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Cellular Localization of Guanylin and Uroguanylin Mrnas in Human and Rat Duodenal and Colonic Mucosa

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Cellular Localization of Guanylin and Uroguanylin Mrnas in Human and Rat Duodenal and Colonic Mucosa Cell Tissue Res DOI 10.1007/s00441-016-2393-y REGULAR ARTICLE Cellular localization of guanylin and uroguanylin mRNAs in human and rat duodenal and colonic mucosa 1,2 Øystein Brenna & Marianne W. Furnes2 & Bjørn Munkvold2 & Mark Kidd2 & Arne K. Sandvik1,2,3 & Björn I. Gustafsson1,2 Received: 7 February 2016 /Accepted: 3 March 2016 # The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Guanylin (GUCA2A/Guca2a/GN) and uroguanylin tuft cell-like appearance. Neither GUCA2A nor GUCA2B (GUCA2B/Guca2b/UGN) are expressed in the gastrointesti- were co-expressed with CHGA in human duodenal cells. nal tract and have been implicated in ion and fluid homeosta- Consequently, EC cells are probably not the major source of sis, satiety, abdominal pain, growth and intestinal barrier in- human GN or UGN but other EE cells as a source of GN or tegrity. Their cellular sources are debated and include goblet UGN are not entirely excluded. No convincing overlap with cells, entero-/colonocytes, enteroendocrine (EE) cells and tuft tuft cell markers was found. For the first time, we demonstrate cells. We therefore investigated the cellular sources of GN and the cellular expression of GUCA2B in human duodenum. The UGN mRNAs in human and rat duodenal and colonic epithe- specific cellular distribution of both GN and UGN differs lium with in situ hybridization (ISH) to determine co- between duodenum and colon and between human and rat expression with Chromogranin A (CHGA/Chga/CgA; entero- intestines. chromaffin [EC] cells), defensin alpha 6 (DEFA6/Defa6; Paneth cells), mucin 2 (MUC2/Muc2; goblet cells) and Keywords Chromogranin A . Enteroendocrine cells . selected tuft cell markers. GUCA2A/Guca2a expression Guanylin . Tuft cells . Uroguanylin was localized to goblet cells and colonocytes in human and rat colon. In human duodenum, GUCA2A was expressed in Paneth cells and was scarce in villous epithelial cells. In rat Introduction duodenum, Guca2a was only localized to goblet cells. Guca2b was focally expressed in rat colon. In human and rat Guanylin (GN [gene name: GUCA2A]) and Uroguanylin duodenum and in human colon, GUCA2B/Guca2b was (UGN [GUCA2B]) are endogenous ligands for the guanylate expressed in dispersed solitary epithelial cells, some with a cyclase-C (GC-C [GUCY2C]) receptor. Heat-stable enterotox- in (ST) derived from Escherichia coli was first reported to Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article elicit chloride and water secretion through guanylate cyclase (doi:10.1007/s00441-016-2393-y) contains supplementary material, and cyclic guanosine-3′,5′-monophosphate (cGMP) activation which is available to authorized users. (Field et al. 1978;Hughesetal.1978). The specific GC-C receptor for ST was cloned in 1990 (Schulz et al. 1990). * Øystein Brenna [email protected]; [email protected] GUCY2C (GC-C) is expressed throughout the intestinal epi- thelium from duodenum to colon in human, rat and other mammals (Krause et al. 1994;Qianetal.2000). The endog- 1 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Olavs Hospital, enous ligands for GC-C were discovered in 1992 and 1993 Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway (Currie et al. 1992; Hamra et al. 1993). Both GUCA2A/ 2 Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Guca2a (GN) and GUCA2B/Guca2b (UGN) are highly Norwegian University of Science and Technology, expressed in epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract Trondheim, Norway (Beltowski 2001) and are secreted into the GI lumen but are 3 Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University also found in the systemic circulation (Date et al. 1996;Hess of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway et al. 1995). GN and UGN are complementary in the GI tract, Cell Tissue Res as GN increases in the cranio-caudal direction and vice-versa Regional Medical Research Ethics Committee (approval no. for UGN, possibly reflecting the pH optima for GN and UGN 5.2007.910) and registered in the Clinical Trials Protocol and also the resistance of UGN to chymotrypsin (Sindic and Registration System (identifier NCT00516776), were collect- Schlatter 2006;Whitakeretal.1997). Binding to GC-C in the ed. Whole duodenal and colonic sections from female intestinal epithelium leads to an intracellular increase of Sprague Dawley rats (Taconic Farms, Hallingore, Denmark) cGMP with subsequent activation of the cystic fibrosis trans- weighing 200 – 250 g were extirpated under general anesthe- membrane conductance regulator (CFTR), secretion of chlo- sia of the animals, which were thereafter killed by exsangui- ride and bicarbonate and inhibition of the sodium-hydrogen