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Ohrllsa {Malloch), in India* ~Jllal and Nair Perera, P. A. C. R. 1977. A tec~n!que for ACKNOWLEDGEMENT laboratory masS breeding of ErJboru~ t~o­ The authors are grateful to Dr: chanteratus {Hymenoptera, Ichneumon!dae). a parasite of the coco nut cater pillar I. D. Gauld, Commonwealth Institute Nephantis sertnopa (LepIdoptera: XyJorlctl­ of Entomology, London for identifi­ dae.). Entornaphaga 22,217-221. cation of the parasite. Pillai, G. B. and Nair. K. R. C. 1983. Xantho­ pimpla nan;1 nen", Schutz. (Hymenoptera: REFERENCES Ichneumonidae), a new pupal parasltold of Opisina srenosella Wlk on coconut. Dharmaraju, E. 1962 A checklist of J. P,'=mt, Crops, 1 1, 65-69. parasites, the hyperparasites, predators and pathogens of the coconut leaf caterpi 110.:" Pillai, G. B. and Nair, K. R. 1986 a. Observa­ Nephantis serinopa Meyrick, recorded In tions 0 n Eriborus trochanteratus (M orl ey) Ceylon and in India and their distribution (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) a larvClI in these countries. Ceylon Coconut J .• 1 3, parasitoid of Oplsina llrenoselia WI k. J Plant. 102-111. Crops, 14, 11-14. Nirula, K. K., Antony, J., Sahasranahman, Piflai. G. B. and Nair, K. R. 1986 b. ~,ddi­ K. N. and Menon, K. P. V. 1955. A new tions to the natural enemy complex of the pupal parasite of Nephantis ser/napa M eyr. coconut caterpi liar. Opisina arenoseila Wa Ik. Indian Coconut J., S, 58- 61, J. Plant. Crops, 1 4, 138-140. .I BioI. Control. I([). IO-Jr,. 1987 Parasites of the Pigeonpea Podfly. A2f'lanngrornyza ohrllsa {Malloch), In India* S. SITJlANANTHAM, v. RAML::SHWAR RAO and \V. REED L~gumes Program, Inlernational Crops Research rnqjtute for lhe Semi-Arid Tropics Patancheru 502 324 ABSTRACT In a survey of parasites on the pigeon pea podfly, /V1elanagromyz8 obtusa (Malloch) (DiptfHa: Agromyzidae) in India, six genera -Euderus (Eulophidae), Eupelrnus (Eupelmidae), Eurytorna, Plutarchia (Eurytomidae), Antrstrophoplex (Torymidae) and Orrnyrus (Ormyridae) were recorded during 1977-83. Data on monthly overall parasitism revealed peaks during February-March. when the pest populations are also usually high. In a two year (1980-82) study at ICRISAT Center, Euderus and Ormyrus were found to be the dominant parasites on M. obtusa. Differance in extent of parasitism was observed between samples from two pigeonpea cultivars­ ICP 1 and HY 3C, which was probably related to hos! abunr1ance. Surveys revealed that the genera - Euderus and Ormyrus are also dominant and widely spread in India a nd these shou Id be conserved. The poss ibi I ity of a ugmen tati on is a bo men tio ned. Key words: Melanagromyza, Parasites, Eupe/mus. Eurytoma, Antistrophop/ex, Ormy r us, in flu e n ceo f H 0 s t P ran t Va r jet '" • The podfly, Melanagromyza This insect is difficult to control with obtusa (Malloch) (Diptera : Agromyzi­ most insecticides because all the dae) is a major pest of pigeonpea in immature stages develop concealed India, particularly in the norther;! and inside the pods. The potential of central areas (Lateef and Reed, 1983). natural control elements in suppressing this pest has not been assessed * Submitted as J. A. No.710 by the ICR!SAT. adequately Information on parasites P3r.Jsites of Pigeonpe3 Podfly Qccurring on M. obtusa has mostly were opened and all thepodfiy larvae been restricted to occasional loea! and pupae were collected 2nd records with little quantitative data incubated in petri dishes eith2f until on the seasonal and regional pattern a podfly or a parasite adult emerged, of their occurrence, The gene,a o \' u n iii the I a r v a e a ( pup a e die dan d reported in India include Euderus and dried up. In some months, several Dyg/yphus (Eulophidae), Ormyru5 such samples were collected and (Ormyridae), Eurytoma (Eurytomidae), recorded. In the 1980 81 season, "EupeJmus (Eupelmidae), and Tricho­ samples were also collected separately pria (Diapriidael (Ahmad, 1940; from two cultivars ICP 1, an indeter­ Gangrade, 1960, 1962; Bindra and minate type with an open branching Singh, 1972; Singh. 