The Neo-Babylonian Empire Kelly Daniels
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Republic of Iraq
Republic of Iraq Babylon Nomination Dossier for Inscription of the Property on the World Heritage List January 2018 stnel oC fobalbaT Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................... 1 State Party .......................................................................................................................................................... 1 Province ............................................................................................................................................................. 1 Name of property ............................................................................................................................................... 1 Geographical coordinates to the nearest second ................................................................................................. 1 Center ................................................................................................................................................................ 1 N 32° 32’ 31.09”, E 44° 25’ 15.00” ..................................................................................................................... 1 Textural description of the boundary .................................................................................................................. 1 Criteria under which the property is nominated .................................................................................................. 4 Draft statement -
Neo Babylonian Rule
Neo Babylonians Rule “The Most Accomplished Empire” *Clears throat* Thank you. Thank you ever so much distinguished colleagues and professors for inviting me to speak to you today. As many of you know I'm professor Olivia Eichman of archeological studies at Stanford University. I have also worked at various dig sites in ancient sumers regions. All of these excavations lead me to countless degrees in antiquity. Enough about me already, I'm here to talk to you about about the great Mesopotamian Empires. But which empire was the greatest? Was it the Akkadians with the first empire? Or the Assyrians who reigned the longest? Neither of these empires strike me as the most accomplished. The Neo Babylonian’s Empire was the most accomplished empire by far and when you leave this room today I guarantee you will think as highly of them as I do too. Why do I think that the Neo Babylonians are the most accomplished? For starters, their ruler knew how to keep his empire safe. He had many safety precautions. One way Nebuchadrezzar II insured safety among his people was by surrounding their city in a wall so great in size two chariots could ride on it side by side. But that isn't all. No. Nebuchadnezzar II built another wall inside of the other wall for added protection. Both walls were named after Mesopotamian gods and goddesses. One of the gates that was built was called Ishtar gate, named after the goddess of war and love. To top it all off the walls were surrounded by a moat. -
Crossroads 360 Virtual Tour Script Edited
Crossroads of Civilization Virtual Tour Script Note: Highlighted text signifies content that is only accessible on the 360 Tour. Welcome to Crossroads of Civilization. We divided this exhibit not by time or culture, but rather by traits that are shared by all civilizations. Watch this video to learn more about the making of Crossroads and its themes. Entrance Crossroads of Civilization: Ancient Worlds of the Near East and Mediterranean Crossroads of Civilization looks at the world's earliest major societies. Beginning more than 5,000 years ago in Egypt and the Near East, the exhibit traces their developments, offshoots, and spread over nearly four millennia. Interactive timelines and a large-scale digital map highlight the ebb and flow of ancient cultures, from Egypt and the earliest Mesopotamian kingdoms of the Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians, to the vast Persian, Hellenistic, and finally Roman empires, the latter eventually encompassing the entire Mediterranean region. Against this backdrop of momentous historical change, items from the Museum's collections are showcased within broad themes. Popular elements from classic exhibits of former years, such as our Greek hoplite warrior and Egyptian temple model, stand alongside newly created life-size figures, including a recreation of King Tut in his chariot. The latest research on our two Egyptian mummies features forensic reconstructions of the individuals in life. This truly was a "crossroads" of cultural interaction, where Asian, African, and European peoples came together in a massive blending of ideas and technologies. Special thanks to the following for their expertise: ● Dr. Jonathan Elias - Historical and maps research, CT interpretation ● Dr. -
12. White Temple and Its Ziggurat Uruk (Modern Warka, Iraq). Sumerian. C. 3500 – 3000 B.C.E. Mud Brick. (2 Images) • Article
