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The Mystery of the Double Eagle

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The Mystery of the Double Eagle August 29 — September 4, 2011 Bloomberg Businessweek This coin is worth $7.6 million 62 The Mystery Of the Double Eagle How did a Philadelphia family get hold of $40 million in gold coins, and why has the Secret Service been chasing them for 70 years? By Susan Berfi eld August 29 — September 4, 2011 Bloomberg Businessweek 63 he most valuable coin in the Most, but not all. Some of the coins and a television documentary. And much world sits in the lobby of the slipped out of the Philadelphia Mint of it has centered around a coin dealer, Federal Reserve Bank of New before then. No one knows for sure ex- dead since 1990, whose shop is still open York in lower Manhattan. It’s actly how they got out or even how many in South Philadelphia, run by his 82-year- TExhibit 18E, secured in a bulletproof got out. The U.S. Secret Service, respon- old daughter. glass case with an alarm system and an sible for protecting the nation’s curren- “The 1933 Double Eagle is one of the armed guard nearby. The 1933 Double cy, has been pursuing them for nearly 70 most intriguing coins of all time,” says Jay Eagle, considered one of the rarest and years, through 13 Administrations and 12 Brahin, an investment adviser who has most beautiful coins in America, has a diff erent directors. The investigation has been collecting coins since he was a kid face value of $20—and a market value of spanned three continents and involved in Philadelphia. “It’s a freak. The coins $7.6 million. It was among the last batch some of the most famous coin collectors shouldn’t have been minted, but they of gold coins ever minted by the U.S. gov- in the world, a confi dential informant, a were. They weren’t meant to circulate, ernment. The coins were never issued; playboy king, and a sting operation at the but some did. And why has the govern- most of the nearly 500,000 cast were Waldorf Astoria in Manhattan. It has in- ment pursued them so arduously? melted down to bullion in 1937. spired two novels, two nonfi ction books, That’s one of the mysteries.” ➡ August 29 — September 4, 2011 Bloomberg Businessweek The government confi scated these coins in 2005 The story begins just after the inaugu- Vault F-Cage 1. Only two were thought to he’d throw you out.” His business philos- ration of Franklin Roosevelt on Mar. 4, have been saved, and they were sent to ophy, she said, was that “the customer 1933, in the midst of the Great Depres- the Smithsonian. was never right; he was always right.” sion. Thousands of banks had already In January 1934, Congress passed the “You must understand the Phila- gone under as people panicked and Gold Reserve Act, which allowed the delphia thing,” says Brahin. “I’m from withdrew their gold and other deposits. President to nationalize, in eff ect, the there, so I can say this: The dealers were As the gold supply—much of it kept at gold held by the Federal Reserve and crafty, they would do anything to get an the Federal Reserve Bank of New York— increase the price of an ounce. This in edge. If you don’t know that, you don’t dwindled, the country faced possible turn devalued the dollar, which was sup- have the right amount of cynicism to an- insolvency. On Apr. 5, Roosevelt issued posed to stimulate the troubled econo- alyze the story.” Executive Order 6102, which prohibited my. The director of the Mint then or- In Switt’s statement to the agents, the hoarding of gold and required cit- dered all the nation’s gold coins to be his only offi cial pronouncement about izens to exchange their gold coins for melted into bars. The bars would be kept the coins, he said that he didn’t have paper currency. in the newly constructed Fort Knox . The any records of where, when, or how he It was Roosevelt’s distant cousin, The- task was enormous: It wasn’t until early had obtained the Double Eagles. But he odore, who had commissioned the sculp- 1937 that the Philadelphia Mint sent its claimed that he did not buy them from tor Augustus Saint-Gaudens to design a $50 million worth of coins, including the any employees of the Mint. high-relief $20 gold coin in the early 1933 Double Eagles, to the furnace. Nonetheless, after a 10-month investi- 1900s. Teddy Roosevelt wanted an Amer- Around this time, a 41-year-old Phil- gation, the Secret Service concluded that ican coin that matched the beauty of the adelphia jeweler named Israel Switt