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01-Dehate-Report-Qanon.Pdf de:hate report #01 QAnon in Deutschland Herausgeber: Amadeu Antonio Stiftung Novalisstraße 12 10115 Berlin Telefon + 49 (0)30. 240 886 10 [email protected] www.amadeu-antonio-stiftung.de Autor*innen: Miro Dittrich, Anne Grandjean, Lukas Jäger, Jan Rathje Redaktion und Lektorat: Simone Rafael, Britta Kollberg Gestaltung: Wigwam eG, Berlin Satz: Anne Prinz, Münster Druck: Druckzone, Cottbus Gedruckt auf Envirotop Recycling 100 % Altpapier ISBN 978-3-940878-56-4 © Amadeu Antonio Stiftung, 2020 Wir danken der Freudenberg Stiftung für die Unterstützung, die die Recherchen des Projekts de:hate und die Erstellung dieser Broschüre förderte. Ebenso möchten wir all unseren Spender*innen danken, die die Arbeit der Stiftung überhaupt erst ermöglichen, vor allem auch in noch wenig öffentlich wahrgenommenen und nicht geförderten aktuellen und neuen Themenfeldern. de:hate report #01 QAnon in Deutschland Inhalt 4 Vorwort 6 QAnon, Querdenker*innen und COVID-19: Wie QAnon in Deutschland Fuß fasste 8 Wie Donald Trump zum Heilsbringer von Verschwörungsideolog*innen wurde – QAnons Anfänge 10 COVID-19 macht ein Nischenphänomen massentauglich – die Verbreitung von QAnon 17 Von einem toten Mafia-Boss und Kindesentführungen: Das Gewaltpotenzial von QAnon in den USA 18 QAnon, Verschwörungsideologien und Antisemitismus 22 Wie sich QAnon-Anhänger*innen und „Reichsbürger*innen“ vermischen 24 Down the Rabbit Hole – Radikalisierung in Zeiten von COVID-19 30 Interview mit Miro Dittrich: „Dann wird aus trust the plan ganz schnell be the plan.“ 36 Erkenntnisse aus dem Monitoring – Thesen und Prognosen zu QAnon 39 Handlungsempfehlungen 41 Informationen, Beratung und Unterstützung 42 Literatur 43 Quellen de:hate report #01 QAnon in Deutschland Vorwort Die QAnon-Verschwörungsideologie motiviert eine der derzeit dynamischs- ten und gefährlichsten antisemitischen und rechtsextremen Bewegungen. Sie emotionalisiert, radikalisiert und ruft zu Gewalt auf. Mit der Bezugnahme auf eines der wohl emotionalsten Themen überhaupt, der Verletzung des Kindes- wohls, schafft sie einen unmittelbaren Handlungsdruck, gegen die angeb- liche Verschwörung eines „tiefen Staates“ vorzugehen, und legitimiert damit Angriffe bis hin zu Terroranschlägen. QAnon ist damit sehr anschlussfähig zu den Protesten gegen die Corona-Maßnahmen, die ebenfalls das Bild einer ver- meintlich „mächtigen Verschwörung“ malen und glauben, mächtige Eliten wür- den die Gefahr der Pandemie übertreiben und sie nutzen, um ihre eigentlichen Pläne durchzusetzen. Es verwundert also nicht, dass auf den so genannten Querdenker-Demonstrationen vermehrt QAnon-Symbole zu sehen sind. © Amadeu Antonio Stiftung QAnon ist jedoch nicht erst seit diesen Demonstrationen in Deutschland prä- sent. Zuvor wurde die Verschwörungserzählung schon von prominenten Musi- ker*innen und auf einschlägigen Seiten von Verschwörungsideolog*innen pro- pagiert. Sie ist auch deswegen so erfolgreich, weil sie an uralte antisemitische Tropen (d.h. bildhafte Begriffe oder Wendungen) anknüpft, wie etwa die so genannte Ritualmordlegende. Die Verbreiter*innen dieser wirkmächtigen und grausamen Lüge nutzen häufig erfundene, reale