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Elsa Cascais Silva Andrade Machado Masculinidade, Melancolia E Universidade Departamento de Línguas e Culturas de Aveiro Ano 2018 Elsa Cascais Silva Masculinidade, Melancolia e Misoginia Andrade Machado nos Filmes de Sam Peckinpah Masculinity, Melancholia and Misogyny in the Films of Sam Peckinpah Universidade Departamento de Línguas e Culturas de Aveiro Ano 2017 Masculinity, Melancholia and Misogyny in the Films of Sam Peckinpah Tese apresentada à Universidade de Aveiro para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em Estudos Culturais, realizada sob a orientação científica do Doutor Anthony David Barker, Professor Associado do Departamento de Línguas e Culturas da Universidade de Aveiro ii You wanna come along? It ain’t like it used to be, but it will do. Old Sykes (Edmond O’Brien) in Sam Peckinpah’s The Wild Bunch. iii o júri presidente Doutor Joaquim Arnaldo Carvalho Martins, Professor Catedrático da Universidade de Aveiro vogais Doutor Anthony David Barker, Professor Associado da Universidade de Aveiro (orientador) Doutor Abílio Hernandez Cardoso, professor Associado com Agregação da Universidade de Coimbra Doutor Kenneth David Callahan, Professor Associado da Universidade de Aveiro Doutor Joaquim João Cunha Braamcamp de Mancelos, Professor Auxiliar com Agregação da Universidade da Beira Interior Doutora Francesca Clare Rayner, Professora Auxiliar da Universidade do Minho iv aknowledgements I am very grateful to my supervisor, Professor Anthony Barker, who helped me develop this work in its several stages of research and writing. His vast knowledge of cinema and his intelligent insight into films have always been for me a source of admiration. Without his guidance, patience and generous sharing of ideas I am sure I would be lost in melancholy disarray, unable to move forward. I am also grateful to Professor David Callahan for his friendly support and kindness. v palavras-chave Masculinidade, melancolia, misoginia, misógino resumo Com esta tese procurei abordar três aspectos que se salientam na obra de Sam Peckinpah: masculinidade, melancolia e misoginia. Tendo realizado apenas catorze filmes, Peckinpah distinguiu-se na história do cinema Americano não apenas pelos elementos técnicos inovadores mas também pelo facto de os seus filmes estarem em sintonia com o zeitgeist dos tempos turbulentos em que viveu. A partir da análise destes três aspectos, pretendi realçar o trabalho de um realizador cuja personalidade temperamental e a difícil relação com os estúdios tendem a obfuscar uma exploração menos romanticizada do seu trabalho. Apesar de se ter distinguido no Western, Peckinpah aventurou-se por outros géneros, nunca abandonando as principais preocupações e mundividência que conferem ao seu trabalho uma coerência temática. Enquanto o cinema Americano promove um modelo fortemente patriarcal e hegemónico, os filmes de Peckinpah, apesar de se centrarem na masculinidade, tendem a subverter este modelo ao colocarem em evidência as falhas e fraquezas dos seus protagonistas, que se revelam vulneráveis e mais suscetíveis ao sofrimento. Esta singularidade permitiu-me sublinhar a disposição elegíaca dos seus filmes e a sua relação com melancolia, uma característica que se associa à perceção de um Oeste em declínio e ao anacronismo dos seus protagonistas. Peckinpah ficou marcado pela sua postura misógina não apenas através dos seus comentários precipitados e irrefletidos, presentes nas várias entrevistas que concedeu, mas também porque manifestou uma relação problemática com as mulheres, algo que se refletiu na forma como as tratou e representou no ecrã. Esta tese procura assim abordar uma vertente menos agradável da sua obra que muitos críticos minimizam ou percecionam como resultado de uma crítica feminista inflamatória. Espero assim que, com este trabalho, tenha conseguido explorar a riqueza do cinema de Sam Peckinpah, demonstrando que a herança que este nos deixou ultrapassa em muito a técnica artística dos seus filmes ou a violência que ele explorou exaustivamente com a sua entrega à realização. Esta herança reside na melancolia que atravessa o seu trabalho, resultante de desencanto e perda. vi keywords Masculinity, melancholia, misogyny, misogynistic, misogynist abstract With this thesis I have attempted to analyse three salient features in Sam Peckinpah’s films: masculinity, melancholia and misogyny. Having made only fourteen films, Peckinpah distinguished himself as an important director in the history of American cinema not only because of his innovative techniques but also because his work was so much in tune with the zeitgeist of the turbulent times in which he lived. The analysis of these three