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Introduction the Waldegrave Initiative Is the Name Given to a Policy Introduced in 1992 by Lord Waldegrave, an English Conservat
Introduction The Waldegrave Initiative is the name given to a policy introduced in 1992 by Lord Waldegrave, an English Conservative politician who served in the British Cabinet from 1990 – 1997. Under this policy, all government departments were encouraged to re-examine what had been previously regarded as particularly sensitive records, with the objective of declassifying a greater quantity of information. This initiative is widely regarded as the precursor to the UK’s Freedom of Information Act 2000, and it set a precedent of declassification across Western democracies. The Special Operations Executive (SOE) was a secret British organisation formed 22 July 1940 by Winston Churchill to conduct espionage, sabotage, and reconnaissance in occupied Europe against the Axis powers as well as to aid local resistance movements. As Mark Seaman put it, the SOE was formed to “foster occupied Europe’s resistance groups” and ensure that “Nazi occupation wasn’t an easy thing”.1 It operated in all countries or former countries occupied by or attacked by the Axis forces, except where demarcation lines were agreed with Britain's principal allies – namely the Soviet Union and the United States of America. Initially it was also involved in the formation of the Auxiliary Units, a top secret "stay-behind" resistance organisation, which would have been activated in the event of a German invasion of mainland Britain.2 To those who were part of the SOE or liaised with it, it was sometimes referred to as "the Baker Street Irregulars" (after the location of its London headquarters). It was also known as "Churchill's Secret Army" or the "Ministry of Ungentlemanly Warfare". -
Early Forms of Long-Distance Communication
EARLY FORMS OF LONG-DISTANCE COMMUNICATION In this material, you will learn about Telegraphy, Telephone and GSM architecture Before the development of the electric telegraph in the 19th century revolutionized how information was transmitted across long distances, ancient civilizations such as those in China, Egypt and Greece used drumbeats or smoke signals to exchange information between far-flung points. However, such methods were limited by the weather and the need for an uninterrupted line of sight between receptor points. These limitations also lessened the effectiveness of the semaphore, a modern precursor to the electric telegraph. Developed in the early 1790s, the semaphore consisted of a series of hilltop stations that each had large movable arms to signal letters and numbers and two telescopes with which to see the other stations. Like ancient smoke signals, the semaphore was susceptible to weather and other factors that hindered visibility. A different method of transmitting information was needed to make regular and reliable long-distance communication workable. Did You Know? SOS, the internationally recognized distress signal, does not stand for any particular words. Instead, the letters were chosen because they are easy to transmit in Morse code: "S" is three dots, and "O" is three dashes. The Electric Telegraph In the early 19th century, two developments in the field of electricity opened the door to the production of the electric telegraph. First, in 1800, the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta (1745-1827) invented the battery, which reliably stored an electric current and allowed the current to be used in a controlled environment. Second, in 1820, the Danish physicist Hans Christian Oersted (1777-1851) demonstrated the connection between electricity and magnetism by deflecting a magnetic needle with an electric current. -
A Concise History of Fort Monmouth, New Jersey and the U.S
