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Literature Review on Canine Parvoviral Enteritis Variants in Nigeria

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Literature Review on Canine Parvoviral Enteritis Variants in Nigeria Journal of Dairy, Veterinary & Animal Research Literature Review Open Access Literature review on canine parvoviral enteritis variants in Nigeria Introduction Volume 9 Issue 1 - 2020 Canine Parvoviral Enteritis [CPE] is acute highly contagious and Funmilayo Doherty Odueko often fatal viral enteritis of domesticated and wild canidae [dogs, foxes Nigeria college of veterinary surgeon, Nigeria coyotes]. Caused by three variants of a virulent single stranded naked DNA virus belonging to the family Parvoviridae designated Canine Correspondence: Funmilayo Doherty Odueko, Nigeria college Parvovirus Type 2 [CPV-2]. This disease is transmitted to susceptible of veterinary surgeon, Nigeria, Tel 2348023747533, Email animals directly via inhalation of viral particles or by ingestion of food contaminated by infected feces excreted by sick puppy or indirectly Received: December 29, 2019 | Published: January 30, 2020 through contact with contaminated formites by infected feces excreted by clinically sick animal. The virus has high tropism for rapidly dividing cells, it is similar genetically to Feline Panleucopenia Virus [FPV]. Infact it only differ from FPV by two amino acids in it viral specific antibodies for CPV-2 found in stored serum of sicked dogs capsids. It was first reported in 1978 in North America and it became serum in Greece in 1974, Netherlands 1976, and Belgium in 1977. In pandemic within six months of it first official report has two major 1978 serological studies of dogs serum carried out in dogs in Japan, clinical manifestation New Zealand, Australia and United State of America confirmed the present of the virus in those countries. Canine Parvoviral Enteritis was Keywords: canine parvovirus, canine parvoviral enteritis, first reported in Nigeria in Zaria in 1984 Adeyanju et al,2 and later in antigen, antigenicity, mutagenicity, feline panleucopenia, viral capsids southern part of the country in 1985.1 This virus has strong affinity for rapidly dividing cells; it first replicates in lymphoid tissues of Oral Abbreviations: CPE, canine parvoviral enteritis; CPV, cavity and pharynx, thymus, bone marrow mes enteric lymph nodes canine parvovirus; CPV-1, canine parvovirus type 1; CPV–2, canine before it is disseminated into small intestinal crypts epithelial cells. parvovirus type 2; FPV, feline panleucopenia virus CPV-2 by infecting the lymphoid tissue causes suppression of Myocardiac form puppy’s immunity to infections and diseases directly through lyses of lymphocytes and indirectly through bone marrow depletion of Enteric form lymphocytes progenitor stem cells inside the bone marrow. Viral although this disease is still pandemic and has high morbidity and replication in lymphoid tissues leads to marked atrophy of lymphoid mortality rate in susceptible and immune compromised puppies and tissues in thymus, spleenic follicles, lymph nodes of peyer patches, whelping bitches, it is incidences has been reduce greatly through the same viral replication activities in epithelial cells of intestinal appropriate vaccination protocol. Despite availability of commercially crypts lead to necrosis and sloughing off of intestinal lumen. available vaccines, sometimes we still have documented evidences of Virology of canine parvoviruses CPE occurring in previously vaccinated puppies. There are two distinct canine parvoviruses. Literature review a) Canine Minute virus or Canine Parvovirus type 1 Canine Canine Parvoviral Enteritis is acute, highly contagious and often Parvovirus Enteritis or Canine Parvovirus type 2 fatal viral enteritis of young puppies between the ages of six weeks to six months and immune-compromised whelping bitches caused by Canine parvovirus type 1 Canine Parvoviral Type-2 variants [CPV-2]. It was designated Canine This is non pathogenic Canine Adeno associated virus also known Parvoviral Type 2 because another virus known as Canine Parvoviral as Canine Parvovirus Type 1 or Canine Minute Virus; this virus has Type 1[CPV-1] or Minute Canine Parvovirus has been isolated and been isolated from feces of normal dog. It is widespread, it is not identify previously in 1967 but this new viral isolates was found to as pathogenic as CPV-2 and it is antigenically different from Canine cause a more fatal diseases in young puppies and it is antigenically Parvovirus type-2 but similar to Bovine parvovirus genetically, it was different from CPV-1 viral isolates which are not as pathogenic and first isolated in military dog in1967 as the causes of mild diarrhea, virulent as CPV can be found in feces of apparently normal dogs. due to subclinical enteritis, CPV-1 has