DOCSLIB.ORG

World Heritage Values Convict Places

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

(~(iVlc/VU ( 51 ({ STUDY OF WO HERITA.GE VALUES by MICHAEL PEARSON Heritage Management Consultants of the Environment, Sport S 20 December 1995 (with additions 7 May 1996) STUDY OF WORLD HERITAGE VALUES: CONVICT PLACES EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This study was commissioned by the World Heritage Unit of the Department of the Environment, Sport and Territories, to investigate, through a study of convict places internationally and within Australia, the appropriateness ofa nomination ofAustralian convict transportation places for inscription on the World Heritage List, and to identify gaps in the knowledge base ofconvict places. The study was structured within a framework for World Heritage assessment prepared for the Department in 1992. In this report the international historical context for convict transportation is established, and themes of universal significance identified. The history ofAustralian convict transportation is then presented, and the relevance ofthe global themes to the Australian experience is identified. Places relating to convict transportation are then identified, and available information assessed, so that the relationship ofthese places to the global themes can be determined. This resulted in a short-list ofplaces being identified which appeared to be ofsubstantial importance in the context of the global themes. The short-listed places are then assessed with regards to their authenticity and degree of protective management, and against the criteria for World Heritage Listing. This reduced to eight the number of places thought to merit further investigation and assessment for possible nomination as a series-nomination for World Heritage Listing. Gaps in the information are identified, and an extensive bibliography relating to international and Australian convict transportation is provided. The report recommends that the Department undertake further research, site investigation and assessment ofa series ofeight places, in conjunction with the necessary consultation with state authorities, in order to prepare a series nomination of Australian convict transportation places for World Heritage Listing. -1- STUDY OF WORLD HERITAGE V ALVES: CONVICT PLACES CONTENTS 1. Introduction 1 1.1 The Task and the Consultants 1 1.2 Definitions 1.3 Identifying and assessing places ofWorld Heritage Significance 3 1.4 Acknowledgements 5 2. Convictism as an internationally significant theme 6 2.1 Slavery in the context of Forced Migration 6 2.2 Assessment-Slavery 9 2.3 Contract Labour in the context of Forced Migration 10 2.4 Assessment of Contract Labour 13 2.2 Convict Labour in context 14 3. Convict Transportation- The Global Context 16 3.1 British convict transportation 16 3.1.1 North America 16 3.1.2 Bermuda 18 3.1.3 Barbados 18 3.1.4 Gibraltar 18 3.1.5 Honduras 18 3.1.6 Newfoundland 18 3.1.7 Ghana 18 3.2 Indian convict transportation 19 3.2.1 Andaman Islands 19 3.2.2 Bengkulu, Indonesia 21 3.2.3 Nicobar Islands 21 3.2.4 Straits Settlements 22 3.2.5 Mauritius 27 3.3 Spanish convict transportation 27 3.3.1 Havana, Cuba 28 3.3.2 San Juan, Puerto Rica 28 3.4 French convict transportation 28 3.4.1 French Guiana 29 3.4.2 New Caledonia 29 -ii- 3.5 Russian convict transportation 32 3.5.1 The Exile System 32 3.5.2 The transportation system for Siberian Exiles 37 3.5.3 Assessment of Russian Convict transportation 38 3.6 Themes ofoutstanding universal value 39 4. Convicts in Australia 41 4.1 The origins ofthe Australian Colonies 41 4.2 The Early Convict Establishment 42 4.3 Norfolk Island-First Settlement 42 4.4 The Bigge Commission and changes to the system 43 4.5 Norfolk Island-Second Settlement 43 4.6 Newcastle and Port Macquarie 44 4.7 Tasmania-the early period 45 4.8 Sarah Island 45 4.9 Maria Island 46 4.10 Moreton Bay Penal Settlement 46 4.l1 Port Arthur 47 4.12 Port Phillip District 48 4.13 Convictism in Western Australia 49 4.14 Assignment and Private Employment 50 4.15 Work Gangs and Stockades 51 4.16 The Probation System 53 4.17 Changing Gaol Designs and the Pentonville Model 54 4.18 Australian convictism and the themes of outstanding universal value 57 5. Australian places of significance to convict transportation themes 59 5.1 The Big Picture-Australian convict places 59 5.2 Australian convict places and the themes of outstanding universal value 60 -iii- 6. Authenticity and Management 64 6.1 The issues of authenticity and management 64 6.2 Authenticity of Australian convict places 71 6.3 Management ofAustralian convict places 76 7. Australian convict places-of World Heritage Significance? 