A CONCISE HISTORY OF FORT MONMOUTH, NEW JERSEY AND THE U.S. ARMY CECOM LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT COMMAND Prepared by the Staff of the CECOM LCMC Historical Office U.S. Army CECOM Life Cycle Management Command Fort Monmouth, New Jersey Fall 2009 Design and Layout by CTSC Visual Information Services, Myer Center Fort Monmouth, New Jersey Visit our Website: www.monmouth.army.mil/historian/ When asked to explain a loyalty that time had not been able to dim, one of the Camp Vail veterans said shyly, "The place sort of gets into your blood, especially when you have seen it grow from nothing into all this. It keeps growing and growing, and you want to be part of its growing pains." Many of the local communities have become very attached to Fort Monmouth because of the friendship instilled...not for just a war period but for as long as...Fort Monmouth...will inhabit Monmouth County. - From “A Brief History of the Beginnings of the Fort Monmouth Radio Laboratories,” Rebecca Klang, 1942 FOREWORD The name “Monmouth” has been synonymous with the defense of freedom since our country’s inception. Scientists, engineers, program managers, and logisticians here have delivered technological breakthroughs and advancements to our Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen, Marines, and Coast Guardsmen for almost a century. These innovations have included the development of FM radio and radar, bouncing signals off the moon to prove the feasibility of extraterrestrial radio communication, the use of homing pigeons through the late-1950s, frequency hopping tactical radios, and today’s networking capabilities supporting our troops in Overseas Contingency Operations. -
The Ieee North Jersey Section Newsletter
1 PUBLICATION OF THE NORTH JERSEY SECTION OF THE INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS THE IEEE NORTH JERSEY SECTION NEWSLETTER Vol. 60, No. 2 FEBRUARY 2013 Calendar of Events • February 6, 10:30 AM to 4:30 PM: FCC Workshop on Network Resiliency Read More… Location: Brooklyn Law School, 22nd floor, Forchelli Center, Feil Hall, 205 State Street, Brooklyn, NY 11201, Getting to Brooklyn Law School NY Contact: Prof. Henning Schulzrinne, CTO, FCC and/or Adriaan J. van Wijngaarden, ([email protected]) • February 6, 5:00 PM to 7:00 PM: AP/MTT - The Evolution of Low Noise Devices and Amplifiers - Dr. Edward Niehenke of Niehenke Consulting Read More… Location: NJIT - ECE 202, 161 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07102 Getting to NJIT Contact: Dr. Ajay Kumar Poddar (201)-560-3806, ([email protected]), Prof. Edip Niver (973)596-3542, ([email protected]) • February 6, 6:00 PM to 8:45 PM: IEEE North Jersey Section EXCOM meeting - Clifton, NJ Read More… Location: Clifton Public Library - Allwood Branch, Activity Room, 44 Lyall Road, Clifton, NJ 07012, Getting to Clifton Library Contact: Russell Pepe ([email protected]), Chris Peckham [email protected] and/or Adriaan J. van Wijngaarden, ([email protected]) • February 8, 9:00 AM to 2:00 PM: The PES and IAS Chapters: Batteries - Andrew Sagl of Megger Read More… Location: PSE&G - Hadley Road Facility, Auditorium, 4000 Hadley Road, South Plainfield, NJ 07080 Getting to PSE&G Contact: Ronald W. Quade, P.E ([email protected]), Ken Oexle ([email protected]) • February 12, 6:00 PM to 7:30 PM IEEE Control System Society - Feedback, Control and Dynamic Networks – Prof. -
History in the Computing Curriculum 6000 BC to 1899 AD
History in the Computing Curriculum Appendix A1 6000 BC to 1899 AD 6000 B.C. [ca]: Ishango bone type of tally stick in use. (w) 4000-1200 B.C.: Inhabitants of the first known civilization in Sumer keep records of commercial transactions on clay tablets. (e) 3000 B.C.: The abacus is invented in Babylonia. (e) 1800 B.C.: Well-developed additive number system in use in Egypt. (w) 1300 B.C.: Direct evidence exists as to the Chinese using a positional number system. (w) 600 B.C. [ca.]: Major developments start to take place in Chinese arithmetic. (w) 250-230 B.C.: The Sieve of Eratosthenes is used to determine prime numbers. (e) 213 B.C.: Chi-Hwang-ti orders all books in China to be burned and scholars to be put to death. (w) 79 A.D. [ca.]: "Antikythera Device," when set correctly according to latitude and day of the week, gives alternating 29- and 30-day lunar months. (e) 800 [ca.]: Chinese start to use a zero, probably introduced from India. (w) 850 [ca.]: Al-Khowarizmi publishes his "Arithmetic." (w) 1000 [ca.]: Gerbert describes an abacus using apices. (w) 1120: Adelard of Bath publishes "Dixit Algorismi," his translation of Al-Khowarizmi's "Arithmetic." (w) 1200: First minted jetons appear in Italy. (w) 1202: Fibonacci publishes his "Liber Abaci." (w) 1220: Alexander De Villa Dei publishes "Carmen de Algorismo." (w) 1250: Sacrobosco publishes his "Algorismus Vulgaris." (w) 1300 [ca.]: Modern wire-and-bead abacus replaces the older Chinese calculating rods. (e,w) 1392: Geoffrey Chaucer publishes the first English-language description on the uses of an astrolabe. -
