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A Case Study of Pearl River Estuary, China

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A Case Study of Pearl River Estuary, China sustainability Article Wetland Transitions and Protection under Rapid Urban Expansion: A Case Study of Pearl River Estuary, China Hui Zhao *, Xiaodan Wang, Yanjiang Cai and Weilong Liu Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; [email protected] (X.W.); [email protected] (Y.C.); [email protected] (W.L.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-28-8559-3701 Academic Editor: Vincenzo Torretta Received: 26 February 2016; Accepted: 5 May 2016; Published: 12 May 2016 Abstract: Understanding wetland changes under urbanization is important for wetland management. In this study, net transition intensity (NTI) and total transition intensity (TTI) are presented to characterize wetland transitions based on spatial data obtained from Landsat satellite images of Pearl River estuary in South China. NTI is commonly used to represent changes in absolute amounts for each class of wetland, while TTI reflects the internal transition activities and amounts. The third index, the urbanization intensity index (UII), is used to investigate the intensity and velocity of urban land expansion at the same time periods. The results show that one-third of the total wetland area was lost from 1979 to 2009 in the study area and seven types of estuarine wetlands were degraded. The basic pattern of wetland transition is from natural wetlands to constructed wetlands and then to urban lands. Intertidal mud and sand and paddy fields were the major natural and constructed wetlands, respectively, transferred to urban lands. The TTI value was generally greater than the NTI value for these wetlands. TTI >> NTI is an important indicator for wetland transitions under rapid urban expansion in the Pearl River estuary. Based on the integration of the two indices (NTI and TTI), a protection and management plan framework for the Pearl River estuary wetlands is proposed. This plan emphasizes the key and important zones and their different features, and includes actions that can be implemented in and around natural and constructed wetlands. Keywords: wetland transition; Landsat satellite images; urbanization expansion; protection plan; Pearl River estuary 1. Introduction Global urbanization significantly affects estuary wetlands by altering, destroying or fragmenting natural habitats, which alters hydrological and geomorphological processes and degrades wetland functions [1–4]. Generally, the location, size, and shape of wetlands significantly influence ecosystem functions. An increase in wetland area enhances ecosystem functions such as flood control, pollution filtration, carbon entrapment, and fishing, and provides migratory pathways for native species by improving hydrological and biological connectivity, which determines the total habitable area [5]. However, a decrease in wetland area reduces the available habitat for native fauna and flora [6] and ecosystem functions [7]. During the past few decades, a significant area of estuarine wetlands has disappeared in some large river deltas due to rapid urbanization [8]. The remaining wetlands are suffering from population pressure, water shortage, and pollution, as well as biological invasions, and are becoming increasingly vulnerable [9–11]. The changes to estuarine wetlands include not only direct occupation and loss, but also construction or increase of new wetlands. Those wetlands occupied or lost are completely replaced by Sustainability 2016, 8, 471; doi:10.3390/su8050471 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2016, 8, 471 2 of 15 The changes to estuarine wetlands include not only direct occupation and loss, but also Sustainability 2016, 8, 471 2 of 15 construction or increase of new wetlands. Those wetlands occupied or lost are completely replaced by agricultural use, aquaculture lands, infrastructure, and tidal control structures; the remaining agriculturalwetlands are use, bounded aquaculture by development lands, infrastructure, to varying and tidalextents control [12–14]. structures; These theconditions remaining reduce wetlands the arehydrological bounded byand development biological connectivity to varying extents among [12 wetlands,–14]. These such conditions that the reduce wetlands the hydrological lose their andresilience biological when connectivity facing different among stressors wetlands, [15]. such Newly that the built wetlands wetlands, lose theirsuch resilienceas salt fields, when shrimp facing differentponds, reservoirs, stressors [15 and]. Newly restored built sites, wetlands, can suchpartially as salt offset fields, the shrimp negative ponds, effects reservoirs, arising and from restored the sites,decrease can in partially wetland offset area. the negative effects