oder unaufgeklärte Entfüh- rungs-, Unglücks- oder Tötungsfälle, besonders von Kindern, und bieten dafür Jüd*innen als Sündenbock an. Diese Legenden dienen zur Verleumdung der behaupteten Täter*innen und rechtfertigen ihre Unterdrückung, Verfolgung und Ermordung. Sie entfachten und entfachen Pogrome und dienten zur Vorberei- tung der systematischen Vernichtung von Jüdinnen und Juden in der Shoah. de:hate report #01 QAnon in Deutschland 4 QAnon droht ähnlich einflussreich zu unseres Projekts de:hate um eine werden wie die gefälschten „Proto- kürzeres, häufiger erscheinendes kolle der Weisen von Zion“, eines der Format ergänzen und nicht nur die einflussreichsten antisemitischen Verbreitung von Hass- und Ver- Propagandamittel der Nationalso- schwörungsideologien sachlich er- zialisten. Heute sind es nicht mehr läutern, sondern auch exemplarische nur die „Protokolle“, sondern antise- Radikalisierungen nachzeichnen und mitische und verschwörungsideolo- thesenhaft Interventionsmöglichkei- gische Fake News, Propaganda und ten zur Diskussion stellen. Lügen, die in den Sozialen Netzwer- ken verbreitet werden. Wir freuen uns auf Rückmeldungen zu diesem Format und den Analysen Angesichts der Wahl von QAnon- und stehen gern für Diskussionen zur Anhänger*innen in den US-Kongress Verfügung. Weitere Handlungsemp- und der andauernden Infragestellung fehlungen und Tipps für Prävention der Rechtmäßigkeit der US-Präsi- und Intervention finden sich auch in dentschaftswahlen 2020 aufgrund anderen gerade erschienenen Publi- einer vermeintlichen Verschwörung kationen der Stiftung, auf die wir am sowie mit Blick auf die massive Ver- Ende des Berichts hinweisen. breitung der QAnon-Ideologie bei den Corona-Protesten in Berlin und Timo Reinfrank Leipzig haben wir uns zu dieser ers- Geschäftsführer der ten Ausgabe einer neuen Reihe ent- Amadeu Antonio Stiftung schlossen. Sie soll die Dokumenta- tion der Monitoringberichte de:hate report #01 QAnon in Deutschland 5 QAnon, Querdenker*innen und COVID-19: Wie QAnon in Deutschland Fuß fasste Im Sommer 2020 ist das „Q“ in Deutschland plötzlich all- QAnon entstand 2017 im Internet – auf dem Imageboard gegenwärtig: Auf Plakaten, auf T-Shirts, ausgeschnitten 4chan. Die Narrative verbreiten sich seither kontinuier- aus Pappe oder an Halsketten baumelnd – so sieht man lich online. In den USA hat sich die Verschwörungsideo- den Buchstaben immer häufiger auf den Demonstrationen, logie auch offline bereits als gefährlich erwiesen. Dort die sich gegen die COVID-19-Maßnahmen der Bundes- werden Anhänger*innen der Bewegung mit etlichen Ver- regierung richten.1 Hinter Q steckt eine Reihe von Ver- brechen in Verbindung gebracht – sogar mit Mord. Nach schwörungserzählungen, bei denen es um einen fiktiven den USA und anderen englischsprachigen Ländern ist ultimativen Kampf zwischen Gut und Böse geht, um eine Deutschland inzwischen der größte Verbreitungsmarkt Kinderblut trinkende satanische Elite, den „Deep State“ und US-Präsident Trump als Erlöserfigur, der diese fiktive Verschwörung stoppen möchte. Es handelt sich dabei um Imageboards Weltordnungsvorstellungen, in denen alles „Böse“ in der Welt aufgrund einer Verschwörung zustande gekommen Imageboards sind Diskussionsforen, in denen