Synthesis of Information on the Benthos of Area SEA 8
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Report for the Department of Trade and Industry Synthesis of Information on the Benthos of Area SEA 8 01 May 2007 Prepared by Jennifer Pinnion1, Andrew S. Y. Mackie1, Paul J. Somerfield2 & Richard M. Warwick2 1Marine Biodiversity, Amgueddfa Cymru — National Museum Wales, Cathays Park, Cardiff CF10 3NP 2Plymouth Marine Laboratory Applications Ltd, Prospect Place, West Hoe, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK Department of Trade and Industry Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) programme for offshore energy licensing. The SEA programme is funded and managed by the DTI and coordinated on their behalf by Geotek Ltd and Hartley Anderson Ltd © Crown Copyright, all rights reserved CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. HISTORICAL OUTLINE 2 3. THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 2 4. BIOGEOGRAPHY 3 5. BENTHIC COMMUNITIES, ASSEMBLAGES AND ASSOCIATIONS 3 5.1 The Bristol Channel & Severn Estuary 3 5.1.0.1 Intertidal Fauna 4 5.1.0.2 Sublittoral Fauna 5 5.1.0.3 Epifauna 7 5.1.1 Severn Estuary & Inner Bristol Channel 8 5.1.1.1 Intertidal Fauna 8 5.1.1.2 Sublittoral Fauna 10 5.1.1.3 Eastern Rivers & Estuaries 11 5.1.1.4 Cardiff Bay & the South Glamorgan Coast 12 5.1.1.5 River Parrett, Somerset 13 5.1.1.6 Bridgwater Bay & the Somerset Coast 13 5.1.2 Central Bristol Channel 13 5.1.2.1 Intertidal fauna 13 5.1.2.2 Sublittoral fauna 13 5.1.2.3 Swansea Bay 13 5.1.2.4 The Gower Peninsula 15 5.1.2.5 North Devon Coast 16 5.1.2.6 Ilfracombe 17 5.1.3 Outer Bristol Channel 17 5.1.3.1 Intertidal fauna 17 5.1.3.2 Sublittoral fauna 17 5.1.3.3 Burry Inlet 20 5.1.3.4 Carmarthen Bay 20 5.1.3.5 Tenby 21 5.1.3.6 Lundy 21 5.1.3.7 Taw-Torridge Estuary 22 5.1.3.8 Barnstaple/Bideford Bay 23 5.2 North-East Celtic Sea 23 5.2.1 Sublittoral Fauna 23 5.2.2 Celtic Deep 26 5.2.3 Lundy Platform 28 5.2.4 Haig Fras 28 5.2.5 North Cornwall 29 5.2.5.1 Camel Estuary 29 5.2.5.2 The Gannel 29 5.2.5.3 St Ives Bay 29 i 5.2.6 Isles of Scilly 30 5.2.6.1 Intertidal Fauna 30 5.2.6.1 Sublittoral Fauna 31 5.3 The Western Approaches & Shelf Edge 32 5.4 The English Channel 33 5.4.1 Western English Channel 33 5.4.1.1 Cornish Coast 33 5.4.1.2 Helford Estuary 34 5.4.1.3 Fal Estuary & Falmouth Harbour 35 5.4.1.4 Mevagissey Bay 36 5.4.1.5 St Austell 36 5.4.1.6 Fowey Estuary 36 5.4.1.7 Plymouth Sound 37 5.4.1.8 Tamar Estuary 39 5.4.1.8 River Yealm 39 5.4.1.9 River Erme and River Avon 40 5.4.1.10 Salcombe Estuary 41 5.4.1.11 Dart Estuary 41 5.4.1.12 Teign Estuary 42 5.4.1.13 Exe Estuary 42 5.4.1.14 Lyme Bay 43 5.4.1.15 Chesil Bank and Fleet 44 5.4.1.16 Weymouth Bay 45 5.4.2 The Solent and the Isle of Wight 46 5.4.2.1 Poole Harbour 46 5.4.2.2 Poole Bay 47 5.4.2.3 Christchurch Harbour 48 5.4.2.4 Southampton Water and The Solent 48 5.4.2.5 Portsmouth Harbour 49 5.4.2.6 Langstone Harbour 49 5.4.2.7 The Isle of Wight 49 5.4.2.8 Chichester Harbour 51 5.4.3 Eastern English Channel 52 5.4.3.1 Pagham Estuary 53 5.4.3.2 River Arun 53 5.4.3.3 Hastings 53 6. RARE AND ALIEN SPECIES 55 6.1.1 Not quite Aliens 57 6.1.2 Alien species 57 6.2.1 Cnidaria 58 6.2.2 Annelida 58 6.2.3 Crustacea 58 6.2.4 Mollusca 59 6.2.5 Tunicata 59 ii 6.2.6 Algae 60 7. ANTHROPOGENIC ACTIVITIES AND IMPACTS 60 7.1 Tourism 60 7.2 Bait collection 60 7.3 Beam-trawling 61 7.4 Crustacean traps 61 7.5 Aquaculture 61 7.6 Dredging 62 7.7 Dumping 63 7.8 China clay 63 7.9 Oilfields 63 7.10 Oil spills and marine accidents 64 7.11 Radionuclides 64 7.12 Metal pollution 65 7.13 Eutrophication 65 7.14 Tributyltin (TBT) 66 7.15 Barrages 66 7.16 Power Stations and thermal pollution 66 8. REFERENCES 68 iii 1. INTRODUCTION The DTI SEA 8 Area in the southwest of the UK Continental Shelf encompasses the Bristol Channel, NE Celtic Sea, SW Approaches and English Channel. It is bordered to the north by the Irish Sea (SEA 5) and the Pembroke Peninsula, to the west by the Irish shelf and to the south by the French shelf. It includes parts of the following Weather Areas: Lundy, Fastnet, Sole, Fitzroy, Plymouth, Portland, Wight and Dover. From a fishing perspective, SEA 8 covers parts of ICES Divisions VIId-j. Figure 1. The Strategic Environmental Assessment areas 1 The study area for this review has been split into different geographical