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*1 -. DIRECTORS COMMENTS MAY WE INTRODUCEL
I iit\ selectlioi ixiitici the ICxx dc.isioii Iari titlcxsil V I ke that 'Aill incease X icid dcrease pest pi oblciii tint Ditrectoi of thI Id inpiox c iiilation of 'iatei and nutrients: yei AAES. Green, a m not cost more moiney. When colittbiid 'A6it1 soil tivec of A lahanla oined the xtaif fin .lu 1121-61tx tcstiitc and other rescaich-pi 0\ ci piroduiction inf~oi " and wxill be handlim- tmation c.hoosingi the optitmui xai ct' can make a big difle ce in the bottom line. IThoocLh 'Ac are entem inc into excitinc,- and ehallenci ne cx Grenhin,,stoAu ni an cxtctnsix arcas of reschli such as cenette encinecringe the nuts-and- hacgrondin nierstyadiitrafltionf that bolt, mexeameb Comducted on x amtetiex and s~oti cirti lity rmnains htas includcd \\orik 'Ait h grantsx and coniitract an imipotant aspect of the ox ciall Alabama Agci turial Ex- LOWELL T. FROBISH dexci ip men t.copyrights and pate nt adnmin- petriiieint Siatiomn rexajc efort. lii ration. oxc niticitin relations, and indux- lachi xcar the results (it xaricts trials~ on iornm. coittoin. so\ bans. small crains. ciain tri al con'vtiract inc,-. I1ec anki to An ho ri I r 'vi xomghl , atid i vccits arae published by the Exspetrtment Statiotn. And. e\ er ysear these the ('oflee of C'hareston in C'hat lcston. wAhere pib I at ii ns are inidemnvid bs I airmiers. [Data for these po hicmat ions are c ierated by xarity' S.C.. he has servecd as Directori of' tests at E'sperimttt Station rescarch sites acioss the State, providing localized iiifirnlation Rescarch since 19~87. A ciraduatc of Auihurn Uive rsity 'Aith a hachchor's cci-cc in boxi- for the State' xF armecrs. nexx adminixtatlito. Grccn has piexiouxly Soil tertility xtudicx pix ide nearly 61) cams of eoitinuoiti fertilits itfot mation lot the wAorkcd in admniiixnatix c roles at the f nv\er- fixe mtajori xoil recionsx oii the State. This soil t'ettilitx ittfomationi is critical to any crop xity of (Gcorcia, U nix crsitx ii South Ala- rescaich, and Alabamla has the lonlcxt continuoux xoil letrtilits tests ini the Nattont. banta. Eiixerxitx of' Alahanla in [irmiiw- Vaniet's tests and letitliscr tials are amlong, the mtoxt tadlitional of applied research haiti. and NA\SA's Marshll Spae Flight techniiquex, meaning rcxoltx of these tcsts catn he "applied" directly by farmers and (Center in Hunlviitxillc. HeIalso has 'Aorked aatibuixncsx. Wh ile \ubom v and stthei eseatch tnstitutionsx te inemeaxinic emtphasis otn wxith the Natlional Iiistitntcs iif 1-iafli Na- "basic"' research. xxhich is critical iin aboilIdivic a basc of scientific kmtxxledg-e, the importance tionaf Hlcait, Lunc. and Blood Insxtitutc. ot, x ariety trials,. femttfitx tests, atnd othler appl Icid re xare h shi inld mit be iocrlooked. Recenitlx the l 'sperinient Station's xatietx testinic and xoil Fettlity reseamrcht fptociraims 'A ci spearh[teaded by Cl'S de I xans. a soil scientixt. and DonmThourlitx attd Wsil cJ ohnxon, both ,romitst. Each otf thesc scimtitttt rctited itn 1992. feax ic a lecacx of valnble ittlmltaioii that tax ptox ided much (if the x ai etal and etitlitx infom titattilv uxed by Alabama farmrsxFIoi the past 31) years. Withtout (fiuextiltit Farmecrx and thte agr icultomal itidixti x ini the State owx a circat deal to the x atictx testintg and soil fertility programst and to the scientists wAho made resnlts of thtexe testx ittoi eoanincf of. ON THE COVER. Deer browsing forage plots, see story on page 4.
loll 1992 \ ol. 39, No. 3
A quariek ILPi 01 icxc;hi~hpuIktic hx the Ed(itoirial Cmmittee: I oxvIef I. Frto I)xh. l).G. t:)tIO(R'S NO I-1. Mettti of tirade niatmex Ihut~chk. I, 'iiti /iolso lo / i vtitsi)-:doi ncoilt idic I e etixti iixci icii bx thle AlIahaivia K.[IBixi cii l s ixrtoi/riscn of/ lP51 ait I'i Agiclturl I'pcimiet Stitiovi ori Authrn i/iolog' L. Norant.M Pm', o r oi0/lolUl Sci I tixeixits ut hband iixei litthei Anix uixe cmi c:1 .K.I ,kc. Aiu,' iota Pro/i~iwo ii/Iw of pesticide tatex iii c\xexs ot tabetcj amiiounits )AXXIt) t t t I t , ...... A sociaite t )ircctoi illeeI-l 1-epl teth douex ill eotix tc eciitt- 1t0SSI I t1. tILt tttFERN(Xxociaiic tlirctioi iitetidliMi0i ol xsuel ralte Suich tixe ix simiply piait -AXI (;Pl It ...... Xxxii,nli r o ut the xcietifi i o extiatult neesxxali tiiex ,lu- RitOY i l il RSt N ...... \xxixtaii t Iiiectol iidi//ij Sciii ces: R.A Tuii'.. A 0 iltC Iio ate xarious mai~terialx. No chfeical~i xhoutd be K \11XII S\111 ...... Xxxxiaitc tslitix uxed aiti ,iex bs thythse pcriuiied bx the Ii'so(1/ I niliiiii/l : J . o tnt.sis101to libel. Infoirmtitotn ctainred het iii ix axoil- abte toilll persiitlx' ithovit rCaiti~ to race. color. Ros Robetxoit. sx\ iii ntional oii ini D.L. RANKINS, JR., J.T. EASON, T.A. MCCASKEY, AND A.H. STEPHENSON ON-FARM PROCESSING PRESERVES THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF BROILER LITTER
ROILER litter has been used as an Therefore, poloxalene (a bloat preventative) findings, the temperature range between economical feed ingredient for was added to the diets for the remainder of 142°F and 158°F appears to be very impor- beef cattle for several years, provid- the study. Steers consuming the control diet tant for maintaining adequate availability ing an alternative disposal method gained from 0.5 to 1.4 lb. per day faster than of broiler litter nitrogen for cattle. The for this by-product of the poultry industry. those consuming the litter-based diets, see suppression of temperature caused by cov- However, broiler litter must be managed table. ering the stack resulted in a diet that con- properly to ensure it is a safe and valuable The deep-stacking method had no appre- tained 20% more digestible nitrogen. Previ- feedstuff for cattle. Research-developed ciable effect on steer average daily gains. ous research has shown that temperatures of techniques are providing new information Daily feed intake was not significantly dif- 142°F for several days are adequate for the on the best management practices for this ferent among cattle fed the experimental elimination of most enteric bacteria thatmight resource. diets. Feed efficiency values followed the be associated with broiler litter. Typical on-farm techniques for handling same pattern as daily gains; best for steers In summary, steers fed the urea control and processing litter include deep-stacking, fed the control diet, followed by those fed diet gained extremely well. Incorporation which generates heat and eliminates poten- 25% litter, and then those fed 50% litter. of 25 and 50% broiler litter into the diets gains as a result of gains and resulted in less tial pathogens. However, deep-stacking also The suppressed weight reduced weight the addition of broiler litter were directly efficient gains as a result of the decreased can result in excessive heat generation within related to the energy content of the diets. amount of dietary energy. However, the cost the stack, which binds the nitrogen and limits Broiler litter contained less energy than of each diet ranged from $0.282 to $0.305 the nutritive value of the litter as a cattle feed. corn. However, the cost per pound of gain perpound of gain. Covering the deep-stacked A recent Alabama Agricultural Experiment was quite similar among the seven treat- litter with plastic did not increase average Station study at the Sand Mountain Substa- ments, see table. daily gains, but did increase nitrogen digest- tion, Crossville, evaluated the nutritive value Inclusion of broiler litter into the ration ibility, making it most useful in cattle with of broiler litter deep-stacked in three differ- resulted in decreased digestibility of all nutri- higher protein requirements, such as light- ent ways. ents except the fiber component (neutral weight heifers. In some cases, uncovered Approximately 20 tons of broiler litter detergent fiber). The deep-stacking method stacks might achieve even higher tempera- were placed into each of three open-faced had no effect on dry matter, organic matter, tures, further accentuating these differ- bays and deep-stacked to a height of ap- fiber, or energy digestibilities. However, ences. proximately 6 ft. One stack was left uncov- deep-stacking affected nitrogen digestibil- Rankins is Assistant Professor of Animal and ered, another was covered with 6-mil plas- ity. Nitrogen digestibility of diets Dairy Sciences; Eason is Superintendent, Sand tic, and the third stack was misted with water containing plastic-covered litter was not Mountain Substation; McCaskey is Professor and to form a 1-in. crust upon drying. After 30 different from the urea control diet, but Stephenson is former Research Associate of Ani- days, the litter was used to formulate six was greater than for treatments containing mal and Dairy Sciences. experimental diets representing 25 and uncovered or wa- 50% litter from each of thethree treatments. tered litter. Differ- also AVERAGE DAILY GAIN, FEED INTAKE, FEED EFFICIENCY, AND NUTRIENT A control diet using urea and no litter ences in nitrogen DIGESTIBILITIES OF STEERS FED VARYING AMOUNTS OF DEEP-STACKED BROILER was formulated. All diets contained 10% digestibility pro- LITTER cottonseed hulls, 2% limestone, vitamin A, bably occurred 25% litter 50% litter and variable amounts of cracked corn. because heating Urea Unc. Cov. Wet Unc. Cov. Wet Twelve crossbred, medium-framed steers formed indigest- ADG, lb ...... 3.43 2.71 2.88 2.62 2.09 2.07 2.18 averaging 451 lb. were assigned to each diet ible nitrogen com- Intake/d,lb...... 19.1 18.5 21.1 19.1 20.2 19.1 20.5 (six steers per pen and two pens per diet). plexes. The un- Feed/gain ...... 5.57 6.83 7.33 7.29 9.66 9.23 9.40 Steers were weighed every 28 days through- covered stack $/lb. of gain ...... 298 .284 .305 .303 .296 .282 .288 out the study. Following 84 days on feed, reached an internal Digestibilities three steers from each treatment were fed in temperature of DM, % ...... 69 58 58 54 49 48 52 OM,% ...... 71 64 61 61 56 58 60 individual pens and manure was collected 158°F, the watered N, % ...... 55 41 52 37 38 46 49 from each steer so that nutrient digestibilities stack 154°F, and the NDF,% ...... 39 38 41 38 39 34 36 could be determined. covered stack did Energy, % ...... 69 58 55 51 51 52 52 Within 28 days, four to eight steers being not exceed 142°F. DM = dry matter, OM = organic matter, N = nitrogen, and NDF = neutral offered litter-containing diets were bloated. Based on these detergent fiber.
