- mento dos espermatozóides varia de 40 a 1500 µm. rias (CERVO et al., 2004). LENOIR et al. (2001) demonstra- Nas poucas espécies de formigas já estudadas, os ram que rainhas de P. rufescens passam por um perí- espermatozóides foram menores do que 200 µm. odo de insignificância química após a fecundação o O núcleo dos espermatozóides dos machos hospe- que facilita a tomada do ninho. Algumas horas após deiros, com 9,5 µm é muito fino e afila uniformemente a fecundação essa característica é perdida e a rainha desde a base. O diâmetro é constante ao longo de todo dulótica é agredida. A maior atratividade dos com- o espermatozóide, exceto no final quando afila abrup- postos da glândula de Dufour por coespecíficos con- tamente. Já na espécie parasita, o núcleo apresentou firma que a composição é espécie específica como já comprimento médio de 7 µm e diâmetro aproximada- observado em outras formigas (BILLEN et al., 1983; mente constante, mas afilando abruptamente a partir BILLEN, 1993). A glândula de Dufour está realmente do terço anterior. Em Atta bisphaerica o comprimento associada ao parasitismo social das espécies aqui nuclear tem o mesmo comprimento que o núcleo dos estudadas, uma vez que as operárias parasitas são espermatozóides de A. subterraneus subterraneus. Ain- atraídas exclusivamente para os compostos de A. da, os espermatozóides de Solenopsis invicta medem ameliae, enquanto os de ambas as rainhas atraem as apenas 70 µm e o núcleo, curiosamente, 13 µm (LINO- operárias hospedeiras mesmo em colônias órfãs. O NETO & DOLDER, 2002), sendo o maior já encontrado comportamento de repelência apresentado por A. dentro da família Formicidae. ameliae, quando exposta ao odor da hospedeira, tal- O sucesso do parasitismo depende tanto da habi- vez seja um indício de que esta glândula tenha um lidade da rainha parasita entrar quanto de permane- papel importante no reconhecimento entre os mem- cer no ninho. Para isso, a síntese de substâncias bros da colônia na espécie hospedeira, pois a químicas por algumas glândulas exerce um papel atratividade entre indivíduos é uma das funções dos fundamental. Rainhas Polyergus têm um feromônio compostos da glândula de Dufour (BILLEN, 1993). em sua glândula de Dufour para reduzir a agressão É provável que, além dos compostos eliminados das operárias quando elas atacam a rainha Formica. por glândulas para facilitar a invasão da colônia pela Esta é uma das glândulas mais estudadas em rainha parasita e sua posterior permanência, menor parasitismo que se apresenta hipertrofiada nas espé- quantidade de compostos cuticulares tenham impor- cies parasitas (HÖLLDOBLER & WILSON, 1990). Os acetatos tância nesses processos. Menor quantidade de liberados dessa glândula em parasitas têm uma im- hidrocarbonetos cuticulares já foram observados em portante função nos ataques dos ninhos, atuando espécies parasitas dulóticas (D’ETTORRE et al., 2002) e como um persistente sinal de alarme que atrai as recentemente na inquilina A. insinuator (LAMBARDi et dulóticas, mas causa pânico e dispersa as defensoras. al., 2007). Em A. ameliae, as rainhas tiveram menor Esse comportamento foi denominado de “propagan- quantidade de hidrocarbonetos cuticulares que rai- da”. Essa glândula tem diferentes funções na ordem nhas A. subterraneus subterraneus, entretanto ao contrá- Hymenoptera. Nas formigas está associada a produ- rio do esperado maior quantidade de compostos ção de feromônios de apaziguamento, de alarme, cuticulares foram encontrados em operárias e larvas recrutamento, trilha e atração sexual; produção de da parasita. Pode ser que a cutícula mais rugosa e substância propaganda, atração entre indivíduos, pilosa das operárias parasitas facilite a maior reten- marcação de território, entre outros (BILLEN, 1993; ção dos hidrocarbonetos cuticulares do que a cutícula BRANDT et al., 2006). lisa das operárias hospedeiras. No que diz respeito às Foi observado em A. ameliae que a aceitação e larvas, maiores investigações se fazem necessárias, permanência da rainha parasita no ninho hospedei- uma vez que LAMBARDI et al. (2007) observaram que as ro estão associadas
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