Ocean Wave Energy Conversion
A/Prof Paul Cooper Faculty of Engineering University of Wollongong
1 Outline of Presentation
1. Energy Supply, Greenhouse and Renewable Energy 2. The Wave Energy Resource 3. Types of Wave Energy System 4. The Oscillating Water Column Systems & the Energetech Project 5. Other projects around the world 6. Costs
2 World Energy Sources 2002
Average Total Power consumption in the World = 14,300 Giga Watts (14.3 x 10 12 W)
Energy incident on the earth = 173,000,000 Giga Watts ie about 10,000 current usage
From “Renewable Energy”, Boyle, 2004, Oxford University Press 3 World Electricity Consumption - 2003
2003 – 14,780,000,000,000 kWh/yr (1.43x10 13 kWh/yr)
Average of 1,680 GW (1.68x10 12 W ) about 1,600 large power stations
Taking “A Large Coal-Fired Power Station” to produce about 1000MW
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_electricity_consumption http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/highlights.html 4 World Oil and Gas Production
5 From “Renewable Energy”, Boyle, 2004, Oxford University Press CO 2 Concentration in Ice Core Samples and Projections for Next 100 Years 700 Projected (2100) 650
600
Vostok Re cord 550 IPCC IS92a Scenario Law Dome Record 500 Mauna Loa Record
450
400 Current (2001) 350
300
250
200
150 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 0
Years Before Presentt (B.P. -- 1950) From presentation by Chris Mitchell, CEO, CRC for Greenhouse Accounting - Futureworld 2004 6 The glaciers are disappearing! Currently contributing to a 1mm rise in sea level/year
7 It is predicted that the San Rafael Glacier (Patagonia) will have disappeared by 2011
8 Greenhouse Emissions Australia produces more greenhouse gas emissions per person than any other large industrialised country
Aus. 28 tonnes CO 2e /year/person
USA 21 tonnes CO 2e /year/person
Sweden 5 t-CO 2e /year/person
9 The Wind Energy Precedent 20 year old industry Fastest growing energy resource Over US$4bn US annual turnover Emerging offshore industry Recognised conventional source within a decade
Middelgrunden, Denmark 10 Ocean Energy
Tidal
OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion)
Wave
11 Wave Energy Around the World kilowatts per metre width of wave crest
12 Australian Electricity Consumption
2003 – 200,700,000,000 kWh/yr (0.2x10 12 kWh/yr)
Average year round of 22.8GW
Average wave energy offshore incident on Australian southern coast of order (very rough estimate) 50kW/m x 2,000km x 1000m/km = 10 11 W or 100GW 13 Water waves – powerful and complex!
Power (in Watts per metre length of wave front) in an ideal sinusoidal ocean wave is given by: ρg 2 H 2T P = ≈1000 H 2T (Watts / m) 32 π
14 wavemaker, or distant storm (animation by Dr Timothy Finnegan, University of Sydney) 15 (courtesy of Dr Timothy Finnegan, University of Sydney) 16 (courtesy of Dr Timothy Finnegan, University of Sydney) HARNESSINGHARNESSING WAVEWAVE ENERGYENERGY
17 (courtesy of Dr Timothy Finnegan, University of Sydney) “To absorb a wave means to generate a wave”
Incident wave
+ Reflected wave cancelled by generated wave
=
The incident wave is Is absorbed
18 (courtesy of Dr Timothy Finnegan, University of Sydney) One of the first patents
Patented "wave motor" of P. Wright 1898 (McCormick, 1981) 19 WAVEWAVE ENERGYENERGY DEVICESDEVICES
20 WAVEWAVE ENERGYENERGY DEVICESDEVICES
21 22 23 24 Oscillating Water Column System
http://www.wavegen.co.uk/tech.html http://www.wavegen.co.uk/tech.html
Wells Turbine Boyle, 2002 (Self-Rectifying) 25 Oscillating Water Column - Turbines Wells Turbine
26 LIMPET - ISLAY, SCOTLAND 27 Complex hydrodynamics → wave tank testing
28 Queens University Belfast
29 Limpet Scale Model
30 The Energetech Project – Port Kembla
Idea conceived by Dr Tom Dennis Oscillating Water Column System Two important innovations • Parabolic wall to focus wave energy and increase wave height • Innovative turbine to extract energy from the air
32 33 Scale Model Testing
Scale model (1:20) of Energetech Plant being tested in wave tank (Launceston) 34 Air Turbine
35 36 Energetech Turbine
37 38 39 Other Projects Around the World PELAMIS – Scotland/Portugal
43 Other Projects Around the World PELAMIS – Scotland/Portugal
44 Wave Dragon - Wales CETO - Perth
“Overtopping” system Pumps water ashore at 70bar
45 Mighty Whale – Japan Azores – Pico Scheme
http://www.mext.go.jp/english/news /1998/07/9704.htm
46 Costs
Cost comparisons difficult with emerging technologies Recent comprehensive costing carried out by US Electric Power research Institute (EPRI) Pelamis and Energetech regarded as most promising.
47 Costs for first commerical unit
(US EPRI report 2004) http://www.epri.com/ 48 Costs
49 (US EPRI report 2004) http://www.epri.com/ Electricity Wholesale Prices Australia
http://www.d-cyphatrade.com.au 50 Future costs
(US EPRI report 2004) http://www.epri.com/ 51 SUMMARYSUMMARY Urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions → opportunity for renewable energy technologies Wide range of possible Wave Energy technologies being developed Technology is advancing rapidly with several successful demonstrations world-wide Energetech developing the Oscillating Water Column system locally
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