regions as follows: • The Bristol Channel & Severn Estuary: reaching inland to the Severn Estuary and extending out to just south of Milford Haven, South Wales and Barnstaple Bay, Devon. Milford Haven was included in the SEA 6 report (Wilding et al., 2005). The Bristol Channel is subdivided into three sections; inner, central and outer. • The North-East Celtic Sea: offshore areas from (51°40‘N) to the Isles of Scilly and inshore from Barnstaple Bay to Land‘s End, Cornwall. • The Western Approaches & Shelf Edge: Offshore areas southwest of Land‘s End and the Isles of Scilly to the shelf edge at 48°10‘N, 10°W. • The Western English Channel: east from Land‘s End as far as Swanage. • The Solent and the Isle of Wight: from Swanage and Poole Bay to Selsey Bill. • The Eastern English Channel: from Selsey Bill to Folkestone at the edge of SEA8. 2. HISTORICAL OUTLINE Naturalists have been visiting the South Coast since preVictorian times. John Ellis, interested in zoophytes, visited the Sussex coast in the mid-1700s and Thomas Pennant, in his British Zoology published in 1777, described many marine species from the region. The 1800s saw the development of marine biology, driven by interested amateurs and professional natural historians. Among the greatest and most influential of these was Philip Henry Gosse, who lived and worked in Dorset and, later, Devon. His Actinologica Britannica was, until recently, the standard work on British sea anemones and corals. He became a household name in Victorian Britain, and his works lead to an upsurge of interest in marine biology and aquarium keeping. The general wide interest in fisheries and marine biology, stimulated by the International Fisheries Exhibition held in London in 1883, led to the foundation of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom (MBA) which, in 1888, built a laboratory in Plymouth which became the major centre for marine biological research in Europe for much of the twentieth century. The importance of the MBA may be guaged from the number of publications quoted in the reference list of this report which appeared in the association's Journal, particularly those by Norman Holme and Allan Southward. In the latter part of the twentieth century the MBA was joined in Plymouth by the Institute of Marine Research (now the Plymouth Marine Laboratory) which undertook major work in the Bristol Channel. Plymouth remains a centre of excellence for marine biology today, and the MBA library (now the National Marine Biological Library, see http://www.mba.ac.uk/nmbl/) houses one of the world's greatest collections of marine biological literature. 3. THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT The area under review is large and extremely heterogeneous, encompassing examples of nearly all of the marine and coastal habitats and features to be found in the United 2 Kingdom. The SEA8 area ranges from the edge of the continental shelf to shallow current-swept regions of the eastern English Channel and muddy estuarine waters of the Severn. Throughout the area there is a complex and important relationship between the fauna inhabiting the seabed, underlying geology and geological history, and hydrodynamics. Tides are very important, creating rapid streams in the Channel, and fierce currents in the Bristol Channel where the tidal range is one of the greatest in the world. Geologically conditions range from hard igneous outcrops in the west, such as Haig Fras, the Isles of Scilly, and Land's End, to the very old and unique serpentines of the Lizard, through examples from nearly the whole geological history of England as one travels from west to east. This includes the Devonian rocks of Devon, the Jurassic Coast, which stretches from the borders of Devon to the Isle of Wight, to later chalks and more recent deposits further east. Evidence of the effects of glaciation are to be found everywhere, and winnowed glacial deposits are an important component of seabeds and seashores. Offshore habitats range from deep, low energy muds and sands to extremely exposed reefs and current-swept gravels. Along the coast there are hard and soft cliffs and rocks, huge areas of intertidal sediments (especially in the Severn and the Solent), rias, bays, shingle bars and beaches, sandy beaches, sheltered estuaries, lagoons, and man-made structures.