Hasso Plattner Christoph Meinel Larry Leifer Editors Making

Understanding Innovation Hasso Plattner Christoph Meinel Larry Leifer Editors Design Thinking Research Making Distinctions: Collaboration versus Cooperation Understanding Innovation Series editors Christoph Meinel Potsdam, Germany Larry Leifer Stanford, USA More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8802 Hasso Plattner • Christoph Meinel • Larry Leifer Editors Design Thinking Research Making Distinctions: Collaboration versus Cooperation 123 Editors Hasso Plattner Christoph Meinel Hasso Plattner Institute for Software Hasso Plattner Institute for Software Systems Engineering Systems Engineering Potsdam, Germany Potsdam, Germany Larry Leifer Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA ISSN 2197-5752 ISSN 2197-5760 (electronic) Understanding Innovation ISBN 978-3-319-60966-9 ISBN 978-3-319-60967-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-60967-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017947308 © Springer International Publishing AG 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface This year will mark the 10-year anniversary of the founding of the School of Design Thinking at Hasso Plattner Institute in Potsdam. The d.school, its sister Institute at Stanford University, is even a few years older. In the meantime, both in California and Germany thousands of students with diverse backgrounds have learned and experienced how to tackle wicked problems and complex challenges and come up with innovative, human-centered solutions. Due to the extensive work put forth at these institutes, Design Thinking has become well known and applied in many areas. More and more organizations have experienced the impact of Design Thinking on their innovation culture. People see how it changes the way they and their coworkers innovate, how they work in a team, and in which way it affects the quality of their output. Moreover, Design Thinking has been acknowledged even more fully by the education sector—both by students and professionals—and been incorporated into curricula and professional development programs. In short, there is an enormous interest in Design Thinking. Since I have been convinced of its tremendous potential for decades, I am elated about this success, as it holds great potential for the development of our society. At the same time, it is crucial, especially with the rising number of people and institutions and numerous fields of application, to secure and deepen the scientific understanding of the underlying principles of Design Thinking. It is therefore necessary to find out how and why Design Thinking works, what are the reasons when it fails, and what makes it more successful than other management approaches. These are the key questions that drive my support for the Design Thinking Research Program between the Hasso Plattner Institute in Potsdam, Germany, and Stanford University, USA. Since the implementation of the Design Thinking Research Program in 2008, more than 100 research projects have been conducted, our understanding of this field has advanced, and new insights and tools have become available. The research program and its investigation of the technical, economic, and human factors was the logical consequence of simply teaching the design thinking method. Researchers at both institutions, with diverse backgrounds in disciplines such as engineering, v vi Preface humanities, neurology, or economics, examine how the innovative processes that originate in small, multidisciplinary teams can be improved and developed in the future. This publication assembles the findings of the eighth and final year of the first funding period of the research program. Equally successful as in previous years, this year’s findings on new forms of collaboration have made it an easy decision to continue my support of the research program. The results of the research are, however, not meant to be discussed exclusively in the scientific community. The discoveries made as well as the newly developed approaches and tools in design thinking should be available to all who seek to support and advance to drive innovation, be it in companies or society. Palo Alto, CA Hasso Plattner Winter 2016/17 Contents Introduction: Reflections on Working Together—Through and Beyond Design Thinking ................................................... 1 Larry Leifer and Christoph Meinel Theoretical Foundations of Design Thinking ................................. 13 Julia P.A. von Thienen, William J. Clancey, Giovanni E. Corazza, and Christoph Meinel Part I Modelling and Mapping Teamwork Quadratic Model of Reciprocal Causation for Monitoring, Improving, and Reflecting on Design Team Performance ................... 43 Neeraj Sonalkar, Ade Mabogunje, and Mark Cutkosky Breaks with a Purpose ........................................................... 59 Franziska Dobrigkeit, Danielly de Paula, and Matthias Uflacker Part II Tools and Techniques for Productive Collaboration Mechanical Novel: Crowdsourcing Complex Work Through Reflection and Revision .......................................................... 79 Joy Kim, Sarah Sterman, Allegra Argent Beal Cohen, and Michael S. Bernstein Mosaic: Designing Online Creative Communities for Sharing Works-in-Progress ............................................................... 105 Joy Kim, Maneesh Agrawala, and Michael S. Bernstein Investigating Tangible Collaboration for Design Towards Augmented Physical Telepresence.............................................. 131 Alexa F. Siu, Shenli Yuan, Hieu Pham, Eric Gonzalez, Lawrence H. Kim, Mathieu Le Goc, and Sean Follmer vii viii Contents The Interaction Engine .......................................................... 147 Nikolas Martelaro, Wendy Ju, and Mark Horowitz Making the Domain Tangible: Implicit Object Lookup for Source Code Readability ................................................................. 171 Patrick Rein, Marcel Taeumel, and Robert Hirschfeld “... and not building on that”: The Relation of Low Coherence and Creativity in Design Conversations ....................................... 195 Axel Menning, Benedikt Ewald, Claudia Nicolai, and Ulrich Weinberg Part III Teaching, Training, Priming: Approaches to Teaching and Enabling Creative Skills The DT MOOC Prototype: Towards Teaching Design Thinking at Scale ........................................................ 217 Mana Taheri, Lena Mayer, Karen von Schmieden, and Christoph Meinel Creativity in the Twenty-first Century: The Added Benefit of Training and Cooperation.................................................... 239 Naama Mayseless, Manish Saggar, Grace Hawthorne, and Allan Reiss Priming Designers Leads to Prime Designs ................................... 251 Jinjuan She, Carolyn Conner Seepersad, Katja Holtta-Otto, and Erin F. MacDonald From Place to Space: How to Conceptualize Places for Design Thinking .............................................................. 275 Martin Schwemmle, Claudia Nicolai, Marie Klooker, and Ulrich Weinberg Part IV Design Thinking in Practice Mapping and Measuring Design Thinking in Organizational Environments ..................................................................... 301 Adam Royalty and Sheri Shepard Human Technology Teamwork: Enhancing the Communication of Pain Between Patients and Providers ....................................... 313 Lauren Aquino Shluzas and David Pickham Learning from Success and Failure in Healthcare Innovation: The Story of Tele-Board MED .................................................. 327 Anja Perlich, Julia von von Thienen, Matthias Wenzel, and Christoph Meinel Contents ix The Design Thinking Methodology at Work: Semi-Automated Interactive Recovery ............................................................. 347 Joachim Hänsel and Holger Giese Abracadabra: Imagining Access to Creative Computing Tools for Everyone ...................................................................... 365 Joel Sadler, Lauren Aquino Shluzas, and Paulo Blikstein Introduction: Reflections on Working Together—Through and Beyond Design Thinking Larry Leifer and Christoph Meinel 1 In the Pursuit of Breakthrough-Innovation, Is It Necessary to Make a Critical Distinction Between Collaborating

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