79 7.1 The World Heritage Criteria for cultural properties 79 7.2 Applying the World Heritage Criteria to Australian convict places 80 7.3 Recommendation for pursuing World Heritage Nomination 82 8. Where to from here? 84 8.1 Gaps in the information 84 8.2 Additional documentation required for a nomination 84 8.3 Additional consultation required before nomination 85 9. Bibliography 86 9.1. International context and penal settlements in other countries 86 9.2. Background to Botany Bay and Australian covictism Generally 91 9.3. New South Wales 95 9.3.1 Great North Road and Stockades 97 9.3.2 Hyde Park Barracks 98 9.3.3 First Government House 99 9.3.4 Cockatoo Island 100 9.4. Norfolk Island 101 9.5. Tasmania 107 9.5.1 Port Arthur 110 9.6. Queensland 114 9.7. Western Australia 115 9.7.1 Fremantle Prison 117 9.8. Victoria 119 -i\'- 9.9. Northern Territory 119 Appendices-Documentation of places for potential World Heritage Nomination Appendix 1 Kingston and Arthur's Vale Historic Area, Norfolk Island Appendix 2 Port Arthur, Tasmania Appendix 3 Fremantle Prison, Fremantle, Western Australia Appendix 4 Hyde Park Barracks, Sydney, New South Wales Appendix 5 First Government House Site, Sydney, New South Wales Appendix 6 Ross Probation Station, Ross, Tasmania Appendix 7 Great North Road and associated stockade sites, Wiseman's Ferry, New South Wales Appendix 8 Cockatoo Island Convict Station, Sydney, New South Wales -Convict Places and World Heritage Report- 11. INTRODUCTION 1. 1 THE TASK AND CONSULTANTS Scope of the work The Brief for this project, prepared by the Department of Environment, Sport and Territories, indicated that: "this study is intended to identify those places associated with convicts or transportation of convicts to Australia which may be considered for further detailed assessment for World Heritage values. The study also aims to identify any significant gaps in the knowledge base of convict sites". The Brief required the consultants to: • collate and present information describing the cultural values of convict sites that might be suitable for consideration for the World Heritage List • provide an initial assessment of these values against the World Heritage criteria, together with justification of those assessments • address the themes oftransportation of convicts in comparison with other forms of forced movement of people, and other penal processes The consultants approached the task by applying the Frame'rvorkfor the assessment of Australia's cliltural properties against the World Heritage criteria (Domicelj, Halliday and James no date), as describe at 1.2 below. This required: • investigating the international context for convictism, and identifying themes of global significance, as described in Section 2; • investigating the Australian context for convict transp0l1ation, and assessing how the global themes apply to the Australian experience, as described in Section 3; • applying the criteria of authenticity and management as required for World Heritage assessment; • assessing selected Australian places against the World Heritage criteria. The consultants The Project was undertaken by Dr Michael Pearson and Mr Duncan Marshall, with material overviewed and discussed at critical stages by Ms Joan DomiceJj. 1.2 DEFINITIONS Definition of some commonly used terms • 'convict' means a person convicted of a crime. For the purposes of this study the term 'convict' does not include persons sentenced within -Convict Places and World Heritage Report- 2 Australia, unless the sentence is for the secondary punishment of a transported convict. • 'convict transportation' means the removal of convicts from their country of residence to another country, usually a colony, in order to serve out their sentence there. • 'secondary punishment' means the re-conviction of a transported convict for a crime committed while en-route to, or after arrival in the colony. Secondary punishment was usually harsher than that received by other convicts, but has come to represent the 'normal' convict experience in many popular accounts of convictism. Fear of secondary punishment was used to control convicts within the colony, and to deter people from committing crime in Britain. • 'convict place' means a place associated with the direct control, housing, punishment and utilisation of transported convicts by the government, through its convict administration. Privately built and owned buildings are included in the definition of 'convict place' only where it can be shown that the building was built exclusively for, and used for, the housing and control of assigned convicts. • 'assignment' refers to the system operating in Australia (and some other British colonies) whereby convicts still serving sentences were formally allocated or 'assigned' to settlers according to a formula relating to land-ownership and investment. Assigned convicts were tied to a designated 'master' to whom they had been assigned as servants, and the master could seek corporal punishment of the assigned servant via a local magistrate for misdemeanours or poor work. Assigned convicts worked commonly as shepherds, stock-keepers, agricultural labourers, 'mechanics' and domestic servants, and were guaranteed only their rations for such labour. In Western Australia a system of more closely controlled fixed-term contract assignment, administered from 'hiring depots', operated for some years prior to 1857.
Recommended publications
  • Convict Labour and Colonial Society in the Campbell Town Police District: 1820-1839

