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Understanding Cancer Tutorial Information for Teachers

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Understanding Cancer Tutorial Information for Teachers Understanding Cancer Tutorial Information for Teachers Understanding Cancer Tutorial • This tutorial was adapted from the Understanding Cancer: Cancer Tutorial available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/ understandingcancer/cancer • There are two forms for this PPT: – Teacher Presentation version (with a script) – Student Handout version (if printing, specify black/ white on print menu) R Understanding Cancer Tutorial Information for Teachers • The National Cancer Institute has produced a series of cancer related PowerPoint tutorials. These are available as downloadable format at http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/ understandingcancer. • Each PowerPoint in this series includes a teacher script. Once these have been downloaded, you may modify the slide show and print student handouts. R Understanding Cancer Teacher Information Developed by: Lewis J. Kleinsmith, Ph.D. Donna Kerrigan, M.S. Jeanne Kelly Brian Hollen Discusses and illustrates what cancer is, explains the link between genes and cancer, and discusses what is known about the causes, detection, and diagnosis of the disease. These PowerPoint slides are not locked files. You can mix and match slides from different tutorials as you prepare your own lectures. In the Notes section, you will find explanations of the graphics. The art in this tutorial is copyrighted and may not be reused for commercial gain. Please do not remove the NCI logo or the copyright mark from any slide. These tutorials may be copied only if they are distributed free of charge for educational purposes. R Cancer R Understanding Cancer Developed by: Lewis J. Kleinsmith, Ph.D. Donna Kerrigan, M.S. Jeanne Kelly Brian Hollen Discusses and illustrates what cancer is, explains the link between genes and cancer, and discusses what is known about the causes, detection, and diagnosis of the disease. R What are some different kinds of cancer? Bloodstream Lung Breast (women) Lymph nodes Colon Bladder Prostate (men) Fat Bone Muscle R What are some different kinds of cancer? Leukemias: Carcinomas: Bloodstream Lung Lymphomas: Breast (women) Lymph nodes Colon Bladder Prostate (men) Sarcomas: Fat Bone Muscle R What are some different kinds of cancer? Cancer Prefixes Point to Location Prefix Meaning adeno- gland chondro- cartilage erythro- red blood cell hemangio- blood vessels hepato- liver lipo- fat lympho- lymphocyte melano- pigment cell myelo- bone marrow myo- muscle osteo- bone R How are Normal and Cancer Cell Division Different? Normal cell division Cancer cell division R How are Normal and Cancer Cell Division Different? Normal cell division Cell Suicide or Apoptosis Cell damage— no repair Cancer cell division First Second Third Fourth or mutation mutation mutation later mutation R Uncontrolled growth How are normal and cancer growth different? R How are normal and cancer growth different? Normal Growth Dead cells shed from outer surface Epidermis Cell migration Dividing cells in basal layer Dermis R How are normal and cancer growth different? The Beginning of Cancerous Growth Underlying tissue R How are normal and cancer growth different? Tumors (Neoplasms) Underlying tissue R How are normal and cancer growth different? Invasion Cancer cells grow into surrounding tissues and blood vessels Metastasis Cancer cells are transported by the circulatory system to distant sites Cancer cells reinvade and grow at new location R What is the difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor? Benign Malignant Time R What is the difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor? Benign (not cancer) Malignant (cancer) tumor cells grow cells invade only locally and cannot neighboring tissues, spread by invasion or enter blood vessels, metastasis and metastasize to different sites Time R Why are malignant tumors dangerous? R Why are malignant tumors dangerous? Brain Melanoma cells travel through bloodstream Liver Melanoma (initial tumor) R What is cancer screening? R Why is cancer screening important? R Why is cancer screening important? Early Cancer May Not Have Any Symptoms R What are some types of cancer screening? R What are some types of cancer screening? Cervical Cancer Screening (Pap Smear) Normal Pap smear Abnormal Pap smear R What are some types of cancer screening? Breast Cancer Screening (Mammogram) R What are some types of cancer screening? Prostate and Ovarian Cancer Screening (Blood Tests) R What are some types of cancer screening? Colon Cancer Screening Fecal Occult Blood Test and Colonoscopy R How is cancer diagnosed? R What is a biopsy? How is the biopsy analyzed? R What is a biopsy? How is the biopsy analyzed? Pathology Proteomic profile Patient’s tissue sample or blood sample Genomic profile