Hasso Plattner Christoph Meinel Larry Leifer Editors Building Innovation
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Understanding Innovation Hasso Plattner Christoph Meinel Larry Leifer Editors Design Thinking Research Building Innovation Eco-Systems Understanding Innovation Series Editors Christoph Meinel Larry Leifer For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/8802 ThiS is a FM Blank Page Hasso Plattner • Christoph Meinel • Larry Leifer Editors Design Thinking Research Building Innovation Eco-Systems Editors Hasso Plattner Larry Leifer Christoph Meinel Center for Design Research (CDR) Hasso-Plattner-Institute Stanford University Campus Griebnitzsee Stanford Potsdam CA Germany USA ISBN 978-3-319-01302-2 ISBN 978-3-319-01303-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-01303-9 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013945730 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 This work is subject to copyright. 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Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface In this volume of Design Thinking Research, ‘Building Innovation Ecosystems’ // ‘Building Multilateral Innovation Ecosystems’, the results are combined of the Design Thinking joint venture of the Hasso Plattner Institute of Design located at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California, USA, and the Hasso Plattner Institute for IT Systems Engineering located in Potsdam, Germany. Design Thinking is everywhere. Every approach in normal life to find solutions for everyday problems involves thinking. Synthesized thinking with specialized procedures conducted in the best practical manner reflects the results in this book. Nevertheless, the goal of this book is not only to show what’s possible in the field of Design Thinking but also to show how and why it works so well. Therefore, this book collects multiple points of view on multiple problems, companies and technologies as well as the solution for wicked and real-world problems, views of the management position on Design Thinking and the advantage it can achieve for engineering software projects or even building prototypes in manufacturing. Design Thinking is no unyielding concept. It’s a way of interacting within your environment, of interacting with your colleagues and friends and, of course, it’s your own physical and mental interaction in a differentiated and fast-paced world; in short, it’s an ecosystem, where innovations are nurtured to growth. The methods, techniques and considerations of the specialties of Design Thinking help to orga- nize the world. This means to see what’s happening and to react accordingly in the world and to construct a way out of complex problems, which usually have not only one simple solution but often a multifaceted, correspondingly complex one. This book not only formulates many ways out of complex problems and situations but also shows, either explicitly or implicitly, what can be done with an open mind, a clear vision and the strength to envision problems as challenges and to foster ways of solution-finding. That’s what this book is about and that’s what the Hasso Plattner Institutes are about: a clear vision with energy and strength to find solutions where others give up. Palo Alto/Potsdam Prof. Dr. h.c. Hasso Plattner Winter 2012/2013 v ThiS is a FM Blank Page Contents Part I All Design Activity Is Ultimately Social in Nature Introduction .............................................. 3 Christoph Meinel and Larry Leifer Student Teams in Search of Design Thinking ..................... 11 Shelley Goldman, Zandile Kabayadondo, Adam Royalty, Maureen P. Carroll, and Bernard Roth Team Cognition and Reframing Behavior: The Impact of Team Cognition on Problem Reframing, Team Dynamics and Design Performance .............................................. 35 Greg Kress and Joel Sadler Early and Repeated Exposure to Examples Improves Creative Work ............................................ 49 Chinmay Kulkarni, Steven P. Dow, and Scott R Klemmer Part II Design Thinkers Must Preserve Ambiguity Impact and Sustainability of Creative Capacity Building: The Cognitive, Behavioral, and Neural Correlates of Increasing Creative Capacity .... 65 Grace Hawthorne, Eve Marie Quintin, Manish Saggar, Nick Bott, Eliza Keinitz, Ning Liu, Yin Hsuan Chien, Daniel Hong, Adam Royalty, and Allan L. Reiss Acting with Creative Confidence: Developing a Creative Agency Assessment Tool ........................................... 79 Adam Royalty, Lindsay Noelle Oishi, and Bernard Roth How Design Thinking Tools Help To Solve Wicked Problems ........ 97 Julia von Thienen, Christoph Meinel, and Claudia Nicolai vii viii Contents Part III All Design Is Re-design How Prototyping Helps to Solve Wicked Problems ................ 105 Birgit Jobst and Christoph Meinel Creative Collaboration in Real World Settings ................... 115 Matthias Wenzel, Lutz Gericke, Raja Gumienny, and Christoph Meinel User-Centered Innovation for the Design and Development of Complex Products and Systems ....................................... 135 Lauren Aquino Shluzas, Martin Steinert, and Riitta Katila Part IV Make Ideas Tangible Connecting Designing and Engineering Activities ................. 153 Thomas Beyhl, Gregor Berg, and Holger Giese A Research Plan for the Integration of Design Thinking with Large Scale Software Development Projects ............................... 183 Thomas Kowark, Franziska Ha¨ger, Ralf Gehrer, and Jens Kru¨ger Sharing Knowledge Through Tangible Models: Designing Kickoff Workshops for Agile Software Development Projects ........ 203 Markus Guentert, Alexander Luebbe, and Mathias Weske How to Compare Performance in Program Design Activities: Towards an Empirical Evaluation of CoExist .............................. 219 Bastian Steinert and Robert Hirschfeld Design Thinking: Expectations from a Management Perspective ............................................... 239 Holger Rhinow and Christoph Meinel Part I All Design Activity Is Ultimately Social in Nature Introduction Christoph Meinel and Larry Leifer 1 Why Do We Need Innovation-Eco-systems? We have seen over the years that many individuals appreciate the power of engineering design thinking. At the same time we witness an almost unfathomable skepticism about the ability of established organizations (corporate, academic, and government) to really adopt the paradigm. Some argue that the paradigm only works in the world of “start-ups”. Motivated by this dilemma, we ask how the fundamental rules of engineering design thinking might be translated into design requirements for building precision innovation eco-systems. 1.1 Rules of Design Thinking We now have evidence in support of several design thinking activities that have long been considered important, but until this time we have not had an explanation or understanding of their value. Of these, the over-arching truth lies in the fact that every physical product delivers a service; that every service is manifest through physical products. Our research suggests that four “rules of design thinking” are particularly relevant. The challenge of this section is to translate these rules into innovation eco-system design requirements. C. Meinel (*) Internet Technologies and -Systems, Hasso Plattner Institute for Software Systems Engineering, Campus Griebnitzsee, Postdam 14482, Germany e-mail: [email protected] L. Leifer Stanford Center for Design Research, Stanford University, Panama Mall 424, Stanford 94305- 2232, CA, USA e-mail: [email protected] H. Plattner et al. (eds.), Design Thinking Research, Understanding Innovation, 3 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-01303-9_1, © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 4 C. Meinel and L. Leifer I. The Human Rule: All Design Activity is Ultimately Social in Nature. Never Go Hunting Alone. There are studies that substantiate the assertion that successful innovation through design thinking activities will always bring