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Magnetic Monopoles in Spin Ice Physics of Bulk Spin Ice Materials

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Magnetic Monopoles in Spin Ice Physics of Bulk Spin Ice Materials Magnetricity and Monopoles Displacement vectors in water Magnetic Monopoles in Spin Ice Potential magnetic monopole capacitor? ice Spin vectors in Spin Ice (Bramwell & Harris 1997) • Spin ice materials like Ho2Ti2O7 are simple Artificial System: Nanomagnets atomic spins transparent crystals that include atoms of •Magnetic charge Q at each vertex in honeycomb “rare earth” elements arranged in corner- •Q=3 monopole defects linked tetrahedra. The atomic magnetic moments or “spins” point into or out of Q= +1 or Q= -1 Ice the tetrahedral (arrows). H2O - + • Magnetic monopoles - the magnetic - + + version of a charged particle like electrons - Spin flips make magnetic or protons – have recently been shown to monopoles analogous to water exist in spin ice. We have shown that ice’s ionic defects monopoles form a magnetic version of Q= +3 or Q= -3 electricity, or “magnetricity” at very low T. + - + - - + 2H2O = [H3O +OH ] = H3O +OH • We have fabricated arrays of nanomagnets in a spin ice geometry, to + - create magnetic monopole defects at room temperature Physics of Bulk Spin Ice Materials Monopoles in Artificial Spin Ice Nanostructures H •The spin ice state has been confirmed by neutron •Scanning electron scattering to be a vacuum for magnetic charge. SEM (a) (d) micrograph of the cobalt •Magnetic monopoles live in this vacuum. They honeycomb nanostructure.Q=+3 on are analogous to water’s ionic defects. Q=+1 site •Magnetic force micrograph H =-52.4 mT •Different spin ice materials have different Hx=-48.8mT x showing a negativelyQ=+1 on (b) (e) monopole concentrations. High pressure has been charged magnetic monopoleQ=-1 site used to create a new spin ice, Dy2Ge2O7 with the defect (bright yellow). The highest monopole concentration yet discovered. Neutron Scattering ice rule in the planar Hx=-54.7 mT MFM structure gives trapped Hx=-50 mT (c) (f) Magnetic Charge magnetic charge of alternating sign at the other measured by µSR vertices seen a weak yellow H =-62.2 mT (negative) and red (positive) Hx=-51.2mT x contrast. The flow of magnetic charge: • Schematic of the magnetic •Mobile defects have effective charge ±2q spins (arrows) and charges (Domain wall). spheres after formation of a • Positive and negative charged defects move in pair of oppositely charged opposite directions. monopole defects (large • “String” of head-tail dipoles created with defects spheres). at the ends. Field Control - Magnetricity Nanostructures Key Publications Bulk Monopole defects under magnetic pressure H STXM at ALS • T. Fennell, et al…; S. T. Bramwell Science, 326 415-417 (2009) • S. T. Bramwell, S. R. Giblin, S. Calder, et al. Nature, 461 956-959 (2009) • S. Ladak, D. Read, G.K. Perkins, L.F.Cohen, W.R. Branford Nature Coulomb blockade of two magnetic charges Physics 6, 359 (2010) Unbinding of monopole pairs at the same vertex • S. R. Giblin, S. T. Bramwell, et al. Nature Physics 7, 252-258 (2011) – “the Wien effect.” • S. Ladak, D. Read, L.F.Cohen, T. Tyliszczak, W. R. Branford, NJP 13, 023023 (2011). (a-f) Scanning Transmission Xray • H.D. Zhou, S.T. Bramwell et al. Nature Comm. 2, 478 1483 (2011) Micrograph of a -3q • S. Ladak , D. Read, L.F.Cohen, W. R. Branford, NJP 13 063032 (2011). monopole defect. (g-h) Micromagnetic simulations of a -3q monopole defect in field close to Relaxing “polarization” caused by depinning field Hd. monopole currents LCN team - Academics in charge: Steve Bramwell (UCL) and Will Branford (Imperial) Acknowledgements - UCL team: S.T. Bramwell, T. Fennell, D. F. McMorrow, R. Aldus, S. Calder, J.A. Bloxsom, A. Harman-Clarke, L. Bovo. - Imperial team: W. R. Branford, S. Ladak, D. Read, G.K. Perkins, K. Zeissler, S. K. Walton, A.M. Gilbertson and L.F. Cohen .
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