R What does a pathologist look for examining biopsy tissue? R What does a pathologist look for examining biopsy tissue? R What does a pathologist look for when he examines biopsy tissue with a microscope? Carcinoma in Mild situ (severe Cancer Hyperplasia dysplasia dysplasia) (invasive) Normal R What does a pathologist look for when he/she examines biopsy tissue with a microscope? Normal Hyperplasia Mild Carcinoma in dysplasia situ (severe dysplasia) Cancer (invasive) R What is the relationship between tumor grade and patient survival? General Relationship Between Tumor Grade and Prognosis 100% Low grade I or II Patient Survival Rate High grade III or IV 1 2 3 4 5 Years R What is the relationship between tumor grade and patient prognosis? Low grade Patient I or II Survival Rate High grade III or IV Years R What does Stage III cancer mean? Five-Year Survival Rates for Patients with Melanoma (by stage) 100% 50% I II III Stage at Time of Initial Diagnosis R What does Stage III cancer mean? Five-Year Survival Rates for Patients with Melanoma (by stage) 100% Stage III Cancer 50% I II III Stage at Time of Initial Diagnosis R What Causes Cancer? R What Causes Cancer? Some viruses or bacteria Some chemicals Radiation Heredity Diet Hormones R How could you explain the differences in the cancer incidence in different countries? R Population-Based Studies Regions of Highest Incidence U.K.: Lung cancer JAPAN: Stomach cancer CANADA: Leukemia U.S.: CHINA: Colon Liver cancer cancer BRAZIL: Cervical AUSTRALIA: cancer Skin cancer R Is the incidence of these cancers due to genes, behavior, or environmental risk? 100 Colon Cancer 100 Stomach Cancer 70 50 7 5 0 0 Japan Japanese U.S. Japan Japanese U.S. families families in U.S. in U.S. R Is the incidence of these cancers due to genes behavior, or environmental risk? Colon Cancer Stomach Cancer (Number of new cases (Number of new cases per 100,000 people) per 100,000 people) 100 100 70 50 7 5 0 0 Japan Japanese U.S. Japan Japanese U.S. families families in U.S. in U.S. R What increases peoples’ risk of cancer? Sunshine X-ray R What increases peoples’ risk of cancer? Some Carcinogenic Chemicals in Tobacco Smoke R What increases peoples’ risk of cancer? 20-Year Lag Time Between Smoking and Lung Cancer Cigarette consumption (men) 4000 Cigarettes 150 Smoked Lung per Person 3000 cancer (men) Lung Cancer per Year 100 Deaths (per 100,000 people) 2000 50 1000 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 Year R What increases peoples’ risk of cancer? Low Strength (Ultraviolet) Radiation High Dallas Skin Cancer Incidence Pittsburgh Detroit Low Least Most Annual Sunshine (UV radiation) R What increases peoples’ risk of cancer? High-Strength (Atomic) Radiation High Leukemia Incidence Low Least Most X-ray Dose (atomic radiation) R What increases peoples’ risk of cancer? Viruses Virus inserts and changes genes for cell growth Cancer-linked virus R What increases peoples’ risk of cancer? Some Viruses Associated with Human Cancers R What increases peoples’ risk of cancer? Without disease HIV infection Depressed immune system KSHV infection Kaposi’s sarcoma R What increases peoples’ risk of cancer? Bacteria and Stomach Cancer Patient’s H. pylori tissue sample R What increases peoples’ risk of cancer? All Breast Cancer Patients Inherited factor(s) Other factor(s) R What increases peoples’ risk of cancer? Inherited Conditions That Increase Risk for Cancer R How do you know if you have genes that make getting cancer more likely? Genetic Testing R How do you know if you have genes that make getting cancer more likely? Genetic Testing R What happens to genes to cause cancer? R What happens to genes to cause cancer? Viruses Chemicals Radiation Heredity Chromosomes are DNA R molecules What happens to genes to cause cancer? Chemical bases A T C G DNA molecule R What happens to genes to cause cancer? DNA C A A G C T A A C T DNA Normal gene Mutations C A A G C G A A C T Single base change C A A G G C G C T A A C T Additions C T C A A G A A C T Deletions R How do mutations in oncogenes lead to cancer? Growth factor Receptor Signaling enzymes Transcription factors Cell nucleus DNA Cell proliferation R How do mutations in oncogenes lead to cancer? Normal cell Normal genes regulate cell growth Oncogenes Cancer cell accelerate cell growth and division Mutated/damaged oncogene R How do mutations in oncogenes lead to cancer? Normal Growth-Control Pathway Growth factor Receptor Signaling enzymes Transcription factors DNA Cell nucleus Cell proliferation R How do mutations in oncogenes lead to cancer? Inactive growth factor receptor Inactive intracellular signaling protein Signaling protein from active oncogene Activated gene regulatory protein Transcription Cell proliferation driven by R internal oncogene signaling How do mutations in tumor suppressor genes lead to cancer? Tumor Suppressor Gene Proteins Signaling enzymes
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