12. White Temple and its ziggurat Uruk (modern Warka, Iraq). Sumerian. C. 3500 – 3000 B.C.E. Mud brick. (2 images) Article at Khan Academy dedicated to the sky god Anu, this temple would have towered well above (approximately 40 feet) the flat plain of Uruk, and been visible from a great distance—even over the defensive walls of the city where city life began more than five thousand years ago and where the first writing emerged—was clearly one of the most important places in southern Mesopotamia A ziggurat is a built raised platform with four sloping sides—like a chopped-off pyramid. Ziggurats are made of mud-bricks—the building material of choice in the Near East, as stone is rare Ziggurats were not only a visual focal point of the city, they were a symbolic one, as well—they were at the heart of the theocratic political system (a theocracy is a type of government where a god is recognized as the ruler, and the state officials operate on the god’s behalf). So, seeing the ziggurat towering above the city, one made a visual connection to the god or goddess honored there, but also recognized that deity's political authority Excavators of the White Temple estimate that it would have taken 1500 laborers working on average ten hours per day for about five years to build the last major revetment (stone facing) of its massive underlying terrace (the open areas surrounding the White Temple at the top of the ziggurat) o Proabably some sort of forced labor involved The sides of the ziggurat were very broad and sloping but broken up by recessed stripes or bands from top to bottom (see digital reconstruction, above), which would have made a stunning pattern in morning or afternoon sunlight. -
The Neo-Babylonian Empire New Babylonia Emerged out of the Chaos That Engulfed the Assyrian Empire After the Death of the Akka
NAME: DATE: The Neo-Babylonian Empire New Babylonia emerged out of the chaos that engulfed the Assyrian Empire after the death of the Akkadian king, Ashurbanipal. The Neo-Babylonian Empire extended across Mesopotamia. At its height, the region ruled by the Neo-Babylonian kings reached north into Anatolia, east into Persia, south into Arabia, and west into the Sinai Peninsula. It encompassed the Fertile Crescent and the Tigris and Euphrates River valleys. New Babylonia was a time of great cultural activity. Art and architecture flourished, particularly under the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II, was determined to rebuild the city of Babylonia. His civil engineers built temples, processional roadways, canals, and irrigation works. Nebuchadnezzar II sought to make the city a testament not only to Babylonian greatness, but also to honor the Babylonian gods, including Marduk, chief among the gods. This cultural revival also aimed to glorify Babylonia’s ancient Mesopotamian heritage. During Assyrian rule, Akkadian language had largely been replaced by Aramaic. The Neo-Babylonians sought to revive Akkadian as well as Sumerian-Akkadian cuneiform. Though Aramaic remained common in spoken usage, Akkadian regained its status as the official language for politics and religious as well as among the arts. The Sumerian-Akkadian language, cuneiform script and artwork were resurrected, preserved, and adapted to contemporary uses. ©PBS LearningMedia, 2015 All rights reserved. Timeline of the Neo-Babylonian Empire 616 Nabopolassar unites 575 region as Neo- Ishtar Gate 561 Amel-Marduk becomes king. Babylonian Empire and Walls of 559 Nerglissar becomes king. under Babylon built. 556 Labashi-Marduk becomes king. Chaldean Dynasty. -
Babylon and Sumer 5000 B.C. Peak 626 B.C 5600 Years. Abandoned at 600A.D
Babylon and Sumer 5000 B.C. Peak 626 B.C 5600 years. Abandoned at 600A.D. By, Mark Baxter and Chase Barden Geographic impact on society ● The Tigris and Euphrates river valleys gave birth to Ancient Mesopotamia ● Sumer and Babylon were both born to Mesopotamia ● Babylon is present day baghdad ● Babylon is surrounded by civilizations and has the persian gulf to the south Political System and Impact On Society ● Babylon and sumer had multiple kings making it a dictatorship ● An advanced culture was well established in southern Mesopotamia ● Long before the time of the earliest surviving written records (ca. 3300 B.C.). ● Probably originally governed by citizen assemblies rather than kings. ● We do not know for sure because there are no records of government Economic System ● Only the finest goods in Sumer were traded ● Freemen and slaves were the 2 social classes ● Value of land based on proximity of water ● Rare supplies are considered very valuable ● Examples are lumber, stone, gold, silver, and precious jewels Beliefs and Religious impact on culture ● Each city was home to a cult dedicated to a god ● There was multiple Gods throughout Sumer ● Sumerians were monotheistic ● ENLIL was the god of plenty and harsh justice ● Enki was the God of wisdom and sea ● An was the god of the sky Rise of civilization Sumer is believed to be made up of people who migrated from mesopotamia, and civilizations were established along the banks of the euphrates and tigris rivers. URUK in sumer is believed to be the world's first city. These cities grew and soon by 3000 B.C. -
Structural Analysis of Earth Construction's Vaults: Case of Underground Tombs of Chogha Zanbil
