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Green Criminology Green Criminology • Bill McClanahan • Bill and Avi Brisman Green Criminology Edited by Bill McClanahan and Avi Brisman Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Social Sciences www.mdpi.com/journal/socsci Green Criminology Green Criminology Editors Bill McClanahan Avi Brisman MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade • Manchester • Tokyo • Cluj • Tianjin Editors Bill McClanahan Avi Brisman Eastern Kentucky University Eastern Kentucky University USA USA Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Social Sciences (ISSN 2076-0760) (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/socsci/special issues/green criminology). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Volume Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03943-969-0 (Hbk) ISBN 978-3-03943-970-6 (PDF) Cover image courtesy of Bill McClanahan. © 2021 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Editors .............................................. vii Bill McClanahan and Avi Brisman Green Criminology for Social Sciences: Introduction to the Special Issue Reprinted from: Soc. Sci. 2020, 9, 170, doi:10.3390/socsci9100170 .................. 1 Alice Rizzuti Food Crime: A Review of the UK Institutional Perception of Illicit Practices in the Food Sector Reprinted from: Soc. Sci. 2020, 9, 112, doi:10.3390/socsci9070112 .................. 5 Ragnhild Sollund Wildlife Crime: A Crime of Hegemonic Masculinity? Reprinted from: Soc. Sci. 2020, 9, 93, doi:10.3390/socsci9060093 ................... 17 James Gacek and Richard Jochelson Animals as Something More Than Mere Property: Interweaving Green Criminology and Law Reprinted from: Soc. Sci. 2020, 9, 122, doi:10.3390/socsci9070122 .................. 33 James Heydon Procedural Environmental Injustice in ‘Europe’s Greenest City’: A Case Study into the Felling of Sheffield’s Street Trees Reprinted from: Soc. Sci. 2020, 9, 100, doi:10.3390/socsci9060100 .................. 49 Mark Tano Palermo From Social Deviance to Art: Vandalism, Illicit Dumping, and the Transformation of Matter and Form Reprinted from: Soc. Sci. 2020, 9, 106, doi:10.3390/socsci9060106 .................. 69 v About the Editors Bill McClanahan is an Assistant Professor in the School of Justice Studies at Eastern Kentucky University (Richmond, KY, USA). He earned a Ph.D. from the Department of Sociology at the University of Essex in the United Kingdom and an M.S. in criminology and criminal justice from Eastern Kentucky University. His research and writing on the intersection(s) of culture, ecology, harm, and justice has appeared in a number of journals and popular outlets, including Commune, Crime Media Culture, Critical Criminology: An International Journal, Deviant Behavior, The British Journal of Criminology, and Theoretical Criminology. He is coauthor, with Avi Brisman, Nigel South, and Reece Walters, of Water, Crime, and Security in the Twenty-First Century: Too Dirty, Too Little, Too Much (Palgrave Macmillan, 2018) and author of the forthcoming monograph Visual Criminology (Bristol University Press, 2021). Avi Brisman (MFA, JD, Ph.D.) is a Professor in the School of Justice Studies at Eastern Kentucky University (Richmond, KY, USA), an Adjunct Professor in the School of Justice at Queensland University of Technology (Brisbane, QLD, Australia), a Conjoint Professor at Newcastle Law School at the University of Newcastle (Callaghan, NSW, Australia), and Editor-in-Chief of Critical Criminology: An International Journal. His books include the Routledge International Handbook of Green Criminology (2013, 2020), co-edited with Nigel South; Water, Crime and Security in the Twenty-First Century: Too Dirty, Too Little, Too Much (Palgrave Macmillan, 2018), co-authored with Bill McClanahan, Nigel South, and Reece Walters; Environmental Crime in Latin America: The Theft of Nature and the Poisoning of the Land (Palgrave Macmillan, 2017), co-edited with David Rodr´ıguez Goyes, Hanneke Mol, and Nigel South; Introducci´on a la criminolog´ıa verde. Conceptos para nuevos horizontes y di´alogos socioambientales [Introduction to Green Criminology: Concepts for New Horizons and Socio-Environmental Dialogues] (Editorial Temis S.A. and Universidad Antonio Narino,˜ Fondo Editorial, 2017), co-edited with Hanneke Mol, David Rodr´ıguez Goyes, and Nigel South; The Routledge Companion to Criminological Theory and Concepts (2017), co-edited with Eamonn Carrabine and Nigel South; Geometries of Crime: How Young People Perceive