Alabama AgriculturalExperiment Station 3 N.A. WAER, H.L. STRIBLING, AND M.K. CAUSEY OR Pi ANTI T [) FOR AGF Ci~o~s
LA BAMA farmer s, and e\ven and recording deer fora-inc actisities from crazitic pressuire to s oluniteer svegetatioii homeowners in sonie areas of the an obsei sation blind dlurinc feeding inter- eveii thiough ladinio closer borace was asail- State. canl attest to the 5 aried enuli- s als. Alter-deer ss crcdisperised ontolthe test able. Red closer ssas a pirecirredl species in nary tastes of wshite-tailed (leer. A plots, the bcat ion of each feediuc deer xsas May tlii ougli Septeniber. paralleling its peak recent Alabama Agricultural Experiment recorded by plot n1umb1erat 3 miii. interv als. produlct ion. Use of red closer xas strongd(ue Station study contirms sonmc distinct dining If a deei (lid not cuter the enclosure. dtidl not to its ability to produce borage duriiig late trend~s b, (leer oil forages, some olt wshich forage. oi foraged on sut iounding s oluiiteer summuler wxhen ladinio clovcrs sserc stressed dlependl on time of year the crop matures, crude vegetation, this alternate activity swas re- aiid other cool-season borages ssecie dead. protein coniitent, and f orage ti her eonte nt. corded (ILirin« the 3 miin. intersval. Dut inc the ssarm-season ot 1990.) soy- Cool-scasonl ISeptembet-May)I cr ops in Deei prefeience ssas dletermniedl by, cal- bean swas piretfiere os ci all othiei foraces the study included: oats, rye. ryegrass, wxheat. cuilatinuc the iiumber of observ'at ions per f roii mid-Juiie through August Vel s tbeati foirage tuirnips. Regal ladino clovci.,(Osceola niinute for each toirage. Duiring the study. was the second most pirere foirage iniiiid- ladino clover, Imperial W\hitetail R ladino 16 obsers ational periods of 7-21I feeding June to mid-July. From late-July to late- clovci, Tibbee crimson clover, and Mt. intersvals each sserc conducted osver three August. jointsvetch aiid Quail Hasvei soy- B~arker sUbteiramean clover. These same seasons: 15.741) independent obsei sations bean sscrc preferred species. Soy beans and brnaces wsrcrc ioswn in the second year. sserc madle duriiic the 227 teediine inters als. ladinio clsvcr5 s cerc prelcirredl forages during except Redland II red clover replaced Mt. Throughout the study, deer speiit about the late-August to eatrly-October. Peas we rc the Barkei. saiie amouint of ti me eatitig planted forages least preferred ofI all Ifora ces tli ou clii in t tile Warm-iiiseason ( May-Octohier) crops in- (40.814 as thes dtidl eatin-e solunteci s egeta- eluded. IDavis soybean. Quail Has en® soy- tioii (40. 31), suichi as blackberry. esvening Preferenice wsas associated wxith growsth bean. Combine cowspea. cat aug pea, velvet- pirimriose. aind bahiagrass. stages of the forage species. Generally. bean, and American jointv etch. The peren- During the cool-seasoins, small crains forages sw re pieferedl sslieu they wsere nial ladino clovers were available inl mini- were preferred from Nosvember through groswing rapidlly,. relatisvely high in crude iumLiiilu ant it i s during the swarm-season. February . R' egrass w5as a pirefiired species protein, and relatis clx losw ini fibeir. Onice 'The test wssi conducted at the Auburn along ssith smiall grains in lanuary of the tirst foriiages ilatuiredl the', became muore fibi oUS D~eei Research laci lity neat campus. Six year aiid in December through March of the and dlecreased ini cirtde piroteini contenit. Sub- lemale and foui male deer wseie alloswed to secondL year. Crimson closer also ssas a sequently . deer use shifted to othiei totraces grazc the foraces. Co lo red co ll ars we rc prefc eI species from late January tliioUgli con taining less Ii her aiid mo re pirote in. The se placed on eachI deer to alloss ide nt ificat ion at March of the first year and froim February to changes ini fiber and piroteiii conitent couild a distance. Deer were released onto the March of the second year. Deer preferred explain decreased use, possibly due to dI- forage ploits approx~i mate ly four times per ladino clsocirs from Aptril through May. creased pal atabi lit'. wseek, usually wi thin 3 hi. of sunrise or wshichi wsas during ladino clover's peak piro- Results fromi this study may be used to sunset, and allowsed to Iced 15- 30 mini. These duction. While the peak in prodluctioii aiid desvchop plantingc regimiles ini accoirdaiice dleci airc noirmal ly fed pcIlleted feed. but feed- use of ladino clovers wsas high comipaired to wsit h particular mauiage meint object ises. ing ssas restricted 12-14 hir. prioir to the other lorages, it occurredl duriiig spring green- \\aer' is Giradiiai Research Assistant. Siihttimc animals beitic released onito the lor ace plots. up wsheii browse was plentifIul and Succulent. is Assisitiui Puntecssii. and ('muses is 1t'Ces1uii Prefeeceswetc determined bs s tess incL At that time, the deer shifitted miiost ot' thi
Deer browsing on forage plots at the Auburn Deer Research Facility.