VOLUME II Public School Code of 1949 Goods and Services
Public School Code of 1949 Goods and Services Expenditures Fiscal Year 2015-2016 VOLUME II Temple University Financial Disclosure Report Purchase of Goods and Services Contracts Notes and Definitions The following report provides the required disclosures for reporting the purchase of goods and services contracts. The University’s Banner Finance System does not include data enabling the distinction between the purchases of goods and services. Therefore, a single report is provided that includes both. Expenditures are categorized in the attached report using the following categories: General Supplies & Services: o General supplies, expendable equipment and software. Health Service Programs: o Animal lab, professional billing and other outside professional services. Insurance: o Malpractice, property, general liability, and employees insurances. Interest & Taxes: o Bond interest, real estate tax and debt service costs. Library: o Books, electronic periodicals, subscriptions and film. Professional Fees & Contracts: o Auditing, legal and collection fees and subcontracts. Property, Plant & Equipment: o Capital equipment, buildings and building improvements. Rent: o Equipment, building and office rentals. Repairs & Maintenance: o Equipment repair, maintenance of buildings and grounds. Telecommunications: o Telephone equipment, data communications and cellular services. Travel: o Travel agency fees, foreign and domestic travel expenses. Utilities: o Electric, gas, water, sewer, steam, chilled water and other miscellaneous utilities expenses. Each entry provides the category into which the purchase falls, the vendor name and address and the amount of the purchase. There is no more than one entry per vendor for a single category within a responsibility center. Purchases of goods and services in the Disclosure Report include those which equal or exceed $1,000 for each vendor from all Budgeted Operating Funds including Temple University Physicians. -
The Virus House -
David Irving The Virus House - F FOCAL POINT Copyright © by David Irving Electronic version copyright © by Parforce UK Ltd. All rights reserved No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. Copies may be downloaded from our website for research purposes only. No part of this publication may be commercially reproduced, copied, or transmitted save with written permission in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act (as amended). Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. To Pilar is the son of a Royal Navy commander. Imper- fectly educated at London’s Imperial College of Science & Tech- nology and at University College, he subsequently spent a year in Germany working in a steel mill and perfecting his fluency in the language. In he published The Destruction of Dresden. This became a best-seller in many countries. Among his thirty books (including three in German), the best-known include Hitler’s War; The Trail of the Fox: The Life of Field Marshal Rommel; Accident, the Death of General Sikorski; The Rise and Fall of the Luftwaffe; Göring: a Biography; and Nuremberg, the Last Battle. The second volume of Churchill's War appeared in and he is now completing the third. His works are available as free downloads at www.fpp.co.uk/books. Contents Author’s Introduction ............................. Solstice.......................................................... A Letter to the War Office ........................ The Plutonium Alternative....................... An Error of Consequence ......................... Item Sixteen on a Long Agenda............... Freshman................................................... Vemork Attacked..................................... -