Structural analysis of earth construction’s vaults: Case of underground tombs of Chogha Zanbil Sara Hosseini (Main Author) Department of Conservation and Restoration, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch Imam Hassan Ave., Pounak, Tehran (Iran) [email protected] http://rcid.org/0000-0001-6493-1101 Hamed Niroumand (Corresponding Author) Department of Civil Engineering, Buein Zahra Technical University Buein Zahra, Qazvin (Iran) Quantitative Archaeology Laboratory, University at Autonoma Barcelona Campus de la UAB, Plaça Cívica, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona (Spain) [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7765-9581 Arzuhan Burcu Gültekin Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Gazi University Yenimahalle, Ankara (Turkey) [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1246-6468 Juan Antonio Barceló Quantitative Archaeology Laboratory, University at Autonoma Barcelona Campus de la UAB, Plaça Cívica, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona (Spain) [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1580-471X Atasya Osmadi Construction Management Programme, School of Housing, Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia 11800 USM Penang, Penang (Malaysia) [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4587-6642 Fatemeh Mahdavi Department of Conservation and Restoration, Tehran University of Art Valiasr St, Tehran (Iran) [email protected] http://rcid.org/0000-0003-4041-2491 Manuscript Code: 13920 Date of Acceptance/Reception: 30.11.2020/14.05.2020 DOI: 10.7764/RDLC.19.3.366 Abstract The 3300-year-old Chogha Zanbil is the largest and best-preserved five levelled pyramidal earth ziggurat outside Mesopotamia, which was inscribed on UNESCO’s World Heritage List. Underground tombs of Chogha Zanbil are accepted as outstanding instances in Iran and consist of vaults, which are built with special methods by Elamite architects. -
River Valley Civilizations: Mesopotamia (3500 BCE-1600 BCE)
FCPS World I SOL Standards: WHI 3a, 3b, 3c and 3e River Valley Civilizations: Mesopotamia (3500 B.C.E.-1600 B.C.E.) You Mean the Wheel Was Invented in the Middle East? Geography of the Fertile Crescent Mesopotamia is a Greek word that means “land between two rivers.” The Tigris is the river which sits on “top” and Euphrates which is “under.” Mesopotamia is located in a region called the Fertile Crescent because of the land’s curved shape consisting of rich soil. This region is located between the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea in Southwest Asia. The Tigris and Euphrates rivers flooded Mesopotamia at least once a year leaving behind a fertile mud called silt. Farmers planted crops in the rich soil and used these rivers for irrigation. Early civilizations developed in river valleys because the rivers helped with trade, gave these early city- Map of Mesopotamia states protection, and provided fertile soil. Source: http://www.marshallcavendishdigital.com/articledisplay/17/4505/46435/#img_11691 The Sumerians (3000 B.C.E.) Sumer is believed to be one of the first civilizations located in Mesopotamia. The Sumerians built many cities that shared the same culture yet they had their own government with their own rulers. This began the development of a city-state. At the center of every Sumerian city was a walled temple called a ziggurat. Religion played an important role in Sumer and the Sumerians believed in many gods. The belief in more than one god is called polytheism. Early Sumerian governments were controlled by temple priests but after 2500 B.C.E. -
The Ziggurat Model
The Ziggurat Model Lauren Kravetz Bonnet, M.A., CCC-SLP Coordinator of Autism Services Arlington Public Schools Lauren Kravetz Bonnet, MA, CCC-SLP What is a ziggurat? A multi-storied temple tower from ancient Mesopotamia built by the Sumerians, Babylonians and Assyrians for local religions The word ziggurat is Akkadian for “to build on a raised area” Image from http://aristasia.files.wordpress.com/2007/04/ziggurat.jpg Lauren Kravetz Bonnet, MA, CCC-SLP What is the Ziggurat Model? Provides a process and framework for designing individualized, comprehensive intervention plans for individuals with ASD of all ages (Aspy & Grossman, 2008) Lauren Kravetz Bonnet, MA, CCC-SLP Why use the Ziggurat Model? Researched-based program Developed to address the true needs and underlying deficits that result in social, emotional, and behavior concerns Gives educators and parents a better background of the student Provides a framework for support Creates a spreadsheet in which progress can be monitored. Lauren Kravetz Bonnet, MA, CCC-SLP Additional Strengths of the Ziggurat Model Designed to simplify a complex process Incorporates and compatible with recent trends in special education law (NCLB, RTI and PBIS) Can be used alone of in combination with another model – the Comprehensive Autism Planning System (CAPS; Henry & Myles, 2007) Evidence-based interventions on each of the 5 levels ABC-I tool incorporates an FBA that facilitates development of individualized intervention Pro-active, positive approach through use of reinforcement and antecedent-based interventions. (Aspy & Grossman, 2008) Lauren Kravetz Bonnet, MA, CCC-SLP Additional Strengths of the Ziggurat Model Ongoing process allows for changes to the intervention plan at each level based on progress. -
Exploring Four Empires of Mesopotamia Chapter 6 Exploring Four Empires of Mesopotamia
