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Hess, Yizhar.Pdf A University of Sussex PhD thesis Available online via Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/ This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Please visit Sussex Research Online for more information and further details 1 UNIVERSITY OF SUSSEX A Comparison of the Religious Outlook and Practices of Two Generations of Masorti Jews in Israel: A Bourdieusian Analysis YIZHAR HESS For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy November 2017 2 I hereby declare that this thesis has not been submitted, either in the same or different form, to this or any other university degree. ____________________ Signature 3 Acknowledgements I am very grateful for the opportunity given me to carry out this research. I offer my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisors over the years Professor Christian Wiese, Professor Valerie Hey, Dr. Linda Morrice, and especially Dr. Louise Gazeley, my main supervisor, who guided me in thinking through and developing the concepts, the analytical tools and the framing of the final shape of the thesis. I am forever grateful for the support and the encouragement of my father Alexander Hess who always directed me creatively, sophisticatedly (and firmly) to take on the next challenge; and to my mother Elisheva Hess, without whom it is questionable whether I would have graduated from elementary school at all. A special thanks for my parents-in-law, Miriam and Michael Cohen, whom I admire for the way they serve as a model for all of us. I cannot adequately express my appreciation to my loved wife and life partner Yael for putting up with me all these years, and particularly the last six since this study began. And to my children Achiad and Mica – for your wisdom, originality and humor. I love you. I look forward to seeing you grow and flourish. Yizhar. 4 Table of Contents: Glossary…………..………………………………………………………..9 Chapter 1: Introduction…………………………………………………14 1.1 Masorti Jews as Pioneers……………………………………………………………………………………….15 1.2 My Personal Relation to the Subject: .......................................................................... 16 1.3 Understanding Religiosity ............................................................................................ 19 1.3.1 Religion and Identity ..................................................................................... 19 1.3.2 Secularization and Religiosity………………………………………………22 1.3.3 Researching Lived Religion ........................................................................... 26 1.4 Introduction to the Research Design and Research Questions .................................. 27 1.5 Research Relevance and Potential Applicability for the Masorti Movement ............ 29 1.6 Note on Terminology 30 1.7 Structure of the Study .................................................................................................. 31 Chapter 2: Historic Background of Masorti Judaism ........................... 34 2.1 Jewish Reformation: Europe of the 18th–19th Centuries .............................................. 34 2.2 Turn of the 20th Century: From Europe to America ..................................................... 37 2.3 Post-1967: Expansion to Israel ..................................................................................... 43 2.4 The Israeli Religious Context: Tension Between State and Religion .......................... 44 2.5 Religious Inclinations in Contemporary Israeli Jewry ................................................. 45 2.5.4 Religious-self identification in Israel: ............................................................ 45 2.5.1 Categories of Israeli Jewishness .................................................................... 48 2.6 The Establishment of Masorti Judaism in Israel .......................................................... 53 2.6.1 Congregations as religious and social communities ...................................... 53 2.6.2 The national Masorti movement .................................................................... 54 2.6.3 The NOAM youth movement ........................................................................ 55 5 2.6.4 Related institutions ........................................................................................ 56 Chapter 3: The Use of Bourdieu to Theorize Religious Outlook and Practice……………………………………………….58 3.1 Advantages of Bourdieu’s Theory ................................................................................ 58 3.2 Overview of the Bourdieusian Constructs Used in this Study .................................... 61 3.2.1 Capitals - social, cultural, symbolic ............................................................... 61 3.2.2 Field…………………………………………………………………………65 3.2.3 Religious capital in the religious field ........................................................... 68 3.2.4 Doxa 71 3.2.5 Habitus and intergenerational transmission ................................................... 72 3.3 Bourdieu - a Determinist? ............................................................................................ 77 3.4 Summary: Bourdieusian Terms in this Study............................................................... 79 Chapter 4: Methodology………………………………………………...80 4.1 Explanation of the Methodological Approach ............................................................ 80 4.1.1 Social Constructivism. ................................................................................... 80 4.1.2 Mixed Methods Research .............................................................................. 83 4.2 Reflections on being an insider researcher ................................................................. 86 4.2.1 The insider researcher debate ........................................................................ 86 4.2.2 My positionality as an insider researcher....................................................... 88 4.3 Research Design…………………………………………………………………………………………………….91 4.3.1 The research process ...................................................................................... 92 4.4 The Use of Interviews ................................................................................................... 97 4.4.1 Selection of interview style ............................................................................ 97 4.4.2 The interview process .................................................................................... 98 4.4.3 Translation of transcripts ............................................................................. 101 4.4.4 The interviewees .......................................................................................... 102 6 4.5 The use of a Questionnaire ........................................................................................ 108 4.5.1 Questionnaires as a tool in qualitative research ........................................... 108 4.5.2 Content of the questionnaire ........................................................................ 110 4.5.3 The respondents to the questionnaire ........................................................... 111 4.6 The Process of Analysis: The Identification of Religious Outlook and Practices ...... 111 4.7 Ethics…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..114 Chapter 5: Data Presentation and Analysis of Religious Outlook ..... 116 5.1 Zionist Commitment……………………………………………………………………………………………117 5.1.1 First generation: Zionism as cultural capital ................................................ 117 5.1.2 Second generation: Cultural capital; “It’s just there” .................................. 119 5.2 Jewish Education…………………………………………………………………………………………………122 5.2.1 Formal and informal education .................................................................... 122 5.2.2 The home sphere .......................................................................................... 124 5.3 Community………………………………………………………………………………………………………….129 5.3.1 First-generation congregations: Regaining capital ...................................... 129 5.3.2 New Congregations as resisting doxa .......................................................... 135 5.3.3 Old comforts and new doxa ......................................................................... 137 5.4 Values and Beliefs……………………………………………………………………………………………….140 5.4.1 The Question of God .................................................................................... 140 5.4.2 Flexibility in religious approach .................................................................. 143 5.4.3 Egalitarianism .............................................................................................. 144 5.4.4 Activism and social responsibility ............................................................... 145 Chapter 6: Data Presentation and Analysis of Religious Practices ... 150 6.1 Background: More than One Way to be a Jew .......................................................... 150 6.2 Observance………………………………………………………………………………………………………….152 6.2.1 Food in a communal setting: Religious practice and social capital ............. 153 7 6.2.2 Kashrut and religious observance ...............................................................
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