    Convict Labour and Colonial Society in the Campbell Town Police District: 1820-1839

    Convict Labour and Colonial Society in the Campbell Town Police District: 1820-1839. Margaret C. Dillon B.A. (Hons) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. D.) University of Tasmania April 2008 I confirm that this thesis is entirely my own work and contains no material which has been accepted for a degree or diploma by the University or any other institution, except by way of background information and duly acknowledged in the thesis, and to the best of my knowledge and belief no material previously published or written by another person except where due acknowledgement is made in the text of the thesis. Margaret C. Dillon. -ii- This thesis may be made available for loan and limited copying in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968. Margaret C. Dillon -iii- Abstract This thesis examines the lives of the convict workers who constituted the primary work force in the Campbell Town district in Van Diemen’s Land during the assignment period but focuses particularly on the 1830s. Over 1000 assigned men and women, ganged government convicts, convict police and ticket holders became the district’s unfree working class. Although studies have been completed on each of the groups separately, especially female convicts and ganged convicts, no holistic studies have investigated how convicts were integrated into a district as its multi-layered working class and the ways this affected their working and leisure lives and their interactions with their employers. Research has paid particular attention to the Lower Court records for 1835 to extract both quantitative data about the management of different groups of convicts, and also to provide more specific narratives about aspects of their work and leisure.
  • Parramatta's Archaeological Landscape

    Parramatta's Archaeological Landscape

    Parramatta’s archaeological landscape Mary Casey Settlement at Parramatta, the third British settlement in Australia after Sydney Cove and Norfolk Island, began with the remaking of the landscape from an Aboriginal place, to a military redoubt and agricultural settlement, and then a township. There has been limited analysis of the development of Parramatta’s landscape from an archaeological perspective and while there have been numerous excavations there has been little exploration of these sites within the context of this evolving landscape. This analysis is important as the beginnings and changes to Parramatta are complex. The layering of the archaeology presents a confusion of possible interpretations which need a firmer historical and landscape framework through which to interpret the findings of individual archaeological sites. It involves a review of the whole range of maps, plans and images, some previously unpublished and unanalysed, within the context of the remaking of Parramatta and its archaeological landscape. The maps and images are explored through the lense of government administration and its intentions and the need to grow crops successfully to sustain the purposes of British Imperialism in the Colony of New South Wales, with its associated needs for successful agriculture, convict accommodation and the eventual development of a free settlement occupied by emancipated convicts and settlers. Parramatta’s river terraces were covered by woodlands dominated by eucalypts, in particular grey box (Eucalyptus moluccana) and forest
  • Brisbane's Convict Stories

    Brisbane's Convict Stories

    City’s harsh past revealed in Life in Irons: Brisbane’s Convict Stories Moreton Bay penal colony was established by the British Government to “… reinstate transportation as an object of real terror to all classes of society”. It succeeded. Museum of Brisbane’s upcoming exhibition, Life in Irons: Brisbane’s Convict Stories, 18 May – 28 October 2018, provides a vivid insight into daily existence in the settlement from 1824 – 1839 using original documents, new research and personal accounts brought to life with immersive technologies that literally gives a voice and face to the past. Chairman Sallyanne Atkinson AO said Museum of Brisbane is the city’s storyteller and revealing our convict history deepens understanding of our modern city. “From place names to a lingering sense of isolation, Brisbane’s convict history shapes our city’s contemporary culture,” Mrs Atkinson said. “Life in Irons is particularly exciting as, due to our partnership with Queensland State Archives, it features precious, rarely-seen, original documents from the settlement that are part of the UNESCO Australian Memory of the World Register.” Director Renai Grace said Life in Irons conveys the brutality and isolation of life for the 3,000 men and women imprisoned here from Moreton Bay’s founding in 1824 to the penal colony’s closure in 1839 by complementing the official documents and historical objects with artwork commissions and performance. “We have commissioned international sound artist, Brisbane-based Lawrence English, to create a new soundscape that will resonate throughout the exhibition space conjuring up the heat, isolation, danger and loneliness of the settlement,” Ms Grace said.
  • THE TASMANIAN HERITAGE FESTIVAL COMMUNITY MILESTONES 1 MAY - 31 MAY 2013 National Trust Heritage Festival 2013 Community Milestones