main themes aims to cast some light on the work of a director whose temperamental traits and difficult relation with the film industry tend to obfuscate an un- romanticized view of his oeuvre. Peckinpah’s best work was within the generic traits of the Western but he also made forays into other genres, never forsaking the main worries and worldview that give his films a sense of thematic coherence. While American cinema is inclined to foreground a strong patriarchal hegemonic model, Peckinpah’s films, although centered on masculinity, unwittingly undermine this model by disclosing flaws and weaknesses in his protagonists, rendering them more vulnerable and prone to suffering. This singularity allowed me to bring into relief the elegiac mood of his films, a characteristic which entwines with the perception of a fading West and with the obsolescence of his male characters. Peckinpah became notorious in his association with misogyny not only because of his impromptu comments in the interviews he gave but also because he displayed a problematic relationship with women in real life, giving them a dismissive treatment in his films. This thesis attempts to deal with this unsavoury feature which many critics disavow or simple ascribe to inflamed feminist criticism. I hope in this work I have managed to address the richness of Peckinpah’s films and to reveal how he left a legacy which surpasses the technical artistry for which he became known and the violence which he stylised with the details of his obsessive directorial flair. This legacy lies in the melancholy mood that suffuses his work, resulting from disenchantment and loss. vii List of contents: List of Illustrations --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- IX Introduction to the theme ----------------------------------------------------------------------- X Part I- Sam Peckinpah I- A convoluted career -------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 II- Methodological concerns ------------------------------------------------------------- 14 III- Review of literature -------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 Part II- Masculinity in the Films of Sam Peckinpah I- Masculinity in Hollywood cinema: of power and the body -------------------- 42 II- Masculinity in the late 60s and 70s : of impotence and male angst --------- 68 III- Masculinity in the films of Sam Peckinpah: of losers, drifters and old timers------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 85 i- Masculinity in Major Dundee: between dandyism and dundeeism --------- 107 ii- Ride the High Country: refashioning the old code of the West- -------------- 119 iii- The Wild Bunch: from recuperation to annihilation----------------------------- 128 Part III- Melancholia in the Films of Sam Peckinpah- IV- Melancholia: of sadness and grief without a cause ----------------------------- 142 V- Melancholia in the Western genre: of sadness and grief with a cause ----- 165 VI- Melancholia in the films of Sam Peckinpah: of musing and grieving heroes ------------------------------------------------------- 177 i- Melancholia and age anxiety in Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid ----------- 192 ii- Melancholia and nostalgia in Junior Bonner -------------------------------- 204 iii- Melancholia and the nihilism of war in Cross of Iron ---------------------- 213 iv- Melancholia and male disempowerment in Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 222 Part IV- Misogyny in the Films of Sam Peckinpah VII- Misogyny: of men’s insecurity and women’s power ---------------------------- 237 i- Misogyny in American Cinema: of wimps and wild men ----------------- 254 ii- Women in the Western: of saloon girls and schoolmarms -------------- 263 VIII- Misogyny in the films of Sam Peckinpah: of men’s distrust of women- ---- 277 i- Misogyny in The Getaway: masculinity under trial ------------------------ 298 ii- Misogyny in Straw Dogs: masculinity under siege ------------------------ 308 IX- Conclusion -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 319 X- Bibliography ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 326 XI- Filmography ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 338 viii Illustrations: 1. Sam Peckinpah with his camera ----------------------------------------------------------------- XI 2. Sam Pekinpah during the shooting of The Getaway ---------------------------------------- 1 3. Sam Peckinpah --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41 4. John Wayne as Tom Dunson and Montgomery Clift as Matt Garth in Howard Hawks’s Red River ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44 5. John Wayne as John
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