Notes for EECS 120, Sp 2002
Notes for EECS 120, Sp 2002 Pravin Varaiya January 27, 2002 Chapter 1 Communication system Transmitter Receiver m x x y m power T R ym y modulator channel amplifier demodulator amplifier received source carrier modulated transmitted received baseband baseband signal, signal signal signal signal signal 2πω t e c channel ω |M(ω)| |XT( )| ω ω −ω ω c c Figure 1.1: Basic components of a communication system. Figure 1.1 indicates the basic components of a communication system. The source signal m ∈ ContSignals is a baseband signal. The modulator transforms this signal into the signal xm ∈ ContSignals whose frequency spectrum is centered around the carrier frequency ωc rad/sec. The power amplifier boosts the amplitude of xm to a level sufficient for transmission. The transmitted signal xT propagates through the channel. The output of the channel is the received signal yR. The receiver amplifies this signal to ym. The demodulator processes it and the final received signal is y. A well-designed communication system should have y ≈ m. The FCC assigns a particular part of the electromagnetic spectrum—called a channel—to each station. The modulator transforms the baseband signal x into the signal xm whose spectrum Xm fits inside the station’s channel, as shown in the lower part of the figure. For example, the AM station KCBS is assigned the 10 kHz-wide channel, 740 ± 5 kHz, while the FM station KQED is assigned the 200 kHz-wide channel 88.5 ± 0.1 MHz. KRON TV is assigned the 6 MHz-wide channel, 66-72 MHz, called channel # 4. -
Telephone Two Inventors, Elisha Grey and Alexander Graham Bell, Independently Designed Devices to Transmit Electrically Speech (The Telephone)
In 1825 William Sturgeon had exhibited the electro-magnet. In 1830 Joseph Henry showed how Sturgeon's device helped with long-distance communication to strike a bell. This was the beginning of the electric telegraph proper and it was exploited very successfully by Samuel F B Morse, who with Alfred Vail developed in 1838 a simple tap key through a series of dots and dashes now known as the Morse Code. Telegraph quickly spread across Europe and the USAand many improvements were developed over the century. http://en.wikipedia.org/wikilElectrical telegraph http://www.telegraph-office.com/ http://mysite.du.edu/'''jcalvert/tel/morse/morse.htm#C http://mysite.du.edu/'''jcalvert/tel/morse/morse.htm http://www.sparkmuseum.com/TELEGRAPH.HTM S'II""''lJAnD \\'1[U~Lm;~ I,"~. http://www.juliantrubin.com/bigten/morsetelegraph.html Telephone Two inventors, Elisha Grey and Alexander Graham Bell, independently designed devices to transmit electrically speech (the telephone). Bell won the race to patent the device. Competition is fierce as the following shows: • 11 February 1876 - Gray invents a liquid transmitter for use with a telephone but does not build one. • 14 February 1876 - Elisha Gray files a patent caveat for transmitting the human voice through a telegraphic circuit. • 14 February 1876 - Alexander 'Bell applies for the patent "Improvements in Telegraphy", for electromagnetic telephones using undulating currents. • 19 February 1876 - Gray is notified by the U.S. Patent Office of an interference between his caveat and Bell's patent application. Gray decides to abandon his caveat. • 7 March 1876 - Bellis U.S. patent 174,465 "Improvement in Telegraphy" is granted, covering "the method of, and apparatus for, transmitting vocal or other sounds telegraphically .. -
A Little More About and Around the Morse Code