    THE TASMANIAN HERITAGE FESTIVAL COMMUNITY MILESTONES 1 MAY - 31 MAY 2013 National Trust Heritage Festival 2013 Community Milestones

    the NatioNal trust presents THE TASMANIAN HERITAGE FESTIVAL COMMUNITY MILESTONES 1 MAY - 31 MAY 2013 national trust heritage Festival 2013 COMMUNITY MILESTONES message From the miNister message From tourism tasmaNia the month-long tasmanian heritage Festival is here again. a full program provides tasmanians and visitors with an opportunity to the tasmanian heritage Festival, throughout may 2013, is sure to be another successful event for thet asmanian Branch of the National participate and to learn more about our fantastic heritage. trust, showcasing a rich tapestry of heritage experiences all around the island. The Tasmanian Heritage Festival has been running for Thanks must go to the National Trust for sustaining the momentum, rising It is important to ‘shine the spotlight’ on heritage and cultural experiences, For visitors, the many different aspects of Tasmania’s heritage provide the over 25 years. Our festival was the first heritage festival to the challenge, and providing us with another full program. Organising a not only for our local communities but also for visitors to Tasmania. stories, settings and memories they will take back, building an appreciation in Australia, with other states and territories following festival of this size is no small task. of Tasmania’s special qualities and place in history. Tasmania’s lead. The month of May is an opportunity to experience and celebrate many Thanks must also go to the wonderful volunteers and all those in the aspects of Tasmania’s heritage. Contemporary life and visitor experiences As a newcomer to the State I’ve quickly gained an appreciation of Tasmania’s The Heritage Festival is coordinated by the National heritage sector who share their piece of Tasmania’s historic heritage with of Tasmania are very much shaped by the island’s many-layered history.
  • Thesis Is Presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Western Australia

    Thesis Is Presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Western Australia

    SURVIVING THE COLONY THE IMPACT OF THE WESTERN AUSTRALIAN CONVICT SYSTEM ON PRISONER HEALTH, 1850-1877 Louis W. Marshall BA (Hons.), BSc This thesis is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of The University of Western Australia School of Humanities Discipline of History August 2018 THESIS DECLARATION I, Louis Marshall, certify that: This thesis has been substantially accomplished during enrolment in the degree. This thesis does not contain material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in my name, in any university or other tertiary institution. No part of this work will, in the future, be used in a submission in my name, for any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution without the prior approval of The University of Western Australia and where applicable, any partner institution responsible for the joint-award of this degree. This thesis does not contain any material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference has been made in the text. The work(s) are not in any way a violation or infringement of any copyright, trademark, patent, or other rights whatsoever of any person. This thesis does not contain work that I have published, nor work under review for publication. Signature: Date: 16/8/ ii ABSTRACT This thesis examines the severity of convict experiences in Western Australia, through an analysis of the illnesses and injuries transportees suffered. Harnessing prisoner medical records in conjunction with convict-written accounts and official correspondence and statistics, it explores the living and labour conditions convicts faced, the health impacts of their punishment, and the objectives of convict administrators.
  • Reputations on the Line in Van Diemen's Land

    Reputations on the Line in Van Diemen's Land

    REPUTATIONS ON THE LINE IN VAN DIEMEN’S LAND: a dissertation on the general theme of the Rule of Law as it emerged in a young penal colony with particular emphasis on the law of defamation by ROSEMARY CONCHITA LUCADOU-WELLS LLB., (Queensland), B.Ed., (Tasmania), MA., (Murdoch), PhD., (Deakin) This thesis is presented for the degree of Master of Laws of Murdoch University, 2012. I declare that this thesis is my own account of my research and contains as its main content work which has not been submitted for a degree at any tertiary education institution. Rosemary Conchita Lucadou-Wells ABSTRACT This research focuses on the development of the jurisprudence of the infant colony of Van Diemen’s Land now known as Tasmania, with particular interest on the law of defamation. During the first thirty years of this British penal colony its population was subject to changes. There were the soldiery, who provided the basis of government headed by a Lieutenant Governor, the indigenous people, the convicts, and gradually an influx of settlers who came enthused by governmental promises of grants of land. In addition to these free settlers there were a selection of convicts who, under a process of something akin to manumission under Roman Law, became upon completion of their sentence, eligible for freedom and possibly a grant of land. There developed a spirit of competition amongst the settlers, each wanted to become more successful than the others. The favourite means of distinguishing oneself was the uttering or publication of damaging words against a person who was perceived to be a rival.
  • 13.0 Remaking the Landscape