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Ilriiuo Ag'hi-ic~lltr/ k s/wlimenwlt Station C.H. GILLIAM, D.J. EAKES, P.R. KNIGHT, AND J.A. REEDER BIOBARRIER RESTRICTS ROOT GROWTH
(If 58 rolots) coimplared tol Bradford mcint Station research wxith flowxeriing pear and xxi llowx oak (ax lBioblairidABAMA rr)Aericutral a Iong term Experi- root erace oIf 26 rooltx) in 1991I. Roots A ! t , - cointrli s\stemin idicates it is ef- penetrating the De~i'itt Pro -5 fecti xc in prev enting roots fr om spreading tendteti tio biranch ax they peinetrated otside designated landscape areas. This the barrier anld ntiri milall rootx rlit ivel n fl'w prodlict. wxhich consists of ciexx alomlg the x ertical baier. timincelcease nodulcx of (trt liiial in)I Theic x ax iloditfe-ence in heicht herbicide pecrmaneintly bonded into i tab- oi caliper meaxtiremlentx durng i- ric, inay p3rovxto be enx ironmentally safe thei ot the 2 y eaisxcxaltiated tflt the fiotr tree xpeciex. an~d ffct-iveI in pievxenting iroot darnage to Axerage height Ar sidewxalks, drix xways u.ndeirground pipes, (ft.-) and cal ipeC(inl -for the I iotr ti-cc anditseptic. tanks. xpeciex at the end of 1991 xxct-: red R-edl maple, Anmcrican sycamore. imaple, 17 and 3.5; Amermiman xy-
B rad f oid fhoxxering Peai . and 'Cr Illow oak. wre camore. 17.4 and 3.8: Bradford planted at the I . V. Smith Research (Centei, pear. 12.5and 3.5: anld xxilloxx oak, Shorter, in M~arc 1b9901. Tr ees were about 2 16.4 and 3.1. 4 4 in. in caliper at the time of Planting, and On May I, 1991, sol Isamples wxei-e co ll ected ly from treatments inltideti Typar Biobai iiei, hornlital a [Dexwitt Pro 5i) and a control wxith nol root sec~tion oIf the Biohbarrier mtat to de barrier. Dewxitt Pro -5 is a x ox en polyprio- termine tillutralin nmovement aind cilncetatitonlx. iriftluralin wax pyleiie product that has prox ied superior highext in the 0- 1/8 in. distance wveed control1) in ani t st tiat her udy ex al ing " wc cd nats. frnom the noidu le, 24. 1 partx pet yr-- a illill ion (ppmrn.) and decreaxed in P l anti ng hole preparatini inclIutded dig- coniceintiration as tlitance from the ging an 8 X 8 ft. area to a depth ot 19 in. inodule itncreaxed. -irititiral in iregix- Eachl bole wax lined along the tour vertical teied 0.1 ppm. 2 iin. ti-oil the nod- wxalls wxith oInc of the two root conitrol piod- Ba rre (sow hee isefetie nmaagn ru tile.- F-uithernmi-e, trit i ial i ilcoil utc to a depth of 18 in., or left unilinled grow-t-- centirationis iin the nodulex xxere ximi- (contmrol). Tiee wcxeie planted inithe center of lamto the initial noidtile trifltiralini each hole and backfil led wxith native soil. conicentratiolnx. 1Thexe tdata shoxx Each ti-ce xpcimes wxas cx altated as an indi- that trititiral in ctlnceintrations xxen x idnal expeiment. Trees wxere mulched still prexent in significant amountx to xxith pincbam k to a depth of '2 in., wxatered, pr-exvent rooit growxxth 2 yeairx after and fertilizedi annually wxith I lb. of I13 13- inxtallatioln, but had not moilxed sic 13 per caliper inch. iPotemct cence weced nificantlx from the vertical bariem colitl wxas miai nta ined aroutind the edge of Gilliamt is Protessolr, Eakes is Assis- the hole xxith Rotindnp(R herbicide. tant Protfe sor,- Knight is Grtadtuate Re- With all f otr ti-cc species, Biobarrier search Assistant, and Reedet is Research eff-ectively xtuppressed roo~t penletratiuoi be- Technician IV oftHot tiltUrWe. vonid the rooit conitroil tieatmeint in both
Neairs, as showxni in tile table. Dcxxitt Pro-5 NL 'BRi Oi ROOT PENS (RATIONS OF- unF Pil:1\ WALT[ i Txinr Roo i C -rkNi Tin-., xis IantIscape mat and tile non restriicted colnt rol 19901 1991 ti-eatilent restilteti inin tmerouti r oots pen- etiat ing the plane heyo(ndl tile edge oIf the Ex p~ur DewSin Contirol 'Ix pal D~e itt Coinntl tiobaiiiei Pio-5 fBirihitier 1Sri 5 pl anlt ing hile. Root gro(wt h (It ied maple and Aimerican sycamor-e xxax m111re x igoirouix. as Red maple ...... 0.0 11.7 17.0) .0 5 28.3 Amieria ccmote ...... 0 163 11 O .0 58 ii 53.7 exidenced by gi-eater irlit otinibers (axveiace Brtadtort 10Ciinc pear ...... 0 27.7 24.7 .3 29. 15.7 Tlut]iiat iii is xoltd untdei the tradenanie Tlt]an - wS illiox oak ...... 01 7.7 11.7 (1 23.3 17.7 but is aixo ax ailable in generiie tolriukitiOinS.
A labuana Agiricultural .xjwi-imnent Station D.I. BRANSBY, D.E. SNYDER, AND W.B. WEBSTER MEDICATED SUPPLEMENT BLOCKS EFFECTIVE FOR DEWORMING BEEF CATTLE
recinfection %\ith\\iiimx I i I1 lloxt neolected axpects ot anlimal froiimexpert tmei) aI past Iires. 4 D lii\\ x Oaud(R r\ IINain G i is o ftenhoeet' oprine dulcer.o t the the heate eo\ ticinl nt inc luICi tdhree I tiix ix pi iiahly a rexult ut mlainx treatment mopx: a ciiitriil goup pliduCiliin~xi the Southeaxt tax incl ximall that receix, edno dexxorin' treat- hicidx aid part-tiiie oipeiratioiit xxith limlitedI imCnt thirun 0111flt the ex\pc rimn tal lh,ulr taiilitiex xsicht ax a cilutl.) aiid itleit pciiid: a yll -otti that hadI Continuoux tixvexfur de'Aori iil cattle. Howevcxer. an tiec acessxs toi a block conltaininic Alabaima A\cricultunl E xperiiment Statioin oiilx an iollophiiie. a teed additi\ c xtudx lax xhiix ii that itedicate~d supplcnient that incicax es fced eff icicncy and a blickx can be et tectixe loinxiput toiolx lfii thiud giriup that had freec a cces to an tdexxormiiing ccetcattle. iontophoire blick that wxax repllaced
A 2-year ori/, ii tuId xwax conductedI at xxith a Safe"unai mcdicated block tileTInilIee Vallex Suhxtatiiii iniig6(0 ciintainiilc the dcxx oi mi ten bendla 510(1 to 6(11)l. xtoickei xteeix cia/itl0 Kei- ,iile. toi a cxx dlax . 3 and 6 xxeeks tnckx 31 tall Ifescue inftected at irates be- attei ciai xi,tairted. In 1990) the t'ccii 4(0 anld 75/ 'Aith tileemidoph\ te iotnophore tiCtinenlt wxas ,1(IminiS- a BO \ atec!k block, and in 1991 a fromil thle tiedicat ed bI c k in bh icarsx. xxeme ticeateti xxithl a xitle iiial iliixe uil RtmICnxmi block xxax uoxed. Relatix e differiences amoing, treatnments temibeittaruile piaxte pirioir to initiatioin oft (ra'imlc Continued foi 132 daxys in 1990)) in xxri inccc couintx deciceaxed wxithi time. anld 140) dlays in 1991. I his cold partiallx explaiin 'Ahy the differ- Cattle wercie i ched cx crx ence in wAeicht cain het'Aen the ioinophore- 28 dax s and onix block and the imedicated block tieat- I kEW \VN Mti( v11I 131 Kx samnpled niuinthlx tor fecal 'Aornl cc mlenlt 'Aax not iouCi It addition, it xuccexts Ax. daily gaini that fuither adniinit
lobontoe . ,irii 0/firm'/ I x/)(rilcmt .Situiolt D.E. CONNER AND M.K. ECKMAN ROTATIONAL APPLICATION OF CHEMICAL DISINFECTANTS ENHANCES SANITATION OF POULTRY HATCHERIES
Initial acivity, % Alkaline phenolic one another over resistance led to an apparent loss of initial Acidic phenolic extended periods activity of the disinfectants, as illustrated in 120 Rotation of time. Experi- the figure. No loss of activity occurred with 100 mentation was either disinfectant when applied in rota- performed with tion, indicating that very little resistance Pseudomonas developed. aeruginosa,a bac- This suggests that the repeated use of a terium that has single disinfectant treatment resulted in the shown some in- development of a bacterial population with trinsic resistance increased resistance, but rotationally apply- to phenolic com- ing these detergent disinfectants prevented pounds. the development of resistance. This study The two germi- illustrates that bacteria cannot adapt to disin- cidal detergents fectants as rapidly when treatment is applied used were an alka- on a rotational basis as compared to a re- Development of resistance to disinfectants when applied on a repeated line phenolic com- peated basis. These results provide evidence basis. . I 10 4 pounu (prl i.'-- at to support the efficacy of rotating anti- use dilution) and an acidic compound (pH microbial agents to prevent the development HEbroiler EVOLUTION hatcheries has ofresulted modern in a 2.6 at use dilu- substantial increase in the size of tion). The active facilities, number of breeder flocks ingredients of GERMICIDES USED IN ROTATIONAL APPLICATIONS IN BROILER HATCHERIES serviced, and hatching egg sources. Cur- each are shown pH at Active ingredient rently there are 35 hatcheries operating in in the table. Use use Active ingredients concentration at Alabama, hatching more than 18 million Treatments in- Germicide' dilution dilution use dilution chicks each week. This intensive industry cluded no germi- Pct. Pct. demands a high degree of sanitation to con- cide (water con- Alkaline phenolic 0.4 10.4 Na o-phenylphenate 0.04 trol diseases and to maintain chick quality trol), the alkaline detergent (1:256) Na o-benzyl-p-chlorophenate .04 Nap-tertiary-amylphenate .01 and production levels. This means a phenolic com- Total .09 hatchery' s sanitation program must be ef- pound applied on Acidic phenolic .4 2.6 o-phenylphenol .03 fective, but also carefully administered to a repeated basis, detergent (1:256) p-tertiary-amylphenol .03 ensure microbial populations are reduced the acidic com- Total .06 without creating resistant or adapted strains pound applied on 'Calgon Vestal Laboratories, St. Louis, Mo. Distributed by Sanofi Animal Health of microorganisms. a repeated basis, Inc., Overland Park, Kan. Historically, it has been recommended and the two com- that chemical disinfecting programs for pounds applied on an alternating basis of resistant microorganisms and ensure hatcheries rotate chemicals periodically to (rotational application). the success of a sanitation program. avoid the development of resistant strains. To evaluate these treatments, the test It should be noted that the two disinfec- Although this recommendation seems bacteria were cultured in laboratory plates tants used in this study are chemically com- sound, little or no scientific research has and the various treatments were applied. patible (varying primarily in pH) and lend been conducted to support or contradict this These samples were incubated for 48 hr. and themselves to a rotational system. Compat- premise. An Alabama Agricultural Experi- zones of inhibition were measured around ibility of agents should be a major consider- ment Station study was undertaken to test the treated areas to determine the de- ation in any rotational program because in- this supposition under defined laboratory gree of control. Various specimens were compatible chemicals might render the two conditions. then transferred to new plates and further compounds ineffective as antimicrobial The study compared the efficacies of tested over an extended period of time. agents. two commonly used hatchery phenolic Data show that the test bacteria eventu- detergents when used either individually ally became resistant to the disinfectants Conner is Assistant Professor and Eckman is on a repeated basis or used in rotation with when applied on a repeated basis. This Professor of Poultry Science.
Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station 7 J.P. CAULFIELD, D.B. SOUTH, AND G.L. SOMERS lDitletpillliCtteCI I altahitits liisalSO 55riCu sed to Construct each curs c. I acLh TREE SIZE AND VALUE tinmher Seller has a CUrse that applies to his Situtation,.anid this Cii 5Ve,)) ii)lluCHCC plant- inc, density dcisIins. AFFECTS PINE PLANTING T he cnmial correct plant i ng den- sity can he deter mined f or each picize / DENSITY DECISIONS CurvcC y calcitlatinL_ the L and Expectation Value ( LEV ) lot differentt pltntinge densi- ies. ILEV is a finianCial meiasltiC used to used mays he mote ecConomiCally Sonltd. Compare ins CstmtCntS 55hetC cash outtlowS Thle th~is study and itilow SOccu~r at dlifterett poitits in tithe. pinve trtee pl antat ions range Itomr 30)0 ohlectis eS of ssere to de- D~ensities, ranging fiom] 30(0 to 900) tpa ws re to1A NIN1,100) treesC densities per acre for (tpa) Southerni andt serihe anid analyz/C the types of price-si/e P CSaluated ini this Stndy. TIhe dentsity wsith the asverage 70)) tpa. While the correct CUrveCs that Catn exist and the Situiations to highest LLV is the miost desirable. planting dentsity liri aisken sitnation swhich thley apply. A Ilarge Cash]1O Io OCCut tttimC CoqUis iniput It(lii iniiduittal landlossnets or TIhe sh~ape andl Slope ot a price-Si/C Curv5e 0t s at the 1)1 Stand establishmntt ( for Site preparation. nianace iN.receCnt Al ahama Agericultuitrat Ex- depends on the s alue of the itntended etnd- Seedl ing putrChasC, and planttng costs) anid pim titntt Stat ioi r esearch] indicates losser prodltct of the harsvested tree~s. Thle simrplest an tntlotos 0CC urt t itmhCr SaleCs55hen iartw iraitiiill Ps a-c i-S a Ihori/onttal hune of price p]Cr uniit the stand isC\ ntltallNhats Csted. Bcau~se people priodulct 5 ohiume osver tree diati- atlue a dollar reeived to day moire igly Value, $/cunit FIG. 1 eter. iniswhich petl untit olumt]e than a doll ar ireceised in th futurne,C the]se 1201 n 1 ldoes nout5 ars S5itth tree si/C. This Pu Pw wood Cash Ii055s mtust he adjutsted.Or di so mnted at Consi iltant relationtship retlects a Situation] somei intert r ate. to a comonii~t point ini wheres lanidossnetsNSell a si ngle 100 TMS time~i(the rate utsed here wAas 61( ). '[he ILEV itdut SucNas~l p ulpiss00d. In figulie I tor the Curse referred to tmeasurt C IiSCOItS these earShtlowS to the 80 as the Pulpws 00d price-si/C present. th~e xear- sshen the Standl is estah- O LI)Qcursve, D price is a conistant 525 pet lished. FieltiC 60 Cutit of timbher Sold ( I cuitt 10)) 2 shoS the LE V in dollars per actre, p lotted ov5er pl aniting odenisi ty, Ior the] Q D Cuic feet of ssiiid). 40 A positis lyCl)Nopied price-Ni/C tthree licC-Si/ed Ciii S . IThe t\ pC ot Clii\ C hears irectly oitthe denisity decision. Fot 0 40 4Curve Cmieanis that a mnatrket exists A A AA AtA r trees to he sold Ifor intcrceas- the plll' ourvd Cli axCimtumf IL IVocchts 20 ngly h~igher atute products as at a density of ahotit 4)) tpa. At loss er and ______inicreases. hiteher densities LEIV is Somiewh at lowAer. 0 tree diamaeter IFor ex- 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 14 1 6 ample. a 14-in. dliamteter trec ciii] For the TMS anid cotnsutltamnt Cuii s. LELV Tr ee diameter, in. taims some voilumiie ini large saw- is at a ma]VimumiIt) at t he lowAest platinrg den- timbner, chip-and-lsass sassti mhet. sity ot 300)tpa. Trees putt on diameter gro155th Land Expectatio n Value, $/acre FIG. 2 anid pulpws ood. Figurte I shios more rapily at losser densities than at litghet 350 lwslipositis ely Slopied price-si/C detnsities. Since the TMS and Consuiltant Curs Cs totloh lolly ptine oni) listinC price-si/C Curses place nmoire s atue ontlargCer 400 - - -lata Itrom]Timbher Mart South. a dhianmeter Ss~t smiallI diameter trees, they sets indicate toswer planting densities ate appro- 250 timb~er ptrice r epor tintg icC O ( the T MS Clii e) and theCoithier priate. It is seen in fICure 2. that at densitiCs 200 trim a florestrs Conisultait (the higeher th~an 30)) tpa. LEV sloswly drops otl. Althoutgh th~e tesitltS Shossn hete Should LI L OConisultanit cuirve). Bo(th]cuirses 150 0reCoiz e a priCe priui)l) paidu n~ot he interpteted as a set of genetrat gutie- lines. theys do inidicate th~at loswer plating 100 tot tat cets etsits stallCt diametet trees. Theretore, sshent latiuossn- densities than those tiraditionally Cimiployed 50 CiS 2i ow prodlittS Suiclas sasstit)] m]ay he appropriate in miany cases. Most nA AA A A her. theCpriCe-si/C curses cat) he im]portatt thtCptricc-si/C relatitotnsh]ip thtat 0 uisedl to h~elp niake pilantinge den- exists for a SlCCiltiC Situation. alone wsitth a sits dcitsion~s. kniossledge of rotation] age, Site qltal ity andt '200 40( O 600 800 1,000, Pt iCCS usCed to ConistruCt the mianlaeen t costs, can he used tO determine Plantiirig density, trees/acre 'I NVIS curse Camne hot]]1timbhet lhe appr optrtate platitng lden si ty for atlto st prices in southlernt AlIahama anatd anyv landowner. FIG1. (top) Threi edifferent price-size curves. FIG.2. (bottom) Sta nd value over density for three the Con~sultant Curit5 C amli] romi CauItieId. South. and Somer s are . isLiate price-size curves. pirice dtata gatheredt ini Georgia. Pvotessors in the School o, Forestry.