nation. The general care and use of the animals were in accor- exchanger (NHE3), with resulting net water secretion (Field dance with the European Convention for the Protection of 2003). GC-C signaling has also been implicated in the regu- Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and other lation of satiety (Valentino et al. 2011), irritable bowel syn- Scientific purposes. drome (IBS) and abdominal pain (Castro et al. 2013;Cheyet al. 2012), tumor growth (Lin et al. 2010; Wilson et al. 2014) In situ hybridization and the maintenance of intestinal barrier function (Han et al. 2011). Furthermore, a gain of function mutation has recently Human and rat biopsies were fixed in 4 % formaldehyde for been discovered in a Norwegian family with chronic diarrhea 3–5 days before being embedded in paraffin. Sections (4 μm and susceptibility to terminal ileitis (Fiskerstrand et al. 2012). thick) were mounted on slides and warmed for 1 h at 60 °C to GC-C agonists are now used in the treatment of constipation- ensure proper adhesion. Slides were deparaffinized in Neo- dominated IBS. Clear, dehydrated in 100 % ethanol and air-dried. Recently, we reported that GUCA2A, GUCA2B and ISH was performed by using the RNAscope 2.0 and 2-plex GUCY2C, plus several steps of the GC-C signaling pathway, chromogenic assay kits (Advanced Cell Diagnostics, are down-regulated in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Hayward, Calif., USA) following the protocol provided by This may sustain a disrupted epithelial barrier, influence the manufacturer. All human and rat probes for ISH were growth and epithelial renewal and possibly have implications designed and purchased from Advanced Cell Diagnostics. in IBD pathogenesis (Brenna et al. 2015). The probes used are shown in Table 1 with gene and corre- Since their discovery, the cellular sources of both GN and sponding peptide/protein names. UGN have been investigated and debated. Both peptides have Serial sections were used for single-plex ISH. Adjoining been linked to enteroendocrine (EE) cells in the GI tract. GN sides of the sections were mounted facing up on the slides. has been found not only in serotonin-producing enterochro- After dehydration and air-drying treatment, the following maffin (EC) cells (Cetin et al. 1994;Hilletal.1995)andin steps were conducted: peroxidase blocker (Pretreat 1), gentle somatostatin-producing (D) cells (Ieda et al. 1998) but also in boiling (Pretreat 2) for 15 min and protease (Pretreat 3)for goblet cells and/or colonocytes (Cohen et al. 1995, 1998;Date 30 min at 40 °C. After the pretreatment steps, the target probe et al. 1996; Lewis et al. 1993; Li and Goy 1993;Lietal.1995) was applied and hybridized for 2 h at 40 °C. Subsequently, the and in Paneth cells of the small intestine (Cohen et al. 1998; amplification steps (Amp 1 – 6) including application of a Date et al. 1996; de Sauvage et al. 1992). UGN has likewise horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-linked labeling probe were per- been linked to EE/EC cells (Cui et al. 2000;Hessetal.1995; formed prior to DAB (diaminobenzidine) visualization Perkins et al. 1997), EC-like (ECL) cells (Date et al. 1999; (10 min; DAB was provided by the manufacturer) and Nakazato et al. 1998) and tuft cells (Kokrashvili et al. 2009). counterstaining with hematoxylin for 2 min. For duplex ISH, As considerable divergence is present in previous findings, the slides were dehydrated in 100 % ethanol after Pretreat 2 we aimed to investigate the cellular expression/localization of and air-dried again. Thereafter, Pretreat 3 was applied for endogenous GUCA2A/Guca2a (GN) and GUCA2B/Guca2b 30 min at 40 °C. The target probe was subsequently applied (UGN) by means of a highly sensitive and specific in situ for 2 h at 40 °C. As in single-plex ISH, signal amplification hybridization (ISH) method (Sordal et al. 2013) in human was performed in the next step. The 2-plex signal amplifica- and rat duodenum and colon. tion system differs slightly from single-plex ISH. Amplification step 4 consists of a mixture of Amp 4A and 4B designed specifically for Channel C1 and Channel C2 Materials and methods target probes, which results in a different color reaction after application of the chromogens. Channel C1 uses HRP-linked Tissue (green/blue) and Channel C2 uses alkaline phosphatase (AP)- linked (red) labeling probes. The duplex ISH slides were Human duodenal endoscopic pinch biopsies from healthy in- counterstained in hematoxylin for 30 s, immersed in 0.02 % dividuals and colonic endoscopic pinch biopsies from healthy aqueous ammonia solution and air-dried at 60 °C for 15 min, controls included in a large IBD study, as approved by the before the mounting step. Cell Tissue Res Table 1 Overview of in situ hybridization (ISH) probes used Gene name Peptide/protein Accession number (gene names of ISH probes to- gether with their respective Human probes peptide/protein
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