arising from the decrease in wetland area. Different methods, such as rate of change of total wetland area [[16–18],16–18], transitiontransition matrices for the processprocess ofof wetland wetland loss loss [ 9[9,19,20],,19,20], and and landscape landscape pattern pattern indices indices for for wetland wetland development development [21 –[21–23], have23], have been been used used to measure to measure and evaluateand evaluate wetland wetland changes changes with with absolute absolute amounts amounts by comparing by comparing their statetheir atstate two at time two points.time points. However, However, because because the differences the differences between between newly newly increased increased wetlands wetlands and well-preservedand well‐preserved ones, ones, as well as well as betweenas between the the same same wetland wetland types, types, are are significant significant in in structurestructure and function due to theirtheir developmentdevelopment period and locationlocation [[13],13], understandingunderstanding thethe internalinternal transitionstransitions together with analyses analyses of of wetland wetland changes changes plays plays an an important important role role in in conservation conservation and and restoration restoration of ofwetlands wetlands [24]. [24 Nevertheless,]. Nevertheless, fewer fewer indices indices have have been been studied studied to to understand understand wetland interchange processes that occur at variousvarious stages,stages, especially in the urbanurban expansionexpansion area, during wetlands transferring to other land uses or vice versa. The main objectives of this study were: (1) to develop a method to detect the characteristics of wetland transitions under rapid urban expansion in the Pearl River estuary; and (2) to quantify the spatial relationship between wetlands and urban lands for future restoration and conservation of estuarine wetlands. 2. Materials Materials and and Methods Methods 2.1. Study Area ˝ 1 ˝ 1 ˝ 1 ˝ 1 2 The Pearl River estuaryestuary (21(21°3434′ N toto 2323°5656′ N, 111111°5858′ E to 114114°3838′ E) with an area of 31,831 kmkm2 (Figure1 1)) is is located located on on the the southern southern coast coast of of China. China. The The Pearl Pearl River River enters enters into into the the southern southern China China Sea through the estuary by means of eight river branches, which results in different types of large ˝ wetlands. The climate of this region is warm and moist with a mean annual temperature of 22.1 °C.C. ´ The weatherweather is is dominated dominated by by the the northeast northeast monsoon monsoon and the and mean the rainfallmean rainfall is low (30–40 is low mm (30–40 month mm1) frommonth October−1) from to October April. Fromto April. May From to September, May to September, the southwest the monsoonsouthwest brings monsoon up large brings amounts up large of ´1 rainfallamounts (300–400 of rainfall mm (300–400 month mm) from month lower−1) from latitudes lower [ 16latitudes,25]. Over [16,25]. the pastOver three the past decades, three thedecades, Pearl Riverthe Pearl estuary River wetlands estuary havewetlands suffered have from suffered rapid from industrialization rapid industrialization and urbanization. and urbanization. Seven major Seven large cities,major includinglarge cities, 35 including districts, have35 districts, been formed have been [26,27 formed]. [26,27]. Figure 1.1. LayoutLayout of of the the study study region region (Seven (Seven large large cities cities and and two two major major river river branches branches in the in Pearl the RiverPearl estuary,River estuary,i.e., Guangzhou i.e., Guangzhou City, Foshan City, Foshan City, Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City, Dongguan City, Dongguan City, Jiangmen City, Jiangmen City, Shenzhen City, City,Shenzhen Zhuhai City, City Zhuhai and Huangmao City and Huangmao Ocean, Lingding Ocean, Ocean). Lingding Ocean). Sustainability 2016, 8, 471 3 of 15 2.2. Data Sources In this study, wetland information was extracted from the satellite data of three Landsat instruments (Multispectral Scanner [MSS], Thematic Mapper [TM], and Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus [ETM+]). Forty-nine scenes of Landsat satellite data were obtained from the Center for Earth Observation and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Science and the Global Land Cover Facility at the University of Maryland [28]. Autumn and winter images, with less cloud and rain, were chosen to better differentiate the spectral information. The characteristics of the image data are presented in Table1. A contour of ´6 m obtained from Chinese digital elevation model (1985) was used to mark off the wetland class of shallow marine water (NW1) based on the Ramsar Convention. Table 1. List of the satellite data used. Data
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