    13.0 Remaking the Landscape

    12 Chapter 13: Remaking the Landscape 13.0 Remaking the landscape 13.1 Research Question The Conservatorium site is located within one of the most significant historic and symbolic landscapes created by European settlers in Australia. The area is located between the sites of the original and replacement Government Houses, on a prominent ridge. While the utility of this ridge was first exploited by a group of windmills, utilitarian purposes soon became secondary to the Macquaries’ grandiose vision for Sydney and the Governor’s Domain in particular. The later creations of the Botanic Gardens, The Garden Palace and the Conservatorium itself, re-used, re-interpreted and created new vistas, paths and planting to reflect the growing urban and economic importance of Sydney within the context of the British empire. Modifications to this site, its topography and vegetation, can therefore be interpreted within the theme of landscape as an expression of the ideology of colonialism. It is considered that this site is uniquely placed to address this research theme which would act as a meaningful interpretive framework for archaeological evidence relating to environmental and landscape features.1 In response to this research question evidence will be presented on how the Government Domain was transformed by the various occupants of First Government House, and the later Government House, during the first years of the colony. The intention behind the gathering and analysis of this evidence is to place the Stables building and the archaeological evidence from all phases of the landscape within a conceptual framework so that we can begin to unravel the meaning behind these major alterations.
  • Oatlands Gaol Interpretation Plan

    Oatlands Gaol Interpretation Plan

    Oatlands Gaol Interpretation plan Brad Williams Manager – Heritage Projects January 2011 Contents: 1. Overview of the Oatlands Gaol Project ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. The site and context ......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Historical background ....................................................................................................................................... 6 The settlement of Oatlands ........................................................................................................................................... 6 The Oatlands Military Precinct ...................................................................................................................................... 7 The original Oatlands Gaol ......................................................................................................................................... 12 Colonial Gaol .............................................................................................................................................................. 17 Municipal Gaol ............................................................................................................................................................ 43 Demolition and post-gaol use. ...................................................................................................................................
  • 31 July 2020 Fremantle Prison Celebrates 10 Years As Perth's Only World Heritage Listed Site. Fremantle Prison Will This Week

    31 July 2020 Fremantle Prison Celebrates 10 Years As Perth's Only World Heritage Listed Site. Fremantle Prison Will This Week

    31 July 2020 Fremantle Prison celebrates 10 years as Perth’s only World Heritage Listed Site. Fremantle Prison will this week celebrate the 10th anniversary of their World Heritage listing as part of the Australian Convict Sites. Inscribed on the prestigious World Heritage List on 31 July 2010, the Australian Convict Sites, which includes 11 properties from around Australia, tell an important story about the forced migration of over 168,000 men, women and children from Britain to Australia during the late 18th and 19th centuries. Fremantle Prison Heritage Conservation Manager, and current Chair of the Australian World Heritage Advisory Committee, Luke Donegan, said, “Fremantle Prison is a monument to the development of Western Australia as we know it today.” “It is the most intact convict-built cell range in the nation and was the last convict establishment constructed in Australia.” The Australian Convict Sites World Heritage Property also includes Cockatoo Island Convict Site, Sydney, NSW (1839–69); Hyde Park Barracks, Sydney, NSW (1819–48); Kingston and Arthur’s Vale Historic Area, Norfolk Island (active 1788–1814 and 1824–55); Old Government House and Domain, Parramatta Park, NSW (1788– 1856); and the Old Great North Road, Wiseman’s Ferry, NSW (1828–35). Brickendon-Woolmers Estates, Longford (1820–50s); Darlington Probation Station, Maria Island National Park (1825–32 and 1842–50); Cascades Female Factory, Mount Wellington (1828–56); Port Arthur Historic Site, Port Arthur (1830–77); and Coal Mines Historic Site, Norfolk Bay (1833–48). Fremantle Prison marks the place where the practice of forced migration through transportation ceased with the arrival of the convict ship Hougoumont in January 1868, and is an essential part of the Australian convict story.
  • Get to Know Some Local Parramatta Tree Treasures This Year!

    Get to Know Some Local Parramatta Tree Treasures This Year!

