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A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Korku [Kfq] Language Area

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A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Korku [Kfq] Language Area Digital Resources Journal of Language Survey Report 2021-040 A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Korku [kfq] Language Area James Stahl A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Korku [kfq] Language Area James Stahl Researchers Noel Kotian, Yashoda Kotian, Harold Waghela, Sheela Waghela, Raja Mohan Doss, Jonathan Chavan, J. Ganespandy, Prabakar, Ramouya, David Doss, Pravin, Rambao, Calvin Rensch, Carolyn Rensch, Frank Blair, Charles Meeker SIL International® 2021 Journal of Language Survey Report 2021-040 2021 SIL International® ISSN: 2766-9327 As a peer-reviewed journal for original research articles, SIL Electronic Survey Reports (ISSN: 1559-1417) has been well-known since 1999. The SIL journal title was changed to Journal of Language Survey Reports, starting with the first issue in 2021. Fair-Use Policy: Documents published in the Journal of Language Survey Reports series are intended for scholarly research and educational use. You may make copies of these publications for research or instructional purposes (under fair use guidelines) free of charge and without further permission. Republication or commercial use of Journal of Language Survey Reports or the documents contained therein is expressly prohibited without the written consent of the copyright holder. Orphan Works Note: Data and materials collected by researchers in an era before documentation of permission was standardized may be included in this publication. SIL makes diligent efforts to identify and acknowledge sources and to obtain appropriate permissions wherever possible, acting in good faith and on the best information available at the time of publication. Series Editor Angela Kluge Managing Editor Eric Kindberg Copy Editor Eleanor J. McAlpine Compositor Bonnie Waswick Abstract The Korku people live in villages primarily in hilly tracts but also in the plains of northern Maharashtra and southern Madhya Pradesh. They rarely occupy an entire village but usually live in the same villages as other ethnic or caste groups, such as Gowlis, Gowlans, Bhalays, Gonds, Nihals, and Bhils. They speak a Munda language, unrelated to the Indo-Aryan or Dravidian languages of their neighbors or to Hindi and Marathi, the regional languages of the area. There are three principal dialects of the Korku [kfq] language: Ruma, Bondoy, and Bouriya. This survey was carried out in three periods between December 1984 April 1986. The goals were to • discover the location and population of communities in northern Maharashtra and south-central Madhya Pradesh that use Korku dialects as the traditional mother tongue; • investigate which other languages are found within the Amravati district of Maharashtra; • measure the degree of linguistic similarity and mutual intelligibility among the Korku dialects used in the various communities; • investigate the extent to which speakers of Korku, Gowlan [goj], and Gowli [gok] are bilingual in Marathi [mar] and Hindi [hin] (the regional languages); and to • investigate language use and language attitudes in the Korku, Gowlan, and Gowli communities. The survey was conducted in Amravati, Akola, and Buldana districts of (northern) Maharashtra, and Betul, East Nimar, Hoshangabad, Chhindwara, and Dewas districts of Madhya Pradesh, all areas where Korkus live. The survey has confirmed the need for language and literature development in Korku. Possibly a second literature development project is needed for Gowlan speakers. Further testing is needed to verify that need. (This survey report, written some time ago deserves to be made available even at this late date. Conditions were such that it was not published when originally written. The reader is cautioned that more recent research may be available. Historical data is quite valuable as it provides a basis for a longitudinal analysis and helps us understand both the trajectory and pace of change as compared with more recent studies—Editor.) Contents 1 Introduction: Background information 2 Survey goals and summary of the findings 2.1 Goals of the survey 2.2 Summary of findings 2.2.1 Introduction 2.2.2 Dialect intelligibility testing 2.2.3 Bilingualism 2.2.4 Language attitudes 2.2.5 Language use 3 Dialect area studies 3.1 Dialect intelligibility testing 3.1.1 Methodology 3.1.2 Dialect intelligibility scores 3.2 Wordlists 3.3 Conclusion 4 Bilingualism 4.1 Methodology 4.2 Results 4.2.1 Korku 4.2.2 Gowlan 5 Language attitudes 5.1 Methodology 5.2 Results 5.2.1 Korku 5.2.2 Gowlan 6 Language use 6.1 Methodology 6.2 Results 6.2.1 Korku 6.2.2 Gowlan 7 Recommendations 7.1 Language development 7.2 Further survey 7.2.1 Korku 7.2.2 Nihali 7.2.3 Gowlan 7.2.4 Gowli 7.2.5 Bhalay 7.2.6 Lohari 7.2.7 Gondi 7.3 General recommendations 7.4 Conclusion Appendix A: Intelligibility Test Scores Appendix B: Bilingualism Test Scores Appendix C: Bilingualism Self-Assessment Appendix D: Language Use/Language Attitude Appendix E: Korku Survey