Alabamaht Agriculiiaral 17\perimen Statioii P. JIN, R.T. GUDAUSKAS, D.J. COLLINS, A.K. HAGAN, J.M. MULLEN, AND P.L. MASK SOILBORNE WHEAT MOSAIC hk IN ALABAMA
OIL BOR.M\ Ixhat micix~i \\ as I i llur ((n ( ,I iii) R \ I I C I I 'k.;II L
lond fiou tie Iii xt titme oil wh eat ini Ivi deteinuine the tlistrihvitiiii 1' Alahamia jvixt 3 yearx ago. floxx SBWMNV in Alabamta. Samples ofi leaxves cxver, resear ch hy the Alahatiia and roovts xxere collected frimvini x ptom- Agrie vlinral Experimenit Stationi ox er ili i and axx niptoniatic wxheat plants in past ') xcaru hax shtoxx t that thi', xiral discosi randomly Sxleeted Iilds throug~houit the is xxidespread ini the State. aiid xome xxIlK, F State. Samplex also xxcrc taken fr ou evultixar are miore xvixeeptihle than otlici xxheat plants receix ed at the Plant lDiae, a',shown vin the table. no',iic Lahoiratory at Aubhurn llnixer- Thle eausal agent vii this dixeaxe ix the sit\ - and fromt plants reeiv ed from1 xviilhviiCitwxheat mio',aic xiru', (SBWV ). perstnitel ini coutyit Coopeiatix e SBWMV particlex are hiolloixxric-id rod', tht Ex\tensxion Serx ice offices,, the Ala- ar-exunhiueroxcoptc in ii ,ze. The x inuspci- haitia D~epatmnent ol Aci en It nrc sixtx ini the xoil in asxociationt wxith the plaiit and lndustries. anid the U SDA \ninial anid P~lant Health Inspec- parasxitic funigux. I'ouxooxoa i4Jri)titi. Led. SI W M V-conutani ated sporex ofithe Iu iiii ion Serxice. Samiples xxere tested tor SBWVMV by enzymre-linked may xuvi exin xsoilx for yearx. Fx cuallx. vi in I',Irheit asax n1vi anli I - lie rextito xpo rex geri nate. icl eaxming i rum dcx eloped to an Alahania iso- tile /ooxporex into the soil. Wheat plant. late vii the vinus. become infected xxith SBWM V xxli IT) date. SBIWMV hias heeit /ouxpvii cs Carriyinig the x iiiu peiieti'ate xheit lounid in at least oite field iteach of rtotx. tuxually d1-ri11g xxet, cool periodx in the the Lilutitiex xhownv oil the map. figuire 2. tall itt early xxinter. Thle x irus thieii tiiti- i wxidespircad ocevit eiie inidicatex that pliex anid mox cxthiroughiovt the plait aid sollhoriie wxheat itosaic ltkelx hias beein pi esent ini Alahaita ioi ometime. and that it S il li iiir W iii \1 ~ \nt Ii i ,i s''ii FIGA. (Above right:) SBWMV infected wheat. prex iouslyIwxas overloo ked or att ri huted to FIG. 2. (Above) Distribution of soilborne wheat Wmii1 t-ii iime \ 1991 S~iXi IL \ ii ixur other cauixe'. I'Asii kx', Si is i mosaic in Alabama, shown in yellow. l xi N More than 70) wxheat evultix ar', haxve heeii Rting' cx alvated for reacttovis to SBWMV in tests sy mptomisl dcx lhp on inleeted platt iti late oni f arimer' fields and in reevilat xmallI cramn Early~ Late wxititet and eatrly sping. SBWMV is spread variety trials, throuiahouit the State. Resuvlt', hy anyxthinvg that disperses infiexted SoilI.ucih tromti those tests initc-ate there are appareit ax xxiid. ,xaxacir uvltix ationl. aind animials. 13i) ile ...... di1l.lrtlee', in xnxeeptihilI tx to the x itrut. ',ee The miost ohxviii', 'Synuptotttx vii Soil- (.i l ...... tahle. 1-ffect', ot' the viru on pertformtaie hortie wxheat miosaic are the elonigated streaks .33- anid yield of these evultix ais wercie not detei' Cokei 973 ...... (Ir stripex of xatriou', shades, of ci en avid 33.0 miiied. Howxecxer, in one test oni a farmers y elloxx that dcx elvip ini a mosaic pattern on ( i kci9766( ...... 67.0 field in notth Alahamia. giaini yields fioml ((kci 9)135...... of iiifected figtutreI1. the leaxves plantx, Mild plots wxithi a high iiicidence ofi SBWMV 3.67 -i) to seerc xtuntinii of planits, redviced wercie 65 / lowxer than those in wxhich only a -4.00) tillering, and cecin plant death also may few planits appeaied to he itifected. GA n y ...... ocevur. Disease dcevelopiieiit ui',ually ceaxes ITiese stndies hiax e estahli',hed the wxide- 2.33 4.00) wxheii temiperaturex exceed 68'Y. The oxver- spircad tiat rc aiid poteint ial tiiiportanee ofi all effect', ofi sotihortie xxheat umosaic ovi hs)\ iiIi...... SBWMIV avid the iieed oi' coniuiied re- wxheat vaix dependitig oii a nurnhheu of fac- search oiithis, ticx k-recognI ized pathogei
Sa u .i ...... tor, hovix er, xignificant losses haxve beeni of wxheat ini Al ahama. x'ikeiieii11i1...... reported when xvixeeptihle wheat cultivar, lfill is G raduiate Reearchi Assisu'tant. Gudiain'kai ii~ i l r ...... xxere (froxnii onttinuou'ly for a iniiiher of is Professor. C oltins is Assisxtant ProtcssorHttan years,While cirop trotatioin anid late planting is Puotessot. anid \1villeis Plaint Pathltoisit/lDiai 0-i-, K it= .ippiiei iiptiiii. iec de: no s 5 =l max ieduce the diseas, us'e vii resistant or nositiciaiin in Plant Pathologi: Musik is A\soia~te ntiistridiping. toleranit cutltix atr is the hest control Piiiisoiiot Aiuuiviuiix and!Soils.
Alifuu Agih iturtil hLxperiieit Station A.G. APPEL, E.P. BENSON, AND J.M. ELLENBERGER Development BIOLOGICAL CONTROL of biological control agents, OF GERMAN COCKROACHES such as nematodes, WITH may provide an environmentally ENTOMOPATHOGENIC sound alternative to NEMATODES conventional insecticides
mined daily. Stations containing 2 million the average number of cockroaches trapped mon pests in homes, food han- nematodes killed 50% of the cockroaches in per treatment was determined, and the per- GERMANdling facilities, cockroaches hospitals, are and com- food about 4 days. Even though fewer nematodes cent change from the pretreatment average storage areas. Unlike many insect tended to kill cockroaches faster, a dose of was calculated. pests of agricultural crops, there are no effec- 2 million nematodes survived better in the Apartments treated with nematodes or tive and practical biological control agents station and this dose was selected for evalu- insecticidal bait had reduced trap catch available for German cockroaches. Even ation in infested apartments. relative to the untreated control apartments though many insecticides are effective for More than 50 apartments were inspected at weeks 1 to 4 after treatment. Reductions cockroach control, disadvantages include: to determine the degree of cockroach in- for both treatments improved from about objectionable odors, staining of household festation. The 18 apartments with the 40% after 1 week to more than 50% at materials, physiological resistance of the most similar infestations were chosen for week 4. German cockroach trap catch cockroaches to the insecticides, and inability the test. These apartments were trapped at increased approximately 23% during the to use near food. In addition, the hot moist the beginning of the study and at 1, 2, 4, 8, same period. Thereafter (weeks 8 and 12) environments that the German cockroach and 12 weeks after treatment. At each only the nematode treatment was better prefers tend to degrade many insecticides evaluation, apartments were trapped for 1 than the control. rapidly. week with 10 sticky traps (Mr. Sticky®) In this first study of nematodes against The 0.02 in. long entomogenous (para- per apartment. Six traps were placed in the populations of German cockroaches, sitic inside the body of insects) nematode, cabinets around the kitchen sink, two in performance was as good as the standard Steinernema caroocapsae, survives well in the pantry, and one each behind the stove insecticidal bait treatment. The maximum warm moist environments and infects and and refrigerator. percent reduction was only 67%, but fur- kills many agricultural and urban insect Apartments were treated with either 12 ther studies will likely increase perfor- pests. Development of biological control nematode exposure stations, 12 insecticidal mance. This nematode product is the first agents, such as nematodes, for German bait stations (Combat/Maxforce®), or were true biological control organism tested that cockroach control may provide an environ- left untreated at the request of the resi- is both practical and effective for German mentally sound alternative to conventional dents. Nematode or insecticidal stations cockroach control. insecticides and would be particularly valu- were positioned throughout the kitchen: able for some sensitive locations. two behind the stove, two behind the re- Appel is Associate Professor, Benson is Assis- In an Alabama Agricultural Experiment frigerator, six in the cabinets around the tant Professor, and Ellenberger is Research Techni- Station test, nematodes were confined in sink, and two in the pantry. After treatment, cian IV of Entomology. moisture retaining stations because of their need for a moist environment in which to PERFORMANCE OF NEMATODES AND INSECTICIDAL BAIT AGAINST GERMAN COCKROACHES IN INFESTED APARTMENTS move and feed. The optimum number of Cockroaches/ nematodes per station was determined in apartment Reduction of cockroaches/apartment, laboratory experiments by selecting several Treatment' pretretreat, average at average doses of nematodes to be applied in stations 1 week 2 weeks 4 weeks 8 weeks 12 weeks and determining how toxic the stations were No. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. to German cockroaches. In these studies, 20 Nematodes ...... 326.67 33.78 39.89 52.03 67.13 57.47 male cockroaches were confined in a plastic Combat ...... 384.33 45.07 42.26 53.11 -19.592 - 3.89 shoe box with food, water, and a nematode Control ...... 225.44 -26.75 -23.69 -17.99 -35.45 -69.18 station. There were six replicates for each 1Six apartments in each treatment. 2 treatment. Cockroach mortality was deter- Negative percent reduction indicates an increase in cockroach numbers.