Crime and Justice (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016); Environmental Crime and Social Conflict: Contemporary and Emerging Issues (Ashgate, 2015), co-edited with Nigel South and Rob White; and Green Cultural Criminology: Constructions of Environmental Harm, Consumerism, and Resistance to Ecocide (Routledge, 2014). His forthcoming books include Introdu¸c˜aoa ` criminologia verde: perspectivas cr´ıticas, decoloniais e do Sul [Introduction to Green Criminology: Southern, decolonial and critical perspectives] (Tirant Brasil, 2020), co-edited with Mar´ılia de Nardin Budo,´ David Rodr´ıguez Goyes, Lorenzo Natali, and Ragnhild Sollund. In 2015, he received the Critical Criminologist of the Year Award from the American Society of Criminology’s Division on Critical Criminology. His work has been translated into Arabic, Chinese, Italian, Persian, Portuguese, Slovenian, and Spanish. vii social sciences $€ £ ¥ Editorial Green Criminology for Social Sciences: Introduction to the Special Issue Bill McClanahan * and Avi Brisman School of Justice Studies, Eastern Kentucky University, 521 Lancaster Ave, 467 Stratton, Richmond, KY 40475, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 24 September 2020; Accepted: 29 September 2020; Published: 29 September 2020 April 22, 2020 marked the 50th anniversary of Earth Day. In contrast to the first Earth Day in 1970, when millions of people took to the streets to protest air and water pollution and to demonstrate support for environmental protection (Browning 2020; Lockwood 2020), few people left their homes, let alone marched. Instead, millions were sheltering-in-place to try to retard the spread of COVID-19. But even if we were not in the midst of a global pandemic, one has to wonder how much of a celebration we could or should have held. The immediate aftermath of Earth Day 1970 ushered in a host of environmental legislation: in the United States alone, the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, Endangered Species Act, Marine Mammal Protection Act, National Forest Management Act, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and Toxic Substances Control Act were all passed with bipartisan support in the 1970s. Unfortunately, the “Environmental Decade” symbolized by the first Earth Day in the 1970s (see Tuholske 2017), did not lead to an “Environmental Semi-Centennial.” Indeed, in 2020, we are bearing witness to disappearing Arctic ice, dying coral reefs, floating plastic garbage patches, floods, greenhouse gas emissions, intensifying storms, raging wildfires, a precipitous sea-level rise and searing summer heat—as well as mourning the loss of human and nonhuman life in the Deepwater Horizon explosion off the coast of Louisiana, which occurred ten years ago this April (on almost the exact day of the 40th anniversary of Earth Day) and set into motion the biggest oil spill in the history of the United States (Editorial Board 2020). And with the Trump Administration’s concentrated efforts to eviscerate so many environmental measures (e.g., Bloomberg and McCarthy 2020; Popovich et al. 2020; Tollefson 2020), as well as its steadfast commitment to profits over preparedness (Editorial Board 2020), there seems little reason for hope. We are not sanguine. But we are also not silent—and we are not alone. The articles in this Special Issue, written by an international cadre of researchers and scholars, reflect growth in an area known as “green criminology,” which has sought to recast the criminological gaze onto crimes and harms affecting non-human life, ecosystems and the biosphere. The result has been an area of scholarship which has blossomed to encompass and speak to a diverse range of interests and concerns, including air and water pollution, climate change, deforestation, the extraction and metabolization of natural “resources,” harms to animals other than human animals, environmental (in)justice and relationships between “nature” and “culture.” Along the way, green criminology has made significant contributions to our understanding of the causes, consequences and prevalence of these environmental crimes and harms, the responses to and prevention of such environmental crimes and harms by the legal system (civil, criminal, regulatory) and by nongovernmental entities and social movements, and the meaning and mediated representations of environmental crimes and harms. To some extent, green criminology has been slow to find its place alongside other disciplinary trends in
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