1 A LITTLE MORE ABOUT AND AROUND THE MORSE CODE Featuring Samuel Finley Breese MORSE (left), Alfred VAIL (middle) and… Friedrich Clemens GERKE (right) 1. Shall we say the Morse code, or should we call it the Vail code? And where does Gerke comes in? (see point 2). A controversy exists over the role of each in the invention of the code. Vail and Morse certainly collaborated in the invention of the Morse telegraph and almost certainly in the final form of the code. But it is clear that the basic ideas came from Morse, years before Vail became, in 1837, his assistant. So, perhaps we should say that Morse was the inspirer, and Vail the man who brought out their final version. Here are some observations in this regard. > During his voyage home to New York in 1832 on the Sully, Samuel Morse first conceived the idea of the electromagnetic telegraph during his conversations with another passenger, Dr Charles T. Jackson of Boston, a twenty-eight-year-old physician with a Harvard M.D. Below you see the reproduction of some drawings in Morse’s notebook, in which he has noted down during this voyage some of his first ideas about a telegraph machine. He originally devised a cipher code (digits 0…9), similar to that used in existing semaphore line telegraphs, by which words were assigned three- or four-digit numbers and entered into a codebook. The sending operator converted words to these number groups and the receiving operator converted them back to words using this codebook. Morse spent several months compiling this code dictionary. -
2019 Vendor Invoice Summary Report
Vendor Invoice Summary Payment Date Range 01/01/19 - 12/31/19 Sort By Vendor Vendor Number of Invoices Total Invoice Amount 8613 - 110 ROD & GUN CLUB INC 1 3,500.00 9588 - 911 UNIFORMS 147 152,699.00 1041 - A & T HEALTHCARE LLC 4 4,812.24 1727 - A COLARUSSO & SON INC 30 10,190,671.02 338 - A PAGE & ASSOCIATES LLC 9 36,125.00 17904 - A ST GEORGE AS TRSTEE OF EGIDIO VERSEA IRREV TRUST 3 9,075.00 18376 - A WILLIES CAR SERVICE INC 1 231.00 16532 - A&T MARKETING INC 3 16,029.00 17534 - A-AA-A AMERICAN MOBILE GLASS OF NJ INC 11 2,850.00 17456 - AALLEN BRYANT & ASSOCIATES 6 575.55 7558 - ABBIE SCHIFF d/b/a VALLEY CONSULTANT SERVICES LLC 13 85,652.50 1713 - ABBOTT HOUSE 4 555,539.98 17891 - ABC A BIT OF COMMUNICATING SPEECH & OT SRVCS 12 364,507.38 15019 - ABC CORPORATE AWARDS INC 1 196.50 14808 - ABELE TRACTOR & EQUIPMENT CO INC 1 336.07 14365 - ABILITIES FIRST INC 120 3,865,178.37 11331 - ABSOLUTE AUCTIONS & REALTY INC 1 9,680.23 83 - AC MOORE INC 5 474.90 18100 - ACADIA HUDSON LLC 11 29,134.70 308 - ACCENTCARE OF NEW YORK INC 11 52,026.39 16670 - ACCESS SUPPORTS FOR LIVING INC 3 947,125.00 15964 - AccuFund Inc 1 2,030.00 17168 - ACCURATE ANALYTICAL TESTING LLC 45 2,549.25 15512 - ACE JANITORIAL SUPPLY CO INC 12 13,656.96 94 - ADAMO , SALVATORE C, Esq. 7 5,745.00 77 - ADAMS FAIRACRE FARMS, INC. -
In This Issue: Financing a Submarine Cable System Increasing Focus on Submarine Cable Operations Under Foreign Corrupt Practice Act ISSN No
62 M A r Voice 2012 of the ISSN 1948-3031 Industry Finance & Legal Edition In This Issue: Financing A Submarine Cable System Increasing Focus on Submarine Cable Operations Under Foreign Corrupt Practice Act ISSN No. 1948-3031 PUBLISHER: Wayne Nielsen MANAGING EDITOR: Kevin G. Summers elcome to the 62nd issue of spring and the abundance of the summer Submarine Telecoms Forum, beyond. CONTRIBUTING WRITERS: Stewart Ash, Kent our Finance & Legal issue. Bressie, Derek Cassidy, Madeleine Findley, Jim W In this world of economic and geo-political Lemberg, Andrew D. Lipman, Keith Schofield, Christian von der Ropp March Madness is once again upon us. stress I take solace in the thought of all that is yet to come this year, and the promise Submarine Telecoms Forum magazine is To anyone outside of the USA, or even UK of spring. As William Shakespeare wrote published bimonthly by Submarine Telecoms Prime Minister David Cameron’s inner in Richard III: “Now is the Winter of our Forum, Inc., and is an independent commercial circle, this may mean little. But to us here publication, serving as a freely accessible Discontent; Made glorious summer by this forum for professionals in industries connected in the Commonwealth of Virginia or the sun of York…” with submarine optical fiber technologies and people in the other 49 American states, it is techniques. Submarine Telecoms Forum may a month of heroes, upsets and trepidation. Maybe the madness and promise that is not be reproduced or transmitted in any form, in whole or in part, without the permission of Stories of David versus Goliath or March will indeed bring a more interesting the publishers.