1982; Thakur habit and HY 3C. a semi-determinate, and Odak, ) 982; Khan, 1985), In compact type and parasitisation was Srj Lanka, Euderus, Ormyrus, Eury­ recorded. toma and Eupelmus were recorded Surveys across India. A survey as parasitising M. obtusa (Fellowes to estimiJte the incidence of parasitism and Amarasena, 1982), A preliminary in M obtusa collected from several survey of M. obtusa parasitism in a states of India was organized during few states in India during one season 1980·83 in collaboration with the has been reported by Sittaanantham entomologists of the All India Coordi­ etal. (1983). The ,biology and nated Pulses Improvement Projc:ct behaviour of two species of Euderus (AI CPIP). Freshly collected pods were have also been described. mailed to ICRISAT, and the podfly The study reported in this paper larvae and pupae were collected a no was taken up with the purpose of incubated for paraslt~sm studies monitoring the natural parasitism During 1981-82 <) total of 100 samples levels (and the range of parasites from 1 1 states arrived in sufficiently occurring) on podfly for a few years good condition to be used for such at I CRI SA T Center and assess the recording Fewer samples were distribution of the common parasites obtained during the other two years. at a number of locations throughout RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .ndia, so that their potential for biocontrot of the pest could be judged, The: paras:tes thAt bred from M, ObrUS3 at ICR!SAT Center were MATERIALS AND METHODS Euderus spp, {Eulophidae), Eupe/mus At ICRISAT Center. In each year S p, (Eupel midae·. E urytorra sp. robus ta from 1977 to 1982 the Incidence of Mayr Group (Eurytomidae), Plutarchia n;=JturAI parasitism on M. obtusa was sp. nr indefensa (\tValker) (Euryto­ recorded at leRlSAT Center in each midae), Antistrophoplex sp, (Torv­ month in which pods were available midae) and Ormyrus? orientalis Samples of 300 to 500 pods, mature (Wa\ker~ (Ormyridae), Of these SiX but not dry, \lvere collected from genera, Eud~rus is kno'vvn to occu, pesticide-free pigeonpea fields and commonly on M. obtusa ar.d has been brought into the laboratory, They suggested 8" a potential c(=Jndid2te for the biocontrol of this pest (Ahmad, Except for early SBil:.on (November) 1940; Gangrade, 1960; Bindra and peak s in pe rc~nt2 ge parasltr sm, Singh, 1972). The three genera­ occurring at a time when pest densities Eurytoma, 0 rmyrus and Antis! ro­ are low, the major peaks occurred in phoplex are generally known to blj FebrtJary- March each year. The pest associated with cynipid ga/ls (personcd population builds up slowly from communication, CI E, and Dr. S. I. October· h!ovemoer to reach peak Farooqi, fAR/. New Delhi). In our densities in February - March in the studies we ascertained that these long duratio.n pigeonpea cultivars that genera emerge from the pupal stage are podding at that time at ICRISAT of M. obtusa and therefore are clearly Center. I n northern I ndia the pod fly endoparasites of this insect. Vve populations increase ofter the winter reported first (Pulse" Entomology (Dec-Jan/ Feb) a nd observations by Departmenta I Progress Report, 1978- Singh (1982) at Agra have shown that 79) that Eurytoma and Ormyrus occur peak parasitism occurs during Feb­ as parasites on M. obtusa in south ruary-April when podfly numbers are India (Patancheru). These were later also high. As such, M. obtusa confirmed by observations in north parasitism appears to be related to lndia (Singh, 1982; Thakur and Odak, host density and any augmentation of 1982). The rare occurrence of Anti· of parasites should be attempted before strophoplex has f1lso been reported the pest builds up in February, as from limited surveys by Sithanantham suggested by Ahmad (1940). In et al (1983). The status of Plutarcnia addition to this monthly information, CIS a primary parasite needs to be we observed that the overall annual clarified. There is no other record of parasitism during the five years' study it hewing been bred from an agromyzid. teryded to decline from about 30~< in The five year study of monthly 19V7-78 to about 1 1 ~~ in 1981-82 parasitism of M: obtusa at ICRI SAT This could' be due to the increased use Center is su mmarised in Table 1. of insecticides, growth of crop and Table 1. Abundance of p.Hflslte·; on Melanayrornyza obtusa at ICRIS~'\T Center, 1977·82. 1977-78 197/j-79 1979· 80 1980·81 1981-82 Month ---------- - ------ 01 n % n % ;1 In n ~~ ;. n % . - ----.---- ----- ----- ---.--- --- ----_. - .. _- ~i--- - -- ------ ~-- ----- - --- Nov. 1007 1 tl.6 1980 16.2 1009 18.4 133 12 8 48 6 3 Dec. 1981 18.8 3339 17.5 2849 10.4 262'3 J.6 252 7.5 ..Jan. 3121 26.3 3376 '15.9 41Sg 7.5 41 ~ 1 ~). D 345 10.1 Feb. 4039 369 1824 10.4 1430 16.2 CG1 10.4 40.1- 17.3 ., ') Mar. Ll195 46,3 2369 22.2 2122 14.4 318 18 9 120 J .... J Apr. 4275 21.8 NR NR 1669 14. !3 f\lR NR NR f'i:i May-O ct. (Crop/ host not availab!b fer sampl j ng) Total 18618 30.6 12888 16.8 13238 12.5 41<18 11.5 1 169 112 - - --- _. ---- n Total no. of podfly developing stages observed. % % Para~itjsed. N R No records. Parasites of the Pigeonpe!11 Podfly 13 abiotic factors in and around the tended to be more in the indeterminate ~CRISAT farm during this period. cv, ICP 1 (Table 3). This was mainly Two genera - Euderlts and Ormyrus the result of greater frequency of were found to be dominant and Ormyrus parasitism.
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