causes pneumonia, myocarditis CPV-2 is very virulent and more pathogenic than CPV-1 cause and lymphadenitis in puppies of 5 days to 21 days old. Most affected more ftal disease and share more antigenic similarities with Feline puppies has a mild disease but some might has a serious clinical form Panleucopenia Virus [FPV] and Mink Parvovirus Enteritis than with known as fading puppy syndrome CPV-1 causes infertility in bitch, CPV-1, in fact CPV-2 differs from [FPV] by two amino acids in it stillbirth or abortion in pregnant bitch because of similarity with CPV- viral capsid. CPV-2 was first officially recognized as the cause of 2 and CHV a thorough diagnostic work up is needed to confirmed CPV- highly contagious new endemic fatal dog disease in North America 1, use of PCR or immunoelectron microscopy are needed to diagnose in 1978 and later in Japan, Europe and Australia but subsequent CPV-1. At present no commercial vaccine is available for CPV-1, retrospective serological studies of sick dogs serum indicates that this it is can only be prevented by maintaining cleaning environment in virus began infecting dogs in early 70s, this was due to finding of viral whelping bitch and avoiding overcrowding in shelter animal kennels. Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com J Dairy Vet Anim Res. 2020;9(1):26‒32. 26 ©2020 Odueko. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially. Copyright: Literature review on canine parvoviral enteritis variants in Nigeria ©2020 Odueko 27 Canine parvovirus type-2 several amino acids substitution changes in it viral capsids amino acid sequence, that gave it distinct antigenic characteristic different from Canine Parvovirus Type, also know simply as PARVO, it is highly CPV2 at viral capsid position Met87Leu, Ile101Thr, Ala300Gly and pathogenic parvovirus that affect domesticated and wild canids it is a Ala305 Tyr different from original CPV2. single stranded, non envelop DNA virus, that is extremely resistant to various disinfectant but susceptible too and easily destroy by sodium CPV2b also contain these aforementioned changes plus one hypochloride, it is highly mutagenic and it is believe to still be in it additional substitutional changes at viral capsid position 426 evolving stage, it is believe to evolved from mutation from Feline [Asn426Asp] another variants of CPV 2a Ile324 was found to be Panleucopenia virus or other carnivore Parvoviruses because it differs limited to Asian countries I.e. Thailand, Japan, China, India and Korea, from Feline Panleucopenia virus [FPV] and Mink Enteritis Virus by this Asian strain of CPV2a has amino acid sequence substitution at only few DNA bases in its viral capsid3–5 this might probably close position 324 which is adjacent to position323 viral capsid, this viral association of dog and cat kept together as companion animal or capsid epitome site is important in virus virulent characteristic and due to laboratory tissue culture contamination and it worldwide fast host range specificity together with viral capsid position 93, CPV distribution by vaccine contamination, however these assumptions viral capsid position 323 and 93 play an important role in host range has not been proved. specificity and tropism for canine transferrin receptor binding.15 Another distinct strain was discover in Italy in year 2000 with distinct Virus morphology antigenic characteristic different from CPV 2a and CPV2b and slight CPV-2 virion particles are small viral particles, spherical in shape variation in it viral capsid at position 426 known as Glu 426 mutant or approximately 20nm in diameter and none enveloped.6,7 The CPV-2 CPV2c because glutamic acid was substituted for Asparagin/Aspartic was first isolated in1978 and by1980 it has become panzootic with acid at position 426, it is more virulent, spread more rapidly and can 11 10 16 new strains of the virus isolated in 1979 designated CPV2a, this new infect cat more readily than FPV, Buonavoglia C, Martella et al, strain has replaced the original CPV-2 virus in most infected dog viral also similar and unique antigenic changes was found in a strain in isolates and this new strain is found to be more infectious to cat than China and Taiwan in CPV2c position370 Gln370 Arg, this changes 17 original CPV-2. There are only small antigenic variations between were similar to the one found in China Panda parvovirus population. strains of CPV-2 [CPV-2a, CPV-2b, CPV-2c] detectable only by Position 370 is adjacent to viral capsids site 359 and 375 which make monoclonal antibodies and genetic analysis. CPV-2a was discovered it flexible unique surface loop of capsid protein, also viral capsid site ++ in 19798,9 and by 1980 has replace the original CPV2 in circulation 359 and 375 are adjacent to viral capsid double Ca binding site another new strain
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