Travelogue Appendix F: Wordlists Appendix G: Bibliography of Alternative Sources References iv 1 Introduction: Background information The Korku people live in villages primarily in hilly tracts but also in the plains of northern Maharashtra and southern Madhya Pradesh. They rarely occupy an entire village but usually live in the same villages as other ethnic or caste groups, such as Gowlis, Gowlans, Bhalays, Gonds, Nihals, and Bhils. Korku [kfq] is a Munda [unx] language, unrelated to the Indo-Aryan or Dravidian languages of their neighbors or to Hindi [hin] and Marathi [mar], the regional languages of the area. There are three principal dialects of the Korku language: Ruma, Bondoy, and Bouriya. The Linguistic Survey of India (Grierson 1906) reports that a fourth, Mawasi, is spoken in Chhindwara district. One Mawasi wordlist was collected from Amdhana, Betul district, Madhya Pradesh. Unfortunately, we have no recorded text from that area. We have not been able to locate a significant group of speakers of Mawasi Korku. Parmar in Folktales of Pradesh (1972:83) reports another dialect, Korku Parsi. According to one Korku speaker from Khanapur, Korku Parsi is spoken in Bori, Betul district. However, our studies have not identified a separate dialect in that area which might be called Korku Parsi, unless it is an alternate name for a dialect already identified by another name. Ruma Korkus are found primarily in Amravati district, Maharashtra and in the southern portion of Betul district in Madhya Pradesh. Ruma Korkus are also found in Buldana and Akola districts of Maharashtra and in East Nimar district of Madhya Pradesh. Bouriya Korkus are found north of Betul city and in the Hoshangabad district of Madhya Pradesh. Bondoy Korkus are found living around the city of Betul. The Korkus, as an entire group, number 67,742 in Maharashtra and 182,893 in Madhya Pradesh according to the 1971 Government of India census (Office of the Registrar General 1972). The numbers from the Classified State Bibliography of Linguistic Research on Indian Languages (Geetha 1983), are higher than the census tables, although the source of the tables is not stated. The tables show 221,960 in Madhya Pradesh and 85,312 in Maharashtra (Geetha 1983:59). Another language of mixed or unknown origin (influenced by the Dravidian, Indo-Aryan, and Munda families) is Nihali [nll]. In a comparison of 210 words, only 25 percent were found to have any similarity to any of the words in the Korku wordlists. Nihals live in the districts of Buldana, Akola, East Nimar, and Amravati in separate Nihali-speaking villages and also within predominantly Korku villages. According to Geetha (1983), they number 1,167 in India, of which 478 live in Madhya Pradesh and 689 live in Maharashtra. The Gowlis and Gowlans are two other groups living in the area. They speak languages belonging to the Indo-Aryan language family. Both groups report themselves as belonging to the Gowli caste. Both are found in the Amravati district, Maharashtra. Gowlans are also found as far north as Hoshangabad district, Madhya Pradesh and are reported to live as far south as northern Karnataka (personal communication from Trevor Locke). A Gowli speaker, who formerly lived in Madhya Pradesh but who has now immigrated to Maharashtra, reports that there is some difference in the dialects spoken in those two states. Also living in the Amravati district are members of the Bhalay and Lohari castes. Bhalays comprise up to 40 percent of the population of some villages in the district, but we have no evidence of a village composed entirely of Bhalay people. Loharis are a very small minority in the area. The latest edition of Ethnologue (Grimes 1984:390) reports that Gade Lohars are a nomadic blacksmith group living all over northwest and north central India. This sociolinguistic survey of the Korku language area was conducted by a team led by Noel Kotian. Noel, Yashoda Kotian, J. Ganespandy, Harold Waghela, Sheela Waghela, Jonathan Chavan, and Raja Mohan Doss collected a large amount of the data. This team also gave hospitality, provided information concerning Korku culture and language, and introduced the technical team of Frank Blair, Charlie Meeker, Jim Stahl, Calvin Rensch, and Carolyn Rensch to the Korku communities. Community leader Ramouya, David Doss, Mr. Pravin, Mr. Rambao, and community leader Prabakar also introduced the technical team to the Korku communities, gave hospitality, and provided information concerning Korku language and culture. The field work of the survey was started December 1984 to February 1985, continued from October to December 1985, and was completed in April 1986. 1 2 2 Survey goals and summary of the findings 2.1 Goals of the survey 1. To discover the location and population of communities in northern Maharashtra and south-central Madhya Pradesh that use Korku dialects as the traditional mother tongue. 2. To investigate which other languages are found within the Amravati district of Maharashtra. 3. To measure the degree of linguistic similarity and mutual intelligibility among the Korku dialects used in the various communities.
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