10 Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station B.R. MOSS, J.C. LIN, AND R.C. SMITH, III 8% concentration than the 4% concentration of FM. Addition of BM did not improve milk FEATHER MEAL AS A PROTEIN protein. Low dietary protein in treatment 5 depressed milk protein more than 4% FM alone in treatment 2. This reduced milk SOURCE FOR DAIRY COWS protein may be due to decreased protein quality, availability, or digestibility. Cows increased body weights on all diets with no difference due to treatment. 5.0% SBM; (5) and a low protein (14.0%) The dry matter intake (DMI) was slightly Not exactly, but a recent Alabama diet with 4.0% FM and 4.8% SBM. The reduced for cows fed diet 2 reduced more Agricultural Experiment Station first four diets were formulated to meet F EEDING feathers to dairy cows? for cows on diets 3, 4, and 5 than for cows (AAES) study evaluated the use of requirements for about 70 lb. of milk per fed diet 1. Palatability problems with FM feathermeal for dairy cows day. The final diet was a and suggests low protein diet also occurred in earlier trials, but is not there is potential for feeding this by-prod- to determine if the protein concentration always a problem. In this study, the FM diet uct of the poultry industry. (17%) in diets 1-4 was really needed. In reduced DMI but the feed efficiency was Alabama's poultry industry processes diets 2-5, SBM and corn were adjusted with better for cows fed FM than SBM. tons of feathers annually, providing a meal FM or BM to obtain desired protein content. The plasma urea nitrogen concentration that is high in protein (70%). Dairy cows Cows were fed twice a day at 7 a.m. and indicated that there was not a major differ- require large amounts of protein and in Ala- 2 p.m. and milked at 1 a.m. and 1 p.m. Indi- ence in the rumen degradation of the high bama, due to the poor protein content of most vidual feed intakes were determined daily protein diets with or without SBM or FM. forages, producers must purchase large and weekly samples were taken on all feeds. Feed cost (Cost per 100 lb. dry matter of amounts of protein supplements. Feather Milk yields for each milking were recorded feed) was lower for TMD with 4 or 8% FM meal (FM) is usually priced about the same and weekly samples were taken for milk fat when current prices ($200.00 per ton for as soybean meal (SBM), even though FM is and protein analyses. Body weights were SBM and FM; $400 of BM) were used, but higher in protein than SBM. Therefore, FM measured every 4 weeks and blood samples BM increased cost per hundred weight of may be an economical alternative to SBM also were taken from all cows every 4 weeks feed. The low protein TMD (4) was the least for Alabama producers. to determine if a difference in the amount of costly, but milk production was lower. Use Feeding FM to beef cattle has produced protein degraded in the rumen existed. of FM could have a strong promise for the favorable results, especially when fed in Average values of milk yields, composi- future as an economical feedstuff for lactat- combination with other products. Very few tion, and body weight changes are shown ing cows, if not fed at more than 4% (dry FM studies have been conducted with dairy in the table. Cows in early lactation, with a matter basis) of FM in the diet. Additional cattle, but is of interest because feather negative energy balance, often respond to studies on FM in combination with other meal contains protein, which is considered protein supplements that have ahigh by-pass feeds are needed to further explore its component by increasing milk yield. In this potential. study, the addition of FM or FM plus BM Moss is Professor and Lin is Research Associ- did not significantly increase milk produc- ate of Animal and Dairy Sciences; Smith is Super- tion in early lactation even though there was intendent of the Dairy Unit, E.V. Smith Research a trend toward higher production. Interest- Center. ingly, milkproduction for the control and low pro- MILK YIELD AND COMPOSITION, FEED INTAKE, AND BODY WEIGHT CHANGES tein diets was not differ- of LACTATINrGDAIRY COWS FED VARIOUS PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS ent, whereas the normal Diets protein diets containing to have high "by-pass." However the amino FM resulted in greater SBM 4%FM 8%FM FM+BM LP-4%FM acid composition may be limiting for milk milk production than the Yields, Ib/d
arl77.7 production. Several trials were conducted at low protein diet. Milk ...... 74.1 76.2 ch76.1 76.7 71.9 77.8 the E.V. Smith Research Center Dairy Unit The milk fat content FCM* ...... 73.7 78.1 72.7 Milk compositio n, % to evaluate FM for dairy cows. from cows fed diets con- Fat ...... 3.43 3.63 3.63 3.61 Twenty lactating Holsteins were fed one taining FM or BM also Protein ...... 3.28 3.20 3.12 3.04 of five diets (treatments) for 12 weeks. All tended to be greater Body weight changes, lb/d ...... 95 1.45 1.21 .99 .79 diets had similar amounts of corn silage, (3.63%) than those fed Intake, lb/d dry alfalfa hay, ground corn, oats, dried fat, min- SBM alone (3.43%), but matter ...... 57.4 54.2 49.2 52.3 49.1 Feed efficiency was not enough to cause DM1/milk ...... erals, and buffers, but differed in protein ... .77 .71 .64 .68 .68 source. Treatments were total mixed diets major differences in the Plasma urea N (TMD) with one of the following protein 3.5% fat-corrected milk. mg/dl ...... 17.8 17.8 17.9 18.4 11.2 bases: (1) Cost mct eed 18.8% SBM; (2) 4.0% FM and In this study, FM de- .. 6.83 6.68 6.58 7.04 6.29 12.0% SBM; (3) 8.0% FM and 5.9% SBM; pressed milk protein, with (4) 4.0% FM. 4.0% BM (bloodmeal), and more depression at the FCM = Fat corrected milk.
Alabama AgriculturalExperiment Station 11 H.A. TORBERT, C.W. WOOD, AND D.P. DELANEY POUL I'M Lt 1 Lik 1AS -PRONHSL AS A F1.0i IllI/I R FOR BERMUDAGRASS
SING; pouiltry litter as a fertilier foi This forage also has a high nutient he inucla ci a', miay pr ox ide ain envxi- rtfuitrent and is, xtiremelx cetficiett in taking up N fiom the soil. The fr:liti h-podu of Alabama's, AA ES '4 udy xwas, conducted on f101urishinig poultry indusry, anti at the ',ame ynnii Ili fine sandy loam soli near time prioduce hiizh ielding, high qualitN Sncad to deteirmine the impact of pon- hei Iituclaci as. ty litter on bermudla erass' y ieidc antd Pouiltiy production is giow\ing rapidly in cquality . Treatments included thriec the U.., especially ini the Southeast where ratesopoiltN litter(2.5. 5.0. and 10.) prodcin ct1 in Al aba iVi alone hia', increased tons, per acre), three rates, of ammo- 4'4snce 19t86.- Ass'ociated xxith this, pro- nium nitrate ( 100. 200. or 300 lb. N dction is, a mittv,,\e qulntity (2 iiillion tonm per acie in a split application), and a per Near) of poultry litter. wxhich is a cor- control(I treatment (0lb. per acre). Ha' biitation of bedding, material. teed, and manxur wxas, harx estedl in ,i x cuttine', durn te a EEermudagrass hay fertilized with poultry litter. that collIects on the floor of chicken hou',e'. 2-y eai period and y ieldt and qcali ty inca',uci i ex ci. bet mcicacta',' calciuim and potassicum I iIronitentallN ',otinddi 'p )sa met ho d', for iments, werce taken. cIotkentation, we rc imtprox cd by poultry tisiwxxaste material aie ess'ential to maintain Yied response ot beriiicdaerass to either litter compared to ammloniuciim nitrate. sec the stistainability of the poultry industN N souiiceduiiing the 2-year study> wxas coitpa- P~oultry littertypieally has, been appliedc to rabIc anmon g tr'eatmne ntsx as, shown in the Nitirate (NO,-N (concentration', itt for- ti11l K'cu.ntie' paitidllailx in the Sandi tlbhle. IxI(M\ Ci.ammuonicim nitrate did per- aces, arc a potenit ial ',ourcc of toxic i t piob- fo rm better at the 20 lent' for lixvestock. While the 10-tons-pci- (111)11m N Sot RCI1 AND lb. per acre rate com- acre treatment did intie ase nitriates, in the forage tip tc)0.05814, thi', concentra- ettRi (r Sme \DIt)N Cii,.t pared to the 5 tois pet cNo,-N(Ca K acre rate of poilty lit- tion is xxell beloxx the 0.12% ciitical limit ter. Tis cdiffeience for feeciiiic. This, sugests that nitrate conlcenltratioins in bermcidaera',' I 0 1 i.1( Ic! I',(1. M, 1. M' . prtobablx ocecrrti hce- fertili/eci wxithipouiltrN litter shocild affee NO, Ictiliir .... 2.6 '). o.r' .26 I 1)4 cause ncicfi of the N in not feed- potilty littei is, not im- ing qIcal ity citbermciclara, hax. loo...... 9.s S.7 ls _16 103 methateix ax ailable to The iresult', of this ',tcidl indicate that 10nii...... II- 6 1( 1 polilirN litter can be iused as' an alteirnat ixe N u6 3 8 plants and, at thi', rate. there l ikelx xxas a lack ',otircc lot bei midaci a',' hay prodction. 30 ...... I 1 .6- It' 200 .26 t?2') f amailIable N at some Yied anti qial ity cit bernwdcagrass amended xxithi pocultry litter wxas a', good oi better than n'1' I- 3 point dtiring the gi'ow- ilng seasoin. The 10- bernu icag ra',' aime ndled xithI ailo t im tons- per-acire iratepro- nitmate. Thierefore. the uise ofpjinht> litter xided N at a rate a', a N socur cc frcuhei mcidagrass hay cocild Mouintain regioin wxhere pocultry prodicct ion equciixalent to 300(lb. per acre of ammonium be an ecoiioniical and enxvironmientally ',ocincmethod cifcitil izing thi' wxa',tepiroducct. is~ concentiratedl. Thouigh thi', piroxides, a wxay nitirate. procling a ',ci'tainable practice for to recycle inuitients' in poiltyN litter back into FBeirnudaci a',' qiuality . neascirec bN the bernititagra,' prcodfcctioni. Ini addition. ci', the Ian, cotinunin application', to relativxc concentaion of criide protein, total digest- igpocilty litter bneirmuidagra',' ian IN smal II fl dctin area', Cail pose potential ible ncitrient, and ercide fiber. incireased as po ie fatrmcirs with year-rouind application xaidr qfual ity problems. An Alabama Agri- the rate clf ammoniuim nitrate anti pociltrN options tor broiler litter bx ci oxxtile ciltuial Ex\perimtent Station ( AAES) studyi litter increased. bcit no differience xxas oh- bernititagras,' a xxartiiseason gi ass. along cx aluatedl poultry litter as a 'source Of initro- ',erx cl betwxecn N socurces,. see table. Crcide wxith rec, a cool-seasonil totracc. gen (N) Icertili/cr (onbermucdagra,' pastctres pi'oteiin content cit berincidaci a's inctreasedl lTii heit is, A','ociate a', an alternatixve disposal method. wxith incireasing N application, xxith the high- Post Doctoirat Researc~h and Wool~d i', Ass'istaintPiote','oi of) \ionoutN lkcrtticagrass is a high yielding, high est rate of ammonium nitirate closely match- and Soils: Delaney is, an Extcnsion Resoirce ('on- qluality foiage often cised foi hay produtction. ing the highest rate ot pointr litter. How- ',er\atoni',t.