of- it was more likely than not that Switt was ancient Greek ones, and Saint-Gaudens fered several 1933 Double Eagles to some the fence for a corrupt Mint cashier. In completed the work just before his death of the most prominent coin dealers and 1945, the Justice Dept. wanted to press from cancer in 1907. On one side is an collectors of the day, according to Secret charges, but by then the statute of limi- image of Liberty, a fi gure reminiscent of a Service documents since made public. tations had run out. Greek goddess, hair fl owing, olive branch Switt sold one, now Exhibit 18E, to a Seven years later, in 1952, King in her left hand, torch in her right. On Texas dealer who then sold it to King Farouk was deposed and sent into exile 64 the other is an eagle in midfl ight, the sun Farouk of E�ypt for $1,575. A royal repre- in Monaco. The generals leading the new rising behind it. sentative in the U.S. requested an export Republic of E�ypt decided to auction off The Mint had produced the Saint- license for the coin and, unbeknownst to his belongings, including his renowned Gaudens Double Eagles almost every year the Secret Service, the Secretary of the gold coin collection. It contained 8,500 since 1907, and 1933 was no diff erent. By Treasury issued one on Feb. 29, 1944. pieces; one was the 1933 Double Eagle. May, as the gold recall was under way, That same month, Stack’s, the rare Sotheby’s won the right to hold the auc- the Mint finished pressing 445,500 of coin dealer in New York, announced tion in Cairo in February 1954. As soon the coins. None were issued. Instead the an auction for another Double Eagle. It as U.S. Treasury offi cials saw the catalog coins, weighing nearly 15 tons, were put wasn’t until early March, though, that for the Palace Collection of E�ypt, as it into 1,780 canvas bags and sealed behind the Secret Service heard about the sale was called, they asked the E�yptians to three steel doors in Philadelphia Mint and realized that some of the coins had pull the coin from the auction and return been taken out of the Mint. King Farouk’s it to Washington. At the last minute, the Double Eagle had already been delivered Double Eagle in Lot 185 was withdrawn. to him in Cairo by diplomatic pouch. Then it disappeared. Agents confi scated the second coin before Four decades later, Stephen Fenton, Stack’s could sell it and launched the in- the chairman of the British Numismatic vestigation that continues today. “The Trade Assn. and a coin dealer himself, government has been fanatical about says he got hold of the 1933 Double Eagle seizing and destroying these coins,” says by way of an E�yptian jeweler whose Robert W. Hoge, curator of North Ameri- client had ties to the military. “I was can coins and currency at the American buying quite a few coins out of the Farouk Numismatic Society. “They’re famous be- collection,” Fenton says by phone from cause the government has been seizing his London auction house, St. James. them since the 1940s.” “This came along, and it was quite nice. The fi rst phase of the Secret Service It did have an aura.” investigation would trace 10 1933 Double Fenton bought the Double Eagle for Eagles to Switt, a reclusive jeweler and $210,000 and arranged to sell it to an coin dealer who, like so many in this American dealer named Jasper Parrino story, believed the coins possessed talis- for $850,000. On Feb. 7, 1996, Fenton manic powers. His only child, Joan Lang- flew from London to New York on the bord, who worked with him until his Concorde and checked into the Hilton. death in 1990 at age 95, told the Philadel- The next morning, he recalls, he tucked phia Inquirer that her father “could be ob- the coin into a plastic envelope, put it in noxious or irascible. If he didn’t like you, his shirt pocket, pulled on a new black ASSN. NUMISMATIC AMERICAN PHOTO; AP PHOTO; MINT/AP U.S. TOP: FROM CLOCKWISE SPREAD, THIS PHOTO; MINT/AP U.S. SPREAD: OPENING CREDITTK BY ILLUSTRATION PHOTOGRAPH This advertisement led to a 70-year search for other Double Eagles August 29 — September 4, 2011 Bloomberg Businessweek After Roosevelt banned individuals from owning gold coins, some $30 million worth was exchanged in one day cashmere sweater, and hopped into a taxi to the Waldorf Astoria. “It was a routine deal,” he says. He went up to a corner suite on the 22nd fl oor and presented the coin to Par- rino, who had already arranged to sell it to Jack Moore, a dealer from Texas, for $1.65 million.
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