Chapter 6 Exploring Four Empires of Mesopotamia Chapter 6 Exploring Four Empires of Mesopotamia What were the most important achievements of the IVlesopotamian empires? 6.1 Introduction Ancient Sumer flourished in Mesopotamia between 3500 and 2300 B.C.E. In this chapter, you will discover what happened to the Sumerians and who ruled Mesopotamia after them. The city-states of ancient Sumer were like small independent countries. They often fought over land and water rights. They never united into one group. Their lack of unity left them open to attacks by stronger groups. This timeline shows four empires About 2300 B.C.E., the Akkadians (uh-KAY-dee-unz) con- that ruled Mesopotamia during a quered Sumer. This group made the Sumerian city-states a part period of almost 1800 years. of an empire. An empire is a large territory where groups Four Empires of Mesopotamia of people are ruled by a Akkadian Empire About 2300-2100 B.C.E Assyrian Empire About 900-612 B.C.E single leader or government. Groups like the Akkadians first conquer and then rule ^ BAeVLONIft other lands. EQYPT-< /• ARABIA-J , " """""" ••'«-... \ In this chapter, you will learn about four empires 2500 B.C.E. \0 B.C.E. 1500 B.C.E. 1000 B.C.E. / 500 B.C.E. that rose up in Mesopotamia between 2300 and 539 B.C.E. They were the Akkadian - SYRIA ASSVRIA ^YRIA ASSYHIA Empire, the Babylonian ^ BWYLONtA _ (bah-buh-LOH-nyuhn) ' ^\ EGVPT > /. ARABMJ -"V Empire, the Assyrian (uh-SIR-ee-un) Empire, and Babylonian Empire Aboutl792-1595 B.C.E Neo-Babylonian Empire About 605-539 B.C.E the Neo-Babylonian Empire. -
76 Lxxvii (2015)
IRAQ 76 LXXVII (2015) Abstracts Daniele Morandi Bonacossi and Marco Iamoni: Landscape and Settlement in the Eastern Upper Iraqi Tigris and Navkur Plains: The Land of Niveveh Archaeological Project, Seasons 2012-2013 This paper presents a preliminary report on the first two seasons of work by The Land of Nineveh Archaeological Project (LoNAP) of Udine University that aims to understand the formation and transformation of the cultural and natural landscape of northern Mesopotamia, (embracing large parts of the governorates of Ninawa and Dohuk) from the Palaeolithic to the Islamic period. Its purpose is to comprehend patterns of settlement, land use and management, based on a regional archaeological surface survey and excavation. These objectives are closely tied to the geoarcheological and bioarchaeological reconstruction of the ancient natural environment and its evolution as a result of global climatic fluctuations and human impact. Tim Clayden: Two New Prints of Layard’s Excavations at Nimrud: An Artist at Nimrud and Nineveh This paper presents prints of two previously unpublished water colours depicting the excavation of slabs and sculptures found during Layard's excavations at Nimrud in June 1850. Though neither image is signed, an identification of the artist as S.C. Malan is probable. Gadd's (1938) study of Malan's drawings concentrated on his work at Nineveh. This paper focuses on the sketches made at Nimrud and completes the catalogue of pictures Malan drew at both sites (Appendix A) and publishes the previously unpublished Nimrud and Nineveh drawings. John Curtis and Nigel Tallis: More Thoughts on the Balawat Gates of Shalmaneser III: The Arrangement of the Bands This article seeks to demonstrate that the correct arrangement of the bronze bands on the Shalmaneser III gates from Balawat can be established by comparing the position of the nail holes on the ends of the bands with those on the edging strips that were fixed to the edges of the doors and partly overlap the ends of the bands. -
Nebuchadnezzar Explained: Warrior King, Rebuilder of Cities, and Musical Muse by Louise Pryke
Nebuchadnezzar Explained: Warrior King, Rebuilder of Cities, and Musical Muse By Louise Pryke Kanye West’s first operatic work, Nebuchadnezzar, has just premiered at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles. Set in the 6th century BCE, the opera is based on the biblical story of Nebuchadnezzar II, a powerful ruler and the longest-reigning king of Babylon. Kanye West. (EPA/Etienne Laurent) Nebuchadnezzar was a warrior-king, often described as the greatest military leader of the Neo-Babylonian empire. He ruled from 605 – 562 BCE in the area around the Tigris- Euphrates basin. His leadership saw numerous military successes and the construction of building works such as the famous Ishtar Gate. Thousands of years after his rule, Nebuchadnezzar’s name lives on in his buildings and in ancient literature. Interestingly, his name and life have inspired numerous musical works by artists such as jazz pianist Marcus Roberts, Italian composer Giuseppe Verdi, and now, West. The name Nebuchadnezzar in Akkadian (an ancient Semitic language that is an early cognate of Hebrew) is Nabu-Kudurri-usur, which means “O Nabu, protect my first-born son.” Nabu was a major Mesopotamian deity associated with literacy and the work of scribes. The late Iron Age in the Near East saw the end of the mighty Assyrian Empire around 609 BCE – partly fueled by climate change. The area became the focus of political manoeuvring between two regional superpowers – the Egyptian and the Babylonian empires. Under Nebuchadnezzar’s reign, Neo- Babylonian armies swept through the area, leaving a trail of destruction including that of the biblical kingdom of Judah, which was besieged and destroyed.