A Iuhaiiu A cgricuitua E xI)e 'imew/i .Stlion J. WONG-VALLE, G.R. MCDANIEL, D.L. KUHLERS, AND J.E. BARTELS
'N) TPiuOjM./x.Cv Oi BRoILIIS UNDER T'wo- LIHiING I~RoGrAMnzn
I BIAL dyschondroplasii j (TID) is a coiiiminleg abii mality in rapidly growi i' broilers that often redtucs productivity ol these birds. AlterinL photo periods, or light,h during the fir few weeks of prodction has been SUL Bested a~sa meac~ns for over-coming TD.) however, recent Alahama Agricul- r:r tural hxpclrimllnt St~tionl research in- dlicates use of intermittent light to re- luce the disease is ineffective. A total of I.()I() broiler chicks Or both sexes was used fIrom three lines of hroi lers: a hi eh, a loss incidence ol El) ait 7 weeks of age. and a control of nonsleclted line. The 35()control, 3(0 F Al(I/)a,,, A i.-icmltmal I L s/erimet Station A.K. HAGAN, J.R. WEEKS, AND K.L. BOWEN NEW FUNGICIDES PROMISE BETTER WHITE MOLD CONTROL ON PEANUTS '1*,~ I - oi 111) eclixcaxed fplani inlI 100 ~1 hieeni the miltst ciamiignciii dis- ft. of r owx xwer i mde aftci the WI caseIl Fof mld~l peanuts has~ inconsistently Ahibamia. pecanuits werel-cmxerted, and the cutting expected peannt x'ields platx wArc then harx exted 'Aitli bynearly 20'7 ainnually. Yield in lields ia ield coiiiine. Data are ax er- hea\ iIy inlexted xxith xwhite mold may piluii- acx oi thrccfhi l in1989 andI miit 41' bloxx thosxe ia peanut flildltef 199(0 and one fai m in I1991. as might expect. Alahama Agi iciiitiial Fx shown ini the table. fpel innt Station iexear-Ch has showni that the In 1989. rednctions in wh ite experinenial tungaitidex olicur 3.61 F' and mldIdca magcc. as meaN uired hx Mnt 5(W)Vi gi c better control of wi te the number ot xx ite mold hits. nil d and higher x ield respoinse in recent 'A rc obtained wAith all l'unci- field stuidies thaii prex iouxix ohtaiined wxith cidex. VFolicur and Nioiicni Curreiitlx recixtered fungicides. proxedi ecqually cifectix e acainst whilte miold. and both White mold reduces Alabama peanut yields by 20%o Ii Ni(, ni 1 1i (i o iF iii IF )1 l \11 C ill N \\iI gax e disNease Control xuperioi annually. to that of TerraclIor. Peanut x ield xxas inceased by all I uncliCidles. The been shownxito hiaxCcctix itx acainst xxhite ile old best icld respoinse of 79(0 lb.pci aCi-c mlore mold on peaniuts suipirioi to that of thle onlx than the contMII x aluc wAax obta fned 'Aiti Currenutly ax aifable f'uncaicide. T ci acloi. /ib IFoficur. Yields in the NMoncut at ud TerraOxer at 3-Ye ar pciriod. both fungiCidex cou- xixteiitlx reduced xxhite mold clairaoc oni cfoi treatedI plotx 'Aerc 48(0 and O8Ipr acre, respectiv\ ly, hicher than th ose inithe Pcaiiuts by 80- 9W4, coimpired to 26-57 / dIa via4c crldnetioin 'Aith TIe rraclo r. Findlei iiit reated Conlitriol. ollec iii a A xCexisumnmer drouc1ht in pressuirc. Volicur and Nioni pIa idcixaeI9() cut eclix clx coiultfed xxhite iiold xxhfile ducedl wh ite mold damageI on theaIicitx. I en atfor tailed to protect peanutx ioini thlix \tIcii cl I II G ... Again. less dixeaxe wAas seen in 3,9711 dixease. Yieldl xxax iiici axedl nboxc thioe of, 1(S-' ci de-trated ploits than the init r tl(edli coi- thleiiilit i ated control bx all Ing i cides. tiolx. Folicni and Mioncut coiitiiu cnrexi xtdiccgaiiis ceneral lx xxeci oh- 4 (42) bettei pirotection trom wAhite in utl(thi l ')') lo I0 ;.... tamned xxithlMoncut and Folitcir. h idemr 43._'mi .per acre noeaet e iedxaeIicxi TraliYilswrhighci in thle tireated .xml 1 1.00,~ plots7-6 than thlenon- udrttosvredsaepesr.\ld i, iii I itao ti eated control. Hi cx y ield c. insmix xr rexponsiiwc xax far bettci 'AithIM niiiu t and g~rrs lolicur than xxith Terracloir. Wheii little Dtiai~.iiC .aieIragex foii itic laiii il 1989) xccin in the NMonut-treated plots. ingf) . yicfd in the Terraclor treated plots wht ocr.nixd(lma x meld gaiiix wxith wxax siiliar to thoxe treated wxith f-ohitt. both F-olitCUr and Mont-ut fhaxve been miodest. At atxiiucf location ini1991, Miliclt d lolium and Nonciitof ferthe flihlitN of Fiiigicidfal attix ity of' Moncut and I ofiii gax Ccel lent COitrof of' blite mould, lam-cefx efmminatmic yield lxss due to xxhite l'olicum acamnxt 'Ahfite ilold wxax conipaied othlilwiumold on pcainutx. lerraclor and xsiil inxecti- Descpite xex cic dixeaxe Prcxxsirc. b i . i i l 'Aithi that of ITeriaclor iniiaseries of on-laml ii t li f un g i ci d e x. x uof i ax L o r b i Ni c p cidlex ieducedc o p o dixeaxe i Cdso 9011'. l foa ?x h~elaxebeeii effectix onifx unider tial Ii oiii f989) to 1991. Terriaclom 10(;(iii darnacees p bx r ucers fpaxt xxax afpfliedl 80 to 9(0 laxyx aftei plaiitiiig ion 26' o light to m oderatc dixeaxe pexxiii in at of 'Ahite mold, bult failed to lix c tl 5I l.per acme oi nairo hixaud, I-ufl cainopy (dixease control seen wxith the othei txi f exearcil None of thiexe pi od utx gi xcx sfpiax x MnilC~it xxrc 6(1 lix x of made and 75 cicidexs. Ytields xxerc increased folloxxinc( mluchl protectioin from thledIextiuctix Cxwlite seni x car ini soic le a attt' plaiitiiig ini1989. and at (ildax x in19901 tratileit xxith eithei Folicui and N Monutby ulcI omtbmcakx each nd 1991 . Folicuin also xxax xpirax ed at 61)aiid approxiimately 1.69(1 1.7(1l.pci aCre0.Ytiel I hIaiia pean ut tie lil . diays ini989 mud 75 f199(.and atthir siprliayGai ns ot 264 lb. per acre 'Acre se elli in the Iagillis Axsolciate Piofesxor iol Plint Paiihili 'Aax ilade at 9(0 dlaxx iil 1991. Wite mold plotx tireated xxith Terraclor. ogex We eks is As.,ociaiie Protexxiim itmlmlli\: hit counitx lone hit =I ft. of ro wixxith one IFoficuri an1d M~oncut fun1=ici des flaxe Boxen is .AxsmxtantProftesxor of, Plini fPaihologx. Alabm/at A, i1hiultiooI Lk-p/erieiie .Shfoi J.F. KABILIGI, B.R. MOSS, J.L. HOLLIMAN, AND D.I. BRANSBY COMPARISON OF THREE TALL FESCUE CULTIVARS AND CORN SILAGE FOR DAIRY COWS ~hen Even though corn ALL FESCUE is one of the most (noninfected), or when fed corn silage. widely grown forage crops in the For each of the cultivars studied, two 2- United States; however an endo- acre pastures were established in the fall of s condmilk production phytic fungus, Acremonium 1988. The study was conducted for 4 weeks coenophialum, has been associ- during the fall and for 6 weeks during the for6 during extended ated with tall fescue toxicity that severely spring of 1989-90 and 1990-91. Available depresses milk production. Recent Ala- forages in the pastures were measured and nd 1990be obtainedb bama Agricultural Experiment Station tests sampled weekly. Cows on the pasture treat- indicate that fungus-free fescue can be used ments were rotated from one pasture to its effectively for grazing dairy cattle. replicate on a weekly basis and received a Studies concerning the nutritive value 16% crude protein (CP) grain mix supple- of the newly developled fungus-free fes- ment (1 lb. per 2.75 lb. of 3.5% fat-cor- cue varieties for dairy cows are limited. In rected milk) after milking. Cows on the corn tests at the Black Belt Substation, Marion silage treatment received corn silage, hay, and a 20% CP grain mix based on milk TABLE 1. HEIGHT, DRY MATTER AVAILABLE, production. Cows on silage were kept in a CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, AND ESTIMATED ENERGY dry lot, but cows on other treatments were VALUES OF THE TREATMENT PASTURES tion on Johnstone as compared to other pas- kept on pasture except during milking and tures was probably due to greater values for Johnstone Ky-31 AU-T grain-feeding times. CP and energy. The fat and protein in milk Height, in...... 5.7 7.9 8.6 Results indicated that AU-T tended to be were not affected by treatment. Forage DM', lb/ac. 842 1,282 1,407 the tallest and have the largest amount of More desirable body weight change pat- Nutrient content DM, % ...... 