haupt- sein soll und die sich vor Kritik und Widersprüchen ver- sächlich Bilder und Textbeiträge gepostet werden. schließen. Somit kann QAnon auch als Verschwörungs- Meist ist keine Anmeldung nötig; Anonymität ist ein ideologie bezeichnet werden – mit klar antisemitischen wichtiger Bestandteil der Imageboard-Kultur. Auf den Inhalten. Die Ritualmordlegende, eine alte judenfeindliche gängigen Imageboards wie 4chan oder 8kun gibt es Verschwörungserzählung um rituelle Morde an Kindern, kaum bis gar keine Moderation.2 Dies fördert derben findet sich in modernisierter Form in QAnon-Erzählungen Humor und menschenverachtende Inhalte – und wieder. Überdies nutzen Anhänger*innen klassische Vor- sorgt dafür, dass auch menschenfeindliche Narrative würfe der Judenfeindschaft, wenn sie Jüdinnen und Juden ungehindert kursieren können. 2019 nutzten mehrere als Diener Satans darstellen. rechtsterroristische Attentäter Imageboards zur Ver- netzung und zum Tat-Streaming. de:hate report #01 QAnon in Deutschland 6 für die „Q“-Verschwörungsideologie. In Deutschland sahen auch in Deutschland radikalisieren können, bis sie schließ- wir QAnon das erste Mal auf der Straße, als die Gelbwes- lich Verbrechen begehen. Was QAnon so massentaug- tenbewegung aus Frankreich auch hierzulande Fuß fasste. lich macht und wieso uns ähnliche Phänomene auch in Auch prominente deutsche Künstler*innen und Sportler*in- kommenden gesellschaftlichen Krisen begleiten werden, nen nutzen ihre Social Media-Präsenzen, um zugehörige erläutert Miro Dittrich, der Leiter des Projekts de:hate, im Erzählungen weiterzuverbreiten. Die Anwesenheit der Interview. Q-Symbolik bei Demonstrationen in Deutschland zeigt, dass ihre Anhänger*innen längst auch hierzulande offline Abschließend werden Erkenntnisse aus dem Monitoring hinter ihren Überzeugungen stehen. und Handlungsempfehlungen für den Umgang mit Ver- schwörungsideologien wie QAnon herausgearbeitet. Diese aktuellen Entwicklungen sind besorgniserregend: In Kürze lauten diese wie folgt: Innerhalb kürzester Zeit scheint die Verschwörungsideo- logie im deutschsprachigen Raum immer mehr Anhän- ger*innen zu finden. Wie hat die COVID-19-Krise dazu beigetragen? Wie gefährlich sind ihre Anhänger*innen? Handlungsempfehlungen Wie genau radikalisieren sich Menschen zu gewaltbereiter QAnon-Gefolgschaft? Welche Parallelen gibt es zwischen 1. Verschwörungsideologien wie QAnon sollten als "Reichsbürger*innen" und QAnon? solche bezeichnet und bekämpft werden. 2. Pandemie-Bekämpfung und Radikalisierungs- Diese Fragen werden hier vom Projekt de:hate beantwortet, prävention müssen zusammengedacht werden. das die Onlineaktivitäten rund um die QAnon-Verschwö- rungsideologie seit ihrer Entstehung beobachtet. Dafür 3. Sicherheitsbehörden müssen Expertise zu Ver- wird erläutert, wie ihre Verbreitung in Deutschland in den schwörungsideologien aufbauen und kontinuier- vergangenen Monaten auf Telegram und YouTube voran- lich weiterentwickeln. geschritten ist. Ein Zeitstrahl illustriert, wie sich gewalt- same Vorfälle im Zusammenhang mit QAnon in den USA 4. Beratungsangebote müssen aufgebaut und seit Beginn der COVID-19-Pandemie häufen. An einem gestärkt werden.
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