    28 July 2013 - Get to know some local Parramatta tree treasures this year! Centen ary Square: Norfolk Island Hibiscus (Lagunaria patersonia) Also known as white oak (on Norfolk Is.) and cow itch tree (in Qld.) In the foreground of St Johns Cathedral, the Norfolk Island hibiscus was named for Lt.Col.William Paterson, one-time superintendent of Norfolk Island, acting NSW Governor and amateur botanist. In summer these have pink or lavender hibiscus-like flowers and later very bristly seed pods, hence the 'itch' name. There’s another one on the south-east of Old Government House. Also in the square is a fine old 'English' (actually European) oak, surrounded by raised circular bed and studded with plaques to Councillors who presided over the Church Street pedestrian mall going in. Watch out for the jacarandas flowering south of the Cathedral and around Lennox Bridge in November! Parramatta Park: Cook's pine (Araucaria columnaris) Parramatta Park is full of great trees, both locally native (some 3-700 year old forest red gums and narrow-leaved ironbarks, some with Aboriginal carved trunks (for making coolibahs, shields etc) providing landscape framing and identity. A couple of introduced conifers worthy of a gaze are the Cook's pine that lines up directly with George Street and its Tudor Revival gate house, between that and Old Government House. Native to New Caledonia, this tree commemorates James Cook the navigator and always grows 'off straight' - spiralling one way in the southern hemisphere, the other in the north! You might recognise it in tourist posters for New Caledonia – it’s “Ile des Pins” is covered in these pencil-like trees.
  • Research Suggestions on Convicts and Irish Immigrants to Australia

    Research Suggestions on Convicts and Irish Immigrants to Australia

    Some research suggestions on convicts and Irish immigrants June Tomlinson In May 2013 I attended the National Famine Commemorations in Kilrush, County Clare. One of the events I attended was the lecture and readings of Evelyn Conlon introducing, at that time, her forthcoming novel based on the lives of the Famine orphan girls who were shipped to Australia during the period 1848 to 1850, the girls were taken from Workhouses throughout all 32 counties in Ireland. http://www.irishfaminememorial.org/en/orphans/ Evelyn stated many times during the lecture/readings that she was not a family historian, but an author of novels based on elements of fact. The audience appeared to me to be thirsty for Australian information on Irish people leaving as convicts or those who immigrated, many did not know about the great indexing and books available on these subjects, at the time I thought I would write something about the conversations that evening in Kilrush. I typed so many pages and was nowhere near finished, it was starting to seem like a never ending story, so I put it aside because it needed serious editing. In August 2015 we will be travelling to the UK and of course Clare in Ireland and once again I was reminded about my unfinished story. I feel embarrassed; there was no reason why I should not have finished this. What I have written is only a snapshot of the type of information available, it is certainly not an exhaustive list, my hope is that it might give some researchers clues on where to go to find more information.
  • Old Government House and Domain, Parramatta Park Management Plan

    Old Government House and Domain, Parramatta Park Management Plan

    OLD GOVERNMENT HOUSE AND DOMAIN, PARRAMATTA PARK MANAGEMENT PLAN 2008 A New South Wales Contributory Site: Australian Convict Sites World Heritage Nomination Cover illustration: Montage of Old Government House, Governor Brisbane’s Bath house, and the Flat Rocks in Parramatta River: Photographer: David Wallace/Parramatta Park Trust The cover of this management plan is badged with a representation of the Great Seal of NSW used between 1790 and 1832. The seal shows on its obverse (front) a design that alludes to the intended redemptive qualities of the convict settlement, and was described in the Royal Warrant granting the seal as follows: Convicts landed at Botany Bay; their fetters taken off and received by Industry, sitting on a bale of goods with her attributes, the distaff [a spindle for spinning wool or flax], bee-hive, pick axe, and spade, pointing to an oxen ploughing, the rising habitations, and a church on a hill at a distance, with a fort for their defence. Motto: Sic fortis etruria crevit [So, I think, this is how brave Etruria grew]; with this inscription round the circumference, Sigillum Nov. Camb. Aust. [Seal of New South Wales] Image source: State Library of NSW, Digital image a1328002 Crown Copyright 2008 Disclaimer Whilst every reasonable effort has been made to ensure that this document is correct at the time of printing, the State of New South Wales, its agents and employees disclaim any and all liability to any persons in respect of anything or the consequences of anything done or omitted to be done in reliance upon the whole or any part of this document.