26.2 28.2 28.5 available dry matter per acre, see table 1. terns were observed for cows fed corn silage CP, % of DM ..... 16 14.7 14.3 Chemical analyses indicated that forage than for those grazing the various fescues. 1 ADF , % of DM 32.1 35.6 36.4 protein content was less and fiber values Data also show that cows in early lactation NDF 1, % of DM 64 63 66.7 NEL 1, Mcal/lb. .. .66 .57 .53 greater for AU-T than for Johnstone, result- (fall) lose weight, whereas those in mid- ing in greater energy for milk production. lactation (spring) gain or maintain their 1DM = dry matter; ADF a However, Johnstone could not be grazed as NEL = energy, lactating cows weights. This indicates that cows in early long in the spring because available forage lactation on pasture may have been using was limited. more body fat to produce milk. If kept on TABLE 2. MILK, MILK COMPONENTS, AND BODY WEIGH T CHANGES Cows on pasture consumed pasture longer, these cows would have lost BY COWS ALLOTTED TO TREATMENTS less of the grain offered than more body weight or milk production might Johnstone Ky-31 AU-T Silage those fed silage, see table 2. have decreased more with time than those Milk, lb./day Despite some seasonal differ- on silage. 89-90 Fall ...... 59.5 58.4 59.6 57.6 ences, actual milk yield was The results of the study suggest that Spring ...... :...... 53.5 55 52 557 generally similar for all treat- Johnstone grows and matures slower than 90-91 Fall ...... 53.1 53.7 55.1 56.4 Spring ...... 57.712 54.61 50.33 58.03 ments. Cows grazing John- Ky-31 and AU-T tall fescue when the three Body weight change, lb./day stone produced more milk cultivars are established under the same con- Fall avg...... -2.38 -1.64 -1.78 -1.22 overall than those grazing ditions. During spring seasons, milk pro- Spring avg ...... 1.12 .82 1.06 1.42 AU-T, but their production duction per day may be better on Johnstone Combined data was similar to those grazing than the other fescues, but carrying capacity Grain intake, lb./day ..... 20.7 20.5 20.7 Milk, lb/day ...... 55.9 55.4 54.3 57 Ky-31 and to those fed silage may be more limited. Even though corn Milk fat, pct ...... 3.65 3.7 3.66 3.79 for both years. silage may support more milk production Milk protein, pct...... 3.14 3.15 3.14 3.22 Cows grazing the AU-T during extended periods, similar milk pro- BWT change, lb./day .... - .62 - .40 - .35 .09 pasture produced less milk duction can be obtained for short periods of than others during the spring time when cows are on high quality, endo- Junction, performance of lactating cows of each year. However, this decreased pro- phyte free fescue pasture. was evaluated when grazing AU Tri- duction was compensated by an equal or Kabiligi is Former Graduate Student and Moss umph (AU-T) and Johnstone, two greater yield during the fall, making the is Professorof Animal andDairy Sciences; Holliman popular fungus-free varieties, and Ken- yearly averages of AU-T similar to those of is Superintendent of the Black Belt Substation; tucky 31(Ky-31) tall fescue pastures other treatments. The greater milk produc- Bransby is Professor of Agronomy and Soils. Alabama AgriculturalExperiment Station 15 C.L. CHAMBLISS AND A.G. HUNTER a l~L6 BJEEN: A UNIQUE SOUTHERNPEA VALRIETY RELEASED BY AAE S .. LN[GRIFN. the blackeye the table Summarizes the results Southernpea \ ariety wxith a persis- trom the Sonthern Cooperativ e 8 Trials. In most eases the yijeld is abl togadenrs ndfresh market based on the wxeight of a hand growers next season as a result of plant shelled sample fr-om an once- over harv est. These recional tri- bama Agriculturial Experiment Station aix are usual ly conducted in Ala- ~;7 ~\ (AALS). The -cen seedcoatol Genegreen bama. Arkansas, Geor gia, Loi1Si- results from geneticallIy delayed chlorophyll ana, Missouri. Oklahoma, South breakdown in the seedenat of mature seed Carolina, Tennessee. and Texas '2<4" whiclh conseuent lx StaNS green until dry. It (not all states partieipate ev ery is named "*Genegreein" becanse its persistent year). Genegreen growing at the E.V. Smith Research Center green seedcoat is control led by a sinc-le gene. Continnity and persistence of in Shorter. Inset: Peas of Genegreen show green plant bi ceding and genetic pro- seedcoat and blackeye. Y1ihi~i1n ) 1'f ( IN vs.) 011k [III ]NP VW1I grams wvere important co ntribut- gree breeding procedure was used to de- inc factors to the succes sful de- selop Genegreen, wxith the exception of one Nllst~'p' °lopment of this newx variety, backciross to AU 71.3 folilowing single Pitk\i r epresenting a new~ horti cultural plant selection for green seedcoat in the type. segregating g'eneration. Green-seeded ShlIled icld, lb./ai a cross blackeyes were selected to the FS generation 19)80 ...... 1. 41 1,(<54 ?,04 s Genegreen is derived troim 19) .... _ ._.. .. t9S 1,799 1.81 6 betxxeen Freezegreen, source of wxhen seed wxere bulked foi cxvaluatio~n. Shllecd-imibeihd c.ield. Ih./a the g't gene. and an adsauced Genegreen seed hasve been increased and 1188 .. _ . .. . . , 5 ;tI I 3,9 hlackex e breeding line. AU 71 .3, wxill be av ailable soon in seed stores for 1959..)...... '.609) whichx wxas dev eloped by tIhe pedi- planting in the 1993 growing season. cree method using the pare~nt lines (3encgren has excellent potential for sue- Giant Blackeye, Conch, aind Prin- cess as a shelled Fresh product on the road- ciii hImf t'iiikes< 'P11p I tII LBVR ant, iiiS i i ippi Silaci. tie c.hecks. cess Anne blackeye. Free zegreen side market and in the supermarket due to its wxas derived from a sing le gene appealing green color. I'lie the cimibiiiatiion iof a green seedcoat mutat tion hor seedcoat coloIr fromn the cream- and a blackeye is the distinguishing char- seed~ own for Chambliss is Protessor andl Huntei is Senior edLd toye coswpea acteristic o~f (Genegreen, wxhich is resistant its re l.938curculio. nistanceT he pedi- Research Associate iot Horticulitire. to the most Seriious disease of Sioltherilpeas n Alabama. blackeye cowpea mosaic, a \BAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPER RIMENT STATION seed-borne I iirus. It has a slightly v.iney AU BURN UNIVERSITY INON-PROFIT ORG. bush type growsth habit and is considered AUI 368495403POSTAGE & FEES PAID BURN UNIVERSITY, ALABAMA. 36849 403 I PERMIT NO. 9 medium early in maturity. Averiage pod AUURAL. J length at the matuire green stage is 7.5 in. Low