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(Ntnu) Master's Thesis Children's Perspectives On NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (NTNU) MASTER’S THESIS CHILDREN’S PERSPECTIVES ON WORK AND MIGRATION IN YEJI, GHANA THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY (MPHIL) DEGREE IN CHILDHOOD STUDIES, NTNU. JUNE 2018, TRONDHEIM Declaration I do hereby declare that, except for references to other sources which have been duly acknowledged, this thesis is the product of my own research .................................................................................. VIDA ROSE ASANTE (Student) May 2018, NTNU Trondheim, Norway ………………………….. IDA MARIE LYSÅ (ASSISTANT PROFESSOR) NTNU Trondheim, Norway i ii Acknowledgement My profound gratitude and special thanks go to my supervisor, Ida Marie Lyså (Assistant Professor), and Tatek Abebe (Associate Professor) of NTNU, for their endless contribution, including time, comments and patience towards this work. I also acknowledge and thank all the lecturers and staff, especially Anne Trine Kjørholt (Professor), Verbjørg Tingstad (Professor), Randi Dyblie Nilsen (Professor), Marit Ursin (Associate Professor), the administrators. I am very grateful to all the participants in the fieldwork of this research, especially the children, their parents/community members, the staffs of the NGOs who participated in the research. iii iv Dedication I dedicate this thesis to JEHOWAH GOD then my husband, Rickson Annan and son Benjamin Annan. v vi Abstract The study explored children’s perspectives on work and migration. The aim of the research was to explore the similarities and differences between children, caregivers and NGOs narrative of migration, fosterage and work and bringing to the fore families/community and NGOs perspectives on the implication of children’s work to their wellbeing. Methodology employed for the study included interviews, observation, ranking exercise, recalling, focus group discussion and drawings. Also, the study made use of ethical strategies such as privacy, confidentiality, protection, power balance and respecting cultures. The study made some findings that most children view work as part of socialisation in the society, whilst others also see it as securing one’s future. Also, the main reason for migration leading to fosterage and work was poverty followed by high birth rate, divorce, single parenthood and the guest for greener pastures. Most of the children confirmed feelings of self-worth that comes with working since the society respect and appreciate a child who is hardworking. In addition, it revealed the contradicting viewpoints of NGOs on migration, work and fosterage. The study observed that there is a rift between the parents/community members and the NGOs in the area since the community members see the NGOs as interfering in their personal business. It is evident from the study that some children are actively involved in the fishing work and majority of them are school dropouts whilst some are combining both. The cost of enrolling the children into schools involves pertinent cost which makes it difficult for the parents or guardians to afford hence forcing the children to help-out with the family business. In summary, children’s work is very important to their wellbeing thus help prepare them for the future. However, they should be protected, and the law should at least make basic education free for all children to attend school, so they can have basic education in addition to the work they do. Children voices must be listened to in order to make policies pertaining to children lives and wellbeing. vii viii Table of Content Declaration .................................................................................................................................. i Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................... iii Abstract .................................................................................................................................... vii Table of Content ....................................................................................................................... ix List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................... xv List of Figures ........................................................................................................................ xvii List of Tables .......................................................................................................................... xix CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem ................................................................................................. 2 1.3 Aims of the Research ....................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Research Questions .......................................................................................................... 3 1.5 Relevance of the Study ..................................................................................................... 3 1.6 Organisation of the Chapters ............................................................................................ 3 CHAPTER TWO ....................................................................................................................... 5 BACKGROUND CHAPTER .................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Scope of Ghana ................................................................................................................ 5 2.3 Lake Volta ........................................................................................................................ 6 2.4 Fishing in Ghana .............................................................................................................. 6 2.4.1 Fishing Community ................................................................................................... 7 2.5 Setting............................................................................................................................... 8 2.5.1 Yeji in the Pru District ............................................................................................... 8 ix 2.5.2 Language and Education ........................................................................................... 8 2.5.3 Economy, Cultural and Social Structure ................................................................... 9 2.6 The Extended Family System .......................................................................................... 9 2.7 Fosterage System in Ghana ............................................................................................ 10 2.8 Policies and Interventions on Protecting Children ......................................................... 13 2.8.1 The 1992 Constitution of Ghana ............................................................................. 13 2.8.2 The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child.................................... 15 2.8.3 The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACRWC) ............... 18 2.8.4 Human Trafficking Act in 2005 (Act 694) .............................................................. 18 2.8.5 The Children’s Act 1998 (Act 560) ......................................................................... 19 2.9 Summary of the Chapter ................................................................................................ 19 CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................................. 21 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES AND CONCEPTS .......................................................... 21 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 21 3.2 The Social Studies of Children and Childhood .............................................................. 21 3.3 Agency ........................................................................................................................... 23 3.4 Debates on Children`s Work .......................................................................................... 24 3.4.1 Work-Free Childhood Perspectives ......................................................................... 25 3.4.2 Socio-Cultural Perspective ...................................................................................... 26 3.5 Chore Curriculum ........................................................................................................... 28 3.6 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 29 CHAPTER FOUR .................................................................